1

SAI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

SESSION: 2022-23
QUESTION BANK
CLASS: X-HISTORY
Chapter-1-NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

Pg. Ma
no. rks
Sl.No Introduction - Frederic Sorrieu’s painting
Concept -1- Nation-states and nationalism in nineteenth-century Europe
1 3 1

Who painted this image?

2 Which famous French artist had prepared a series of four prints visualizing his 3 1
dreams of a world?
 Ans. Frederic Sorrier
3 What did Frederic Sorrieu name his series of paintings? 3 1
Ans. Frederic Sorrieu named his series of paintings as The Dream of Worldwide
Democratic and Social Republics.
4 In which year did Frederic Sorrier prepare a series of four prints? 3 1
Ans. In 1848
5 What do you understand by the term ‘Utopian’? 3 1
Ans. – A vision of a society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually exist
6. What brought sweeping changes in the political and mental world of Europe in 4 1
the 19th century?
 Ans. The emergence of the nation-state
7 What is meant by absolutism? 3 1

8 Who were offering homage in the print of Frederic Sorrieu? 3 1

9 Which statue has been shown in the print ‘The Dream Worldwide Democratic and 3 1
Social Republics’?
10 What is a plebiscite? 4 1
Plebiscite – A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept
or reject a proposal
11 What is a nation-state? 4 1
12 What was the concept of modern state? 4 1
13 How was the statue of Liberty personified in Frederic Sorrieu’s painting? 3 3
i. Ans. The statue of Liberty was personified as a female figure
ii. bearing the torch of Enlightenment in one hand
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iii. and the Charter of the Rights of Man in the other.

14 Which two countries are leading the procession in Sorrieu painting and why? 3 1
Ans. United States and Switzerland
By 19th century they were already nation-states
15 Write three features of the painting of Frederic Sorrieu. ¾ 3/5
Ans. The painting of Frederic Sorrieu depicts;
i. the peoples of Europe and America Men and Women of all ages and social
classes marching in a long train, and offering homage to the statue of
Liberty as they pass by it.
ii. Peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through
their flags and national costume.
iii. From the heavens above, Christ, saints and angels gaze upon the scene-
symbolise fraternity among the nations of the world.
iv. On the earth in the foreground of the image lie the shattered remains of
the symbols of absolutist institutions.
16 How was the concept and practices of a modern state different from a nation- 4 3
state?
Ans. In a modern state, a centralised power exercised sovereign control over a
clearly defined territory.
But a nation-state was one in which
i. The majority of its citizens, and not only its rulers, came to develop a
sense of common identity and shared history or descent.
This commonness did not exist from time immemorial; it was forged through
struggles, through the actions of leaders and the common people.
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE IDEA OF THE NATION
Concept-1-Role of French revolutionaries in creating a sense of collective
identity
17 When did the first clear expression of nationalism come about? 5 1
Ans. The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in
1789.
18 What was the idea of la patrie? 5 1
19 5 1

Who designed the cover page of this German almanac?

 3

a. E.T.Paul
b. Andreas Rebmann
c. People of Paris
d. Grimm Brothers
Match the Column: 3/4/5
Column –A Column-B /6
1. Suffrage A. 1866-71
2.Napoleonic code B. 1804
3.Customs Union C. The Right to Vote
4. Unification of Italy D.1834
20 7

What does this image represents?

21 What was the idea of le Citoyen? 5
22 Which of the following best signifies this cartoon? 7

a. A courier man loses all the letter

b. Napoleon is represented in this image on his back to France
c. Each letter dropping out of Napoleon bag bears the name of the territories
which were lost by Napoleon.
d. Both B and C
23 What was Estates General renamed as by the 18th century French revolutionaries? 5
Ans. National Assembly
24 Which language was made the common language of France? 5
Ans. French
25 What were the various measures and practices introduced by the French 5
revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity (to unite the French/
concept of a nation) amongst the French people?
Ans.
The following measures & practices introduced by French revolutionaries created
a sense of collective identity:
 4

Ans.
i. The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen)
emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under
a constitution.
ii. A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal
standard.
iii. The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and
renamed ‘the National Assembly’.
iv. New hymns were composed and martyrs commemorated.
v. A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated
uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.
vi. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of
weights and measures was adopted.
vii. Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and
written in Paris, became the common language of the nation.
26 Concept-2-Role of French revolutionaries in carrying the idea of nationalism
abroad
27 How did the idea of nationalism spread from France to other European nations? 5
OR What was the impact of the French Revolution on the rest of the world?
Ans.
i. The French revolutionaries declared that it was the mission and the
destiny of the French nation to liberate the peoples of Europe from
despotism.
ii. When the news of the events in France reached the different cities of
Europe, students and other members of educated middle classes began
setting up Jacobin clubs.
iii. Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the French armies
which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the
1790s. With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies
began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad.
28 Which clubs were set up in different cities of Europe by educated middle classes? 5 1
Ans. Jacobin clubs
Concept-3-Napoleonic Code / reforms introduced in France by Napoleon
29 What was the other name of the civil code of 1804 in France? 6
30 Which language was made the common language of France? 5
31 What did Napoleon do for the peasants? 6
32 Explain reforms introduced in France through the Napoleonic Code. / Describe 6,7
any four reforms introduced by Napoleon to make the administrative system
more efficient in the territories ruled by him? / What changes did Napoleon
introduce to make administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by
him?
Ans. The provisions of the Napoleon Code, 1804: / Reforms introduced by
Napoleon in the administrative field
 5

