CEMENT

CEMENT AND CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS

AR. DAREINE A. ZIGANAY, UAP

CEMENT
May be defined as a material which,
when mixed with water or other
liquid substance, will:
- form temporarily a plastic paste;
easily molded or deformed
- after a short period of time will
harden or set to a rigid mass
CEMENT
A calcined mixture of clay and limestone,
finely pulverized and used as an ingredient
in concrete and mortar. The main
component materials of cement are
calcium carbonate, silica and alumina.

Calcium carbonate is derived from

limestone while silica and alumina is
obtained from clay, shale or argillaceous
limestone.

These materials are ground and combined

in certain proportions as may be required
and burned to a clinker just before fusion
and finally ground to a very fine powder.
 HYDRAULIC CEMENT
• Cement capable of setting and hardening
by reaction of water.

• Is a bonding agent that reacts with water

to form a hard stone-like substance that is
resistant to disintegration in water. Most
hydraulic cement has specific combination
of silicate and aluminates of lime. Cement
is the bonding agent of rock materials
called aggregate which act as a filler.
NATURAL CEMENT CEMENT
A naturally occurring clayey limestone that,
when calcined and finely pulverized, produces a PROCESS
hydraulic cement.

POZZOLAN
A siliceous material, such as fly ash, that
reacts chemically with slaked lime in the presence of
moisture to form a slow-hardening cement, named after
a natural cement from Pozzuoli, and ancient Roman town
near Vesuvius. Also called, pozzolana, pozzuolana.

SILICEOUS
Containing Silica or Silicate

FLY ASH
Fine particles of ash recovered from the waste
gases of a solid-fuel furnace
MANUFACTURING
CEMENT
• The raw materials required for manufacturing of
cement are calcareous materials, such as
limestones or chalk, and argillaceous materials
such shale or clay

There are four stages in the manufacture of Portland

cement
1. crushing and grinding the raw materials
2. blending the materials in the correct proportions
3. burning the prepared mix in a kiln
4. grinding the burned product, known as “clinker,”
together with some 5 percent of gypsum (to control the
time of set of the cement)

How CEMENT is Made - YouTube

PORTLAND CEMENT
• A hydraulic cement made by burning a
mixture of clay and limestone in a rotary
kiln and pulverizing the resulting clinker
into a very fine powder, named for its
resemblance to a limestone quarried on
the isle of Portland, England. Patented by
Joseph Aspdin, and Englishman, about
1825.

• In 1876, the first Portland cement in the

United States, was produced by David
Saylor of Coplay, Pennsylvania.
PORTLAND CEMENT COMPONENTS
• TRICALCIUM SILICATE (Ca3SiO5 or C3S)
A compound constituting about half of the volume of
Portland cement and responsible for the hardening or early gain
in strength of cement.
• DICALCIUM SILICATE (C2S)
A compound constituting about one quarter of the
volume of Portland cement and responsible for the aging or
long term gain in strength of the cement.

• TRICALCIUM ALUMINATE (C3A)

A compound constituting about one tenth of the
volume of Portland cement and responsible for the initial
setting of the cement

• TETRACALCIUM ALUMINOFERRITE (C4AFe)

Contributes to the process of cement manufacturing
by allowing clinkering temperatures
PORTLAND CEMENT CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
• TYPE I. ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT, OPC(Normal)
For general use when special properties are not required, such as resistance to
sulfate attack. It is the most widely used type of cement used in the market. This type of
cement is suitable for all types of concrete construction.
TYPE IA – Type I cement with air entraining additives

• TYPE II. MODIFIED PORTLAND CEMENT (Moderate)

A Portland cement having a reduced content of tricalcium aluminate,
making it more resistant to sulfates and causing it to generate less heat of
hydration; used in general construction where resistance to moderate sulfate
action is required or where heat buildup can be damaging, as in the construction
of large piers and heavy retaining walls
TYPE IIA – Type II cement with air entraining additives incorporated
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
• TYPE III. HIGH EARLY STRENGTH (Extra Rapid Hardening Cement)
A very finely ground Portland cement having an increase content of tricalcium
silicate, causing it to cure faster and gain strength earlier than normal Portland
cement.
Used when the early removal of formwork is desired, or in cold-weather construction to
reduce the time required for protection from low temperatures
TYPE IIIA – Type III cement with air entraining additives