(1) It abolished all privileges based on birth. Established equality before law.
(2) Secured the right to property.
(3) He simplified administrative divisions. Abolished the feudal system and freed
peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
(4) Removed the guild restrictions from the towns. Transport and communication
systems were improved.
(5) He introduced uniform laws, standardized weights and measures, and a
common national currency in order to facilitate the movement and exchange of
goods and capital from one region to another
33 “Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he 7
had incorporated revolutionary principles.” Justify this statement.
34 What changes were introduced by Napoleon during his regime? 6/7
Ans. (i) Napoleon introduced Uniform code, unified administration (ii) Abolished
custom duties (iii) Standardised Weights and Measures (iv) Introduced Uniform
Currency (v) Encouraging movement of goods by removing obstacles

Concept-4-reaction of the local populations to French rule under Napoleon

35 Explain by giving four reasons as to why the people, who earlier had welcomed 7
Napoleon, opposed him later?
Ans. (1) Increased taxation (2) Censorship (3) Forced conscription into the French
armies (4) No political freedom under Napolean
36 “In the areas conquered by Napoleon, the reactions of the local populations to 7 3
French rule were mixed.” Support the statement with three appropriate
arguments. / Why was the Napoleonic rule over other region unpopular with
some sections of Europe?

Ans. In the areas conquered by Napoleon the reactions were mixed:

(1) Initially in Holland, Switzerland etc. the French armies were welcomed as
harbingers of liberty.
(2) But the enthusiasm soon turned to hostility as the new administrative
arrangements did not match with political freedom.
(3) Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies
required to conquer the rest of Europe, all seemed to outweigh the advantages of
the administrative changes.
The Making of Nationalism in Europe
37 What were Germany, Italy and Switzerland divided into? Pg 8 1
Ans. kingdoms, duchies and cantons
38 Write a short note on Habsburg Empire. Pg 8 1
Or
The Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria-Hungary, for example, was a
patchwork of many different regions and peoples.
Ans. Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria-Hungary included
i. The Alpine regions of the Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland as well as
 6

Bohemia, where the aristocracy was predominantly German-speaking.

ii. In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half
spoke a variety of dialects.
iii. In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke Polish.
iv. Besides these three dominant groups, there also lived within the
boundaries of the empire, a mass of subject peasant peoples of
Bohemians and Slovaks to the north, Slovenes in Carniola, Croats to the
south, and Roumans to the east in Transylvania.
v. Such differences did not easily promote a sense of political unity. The only
tie binding these diverse groups together was a common allegiance to the
emperor
2.1 The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class
39 Explain any three features of the class of landed aristocracy of Europe. Pg 8 3
Ans. Features of landed aristocracy class of Europe:
Ans. Landed aristocracy was the dominant class in Europe both politically and
socially.
i. They were united by a common way of life that cut across regional
division.
ii. They owned huge properties/big estates both in the rural and the urban
areas.
iii. Their families were tied together by matrimonial relations and they
wielded much power in their respective countries.
40 Describe the social conditions of Europe in mid-eighteenth-century Europe. Pg 8,9 3/5
OR
Discuss the lives of the aristocrats and the new middle class in 19 th century
Europe?
OR
Who comprised the middle class in nineteenth century Europe? How did the ideas
of New Middle classes help in gaining national unity?
Ans. Social conditions in Europe in the mid-18th century Europe:
i. Landed aristocracy was a small group but dominant class in Europe. It was
united by a common way of life, as it owned estates in the countryside
and also town houses. They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and
in high society. Their families were often connected by ties of marriage.
ii. Peasantry was in majority. To the west, most of the land was under
tenants and small owners, while in Eastern and Central Europe there were
large estates cultivated by serfs.
iii. In Western Europe and parts of Central Europe industrialization and trade
led to the rise of new social groups of commercial classes whose existence
was based on production for the market.
iv. In the wake of industrialisation in France and parts of the German states,
new social groups came into being: a working-class population, and
middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals.
 7