• TYPE IV. LOW HEAT CEMENT

A Portland cement having a reduced content of tricalcium aluminate and
increased content of dicalcium silicate, causing it to generate less heat of hydration
that normal Portland cement.
Used in construction of massive concrete structures, such as gravity dams, where a
large buildup in heat can be damaging.
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
• TYPE V. SULFATE RESISTING (Sulfate Resistant Cement)
A Portland cement having a reduce content of tricalcium aluminate,
lessening the need for gypsum, a sulfate normally added to cement to retard its
setting time.
Used where resistance to severe sulfate action is required

• TYPE IS. PORTLAND BLAST FURNACE SLAG CEMENT

An interground mixture of Portland Cement clinker and granulated blast
furnace slag.
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
• TYPE IP. PORTLAND POZZOLAN CEMENT
An interground mixture of Portland Cement clinker and pozzolan. Prepared
by grinding pozzolanic clinker with Portland cement . This cement has high
resistance to various chemical attacks on concrete compared with ordinary
Portland cement.
It is used in marine structures, sewerage work and for concrete under water such
as bridges, piers, dams and mass concrete works

• WHITE PORTLAND CEMENT

A Portland cement produced from raw materials low in iron oxide and
manganese oxide, the substances that give concrete its gray color
Used in precast concrete work and in the making of terrazzo, stucco and tile grout.
SPECIAL TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
• OIL- WELL CEMENT
• BLOCK CEMENT
Slow setting and resistant to high
Similar to Type III cement, except that close
temperatures and pressure, used for sealing oil wells.
control of uniform color is provided
• PIPE CEMENT
• EXPANSIVE CEMENT
Specially made for centrifugally spun pipe
Increases in volume during setting and
retains a portion of such in volume after hardening.
• PLASTIC CEMENT
• GUN PLASTIC CEMENT A mixture of Types I or II Portland cement
Similar to plastic cement, except that it was and plasticizing agents; used for making mortar,
developed for application by compressed air, guns or cement plaster and stucco.
pumps.
• WATERPROOFED CEMENT
• REGULATED SET CEMENT Standard or white cement incorporating
Early and fast-acting cement; from a few water repellant additives.
hours to one hours
OTHER TYPES OF CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS
• FLYASH – Fine particles of ash recovered from waste gases of a solid fuel furnace; a
cementitious material which can be used to replace cements in amounts of up to 20% to
reduce permeability.

• HIGH ALUMINA CEMENT – Also known as Aluminous Cement or Calcium Aluminate Cement; it
resist hydroxylic compounds, such as phenols, glycerol and sugar; may be used as
accelerating admixture in Portland cement.

• MAGNESIUM OXYCHLORIDE CEMENT – Also known as Sorel Cement or Magnesite Cement; it

has good resistance to fire, abrasion, grease and oil and does not require curing.

• MAGNESIUM – OXYSULPHATE CEMENT- It has good binding properties but is generally

weaker than oxychloride cement.
OTHER TYPES OF CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS
• PHOSPHATE CEMENT-QUICK-SETTING – Generally used in patching sprayable foamed
insulation; flame-resistant coatings

• WATERPROOF CEMENT– Generally used in cementitious waterproofing membranes

• COLORED CEMENT – Produced by mixing 5-10% mineral pigments with ordinary cement,
widely used for decorative purposes

• AIR ENTRAINING CEMENT – Produced by adding indigenous air entraining agents such as
resins, glues, sodium salts of sulphates, etc. during grinding in clinker. This type is suited to
improve workability with smaller water cement ratio and improve frost resistance of concrete
WATER CEMENT REACTION
• HYDRATION – The chemical reaction that takes place
when Portland cement and water are mixed together.

• SETTING – When cement is mixed with water to form a

fluid paste, the mixture will eventually become stiff and
then hard

• FALSE SET ( Portland Cement ) – The stiffening of a

concrete mixture with little evidence of significant heat
generation.

• HEAT OF HYDRATION – Refers to the heat generated

when water and cement chemically react
OTHER TYPES OF CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS
• HYDROGRAPHIC CEMENT – Prepared by mixing water repelling chemicals, it has workability
and strength properties. Hydrographic cement is mainly used for the construction of water
structures such as dams, spillways, water retaining structures etc.

CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS WHICH MAY BE INCLUDED UNDER THIS CATEGORY

• LIME – Slow setting and hardening; principally used to plasticize harsh cements and to add
resilience to mortars and stucco
Types of Lime
▪ Quick Lime – used primarily in masonry mortar
▪ Mason’s Hydrated Lime – Made from quicklimes in the plant; used in mortars, base coat plaster and concrete
▪ Finishing Hydrated Lime – Characterized by whiteness and plasticity, used in finishing coat of plaster

• GYPSUM CEMENT – Used in plaster, gypsum board, gypsum block