v. In Central and Eastern Europe these groups were smaller in number till
late nineteenth century. It was among the educated, liberal middle classes
that ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges
gained popularity.
Identify the social groups which generated the ideas of national unity.
Or
How did the growth of industrialization change the social and political equation of
Europe?
( points iii, iv,v)
41 How did nationalism and the idea of nation- state emerge? Describe. 8/9 3/5
Ans. (i) Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the
continent. The members of this class were united by a common way of life that
cut across regional division. (ii) They spoke French for purpose of diplomacy and
in high society. (iii) Industrialisation began in England in second half of the
Eighteenth Century but in France and Germany states it occurred only during 19th
century. In its wake, new social groups came in to being. (iv) It was among the
educated liberal middle class that ideas of national unity following abolition of
aristocratic privileges gained popularity.
42 In which century did industrialisation begin in England? 1
Ans. In the second half of the eighteenth century
43 In which century did industrialisation begin in France and parts of the German 1
states? / When did industrialisation occur in France and parts of Germany?
2.2 What did Liberal Nationalism Stand for?
44 Explain the term ‘liberal nationalism’. What did Liberal Nationalism stand for? Pg 9 5
(I,ii,ii,iv)
What does the term ‘Liberalism’ mean? What did it mean to different classes and
people? / 'Ideas of national unity in early nineteenth century Europe were closely
allied to the ideology of liberalism.' Highlight any three points of this ideology. /
What did Liberalism mean in social, political and economic field? /
Ans. The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root liber, meaning free.
i. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual
and equality of all before the law. End of autocracy & clerical privileges.
ii. Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent. A
constitution and representative government through parliament.
iii. In general: It also stressed the inviolability of private property.
iv. In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and
the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and
capital.
v. The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility,
harnessing economic interests to national unification. A wave of economic
nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing at the
time
45 Explain any four ideas of Liberal Nationalists in the economic sphere. Pg 9, 5
 8

Ans. Four ideas of Liberal Nationalists in the economic sphere: 10

(i) Liberalism stood for the freedom of the markets and abolition of state-
imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
(ii) Reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.
(iii) Introduction of a system of weights and measures.
(iv) Abolition of tariff barriers.
(v) Creation of unified economic territory for the free movement of
goods, people and capital through the creation of a network of
railways.
46 “Equality before the law did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage”. Justify Pg 9 5
the statement from the French Revolutionary period.
Ans. In revolutionary France, the right to vote and to get elected was granted
exclusively to property-owning men. Men without property and all women were
excluded from political rights.
Only for a brief period under the Jacobins did all adult males enjoy suffrage.
However, the Napoleonic Code went back to limited suffrage and reduced women
to the status of a minor, subject to the authority of fathers and husbands.
Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries women and non-
propertied men organised opposition movements demanding equal political
rights.
47 How did Napoleon Code affect the status of women? 1
Ans. Napoleonic Code reduced women to the status of a minor, subject to the
authority of fathers and husbands.
48 What was the zollverein? When and where was it formed? What were its Pg 10 1
significance?
Ans. Zollverein meant a customs union. In 1834, it was formed at the initiative of
Prussia and joined by most of the German states.
The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from
over thirty to two. The creation of a network of railways further stimulated
mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification.
49 “A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments Pg 10 3
growing in Europe.” Which class brought about this change? How did they bring
about this change? Explain with two reasons.
Ans. The change was brought about by the new middle class.
They brought about the change in two ways : (a) Formation of Zollverein (b) Tariff
barriers were abolished

(3) Reduced the currency from 30 to 2. (4) Creation of railways helped them in
mobility, harnessing economic interests.
2.3 A New Conservatism after 1815
 9

50 1

Read the source and answer the following Questions:

a. What was the aim of Zollverine according to Friedrich List?
51 What was conservatism? What did it believe in? What types of conservative Pg 10, 3/5
regimes were set up in 1815? 11
Ans. Conservatism was a political philosophy that stressed the importance of
tradition, established institutions and customs, and preferred gradual
development to quick change.

i. Conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state

and society – like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property
and the family should be preserved.
ii. They realized that a modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic
economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the
autocratic monarchies of Europe.

a) Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic.

b) They did not tolerate criticism and dissent, and sought to curb activities
that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments.
c) Most of them imposed censorship laws to control the ideas of liberty and
freedom.
52 Who were conservatives? Pg 10 1
1. 1

53.

Which of the following option best suited the cartoon?

 10

a. Silence is the first commandment of this society.

b. To avoid the eventuality whereby a member of this club may succumb to
the temptation of speech.
c. Most of them impose censorship laws to control what was said in
newspapers, books, and songs.
d. Both A and B.
54 Which European powers had collectively defeated Napoleon? 1
Ans. European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria had collectively
defeated Napoleon,
55 What was the impact of Treaty of Vienna (1815) on European people? Write any Pg 11 5
three points. / Explain any three provisions of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815. /
Examine any five changes brought about by the Treaty of Vienna of 1815.
Ans. After the defeat of Napoleon four conservative representatives of the
European power Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria signed treaty of Vienna in
1815 which brought about some important changes.
(1) Bourbon dynasty which was deposed during the French Revolution was
restored to power in France.
(2) France lost territories that were annexed under Napoleon
(3) A series of new states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent
French expansion.
i. the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in
the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.
(4) Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while
Austria was given control of northern Italy.
(5) In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion
of Saxony.
(6) But the German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon
was left untouched.
(7) The treaty slowed down the growth of nationalism. There was an effort to
restore Monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon and create a new
conservative order in Europe.
Extra - Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They did not tolerate
criticism and dissent, and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy
of autocratic governments. Most of them imposed censorship laws to control
what was said in newspapers, books, plays and songs and reflected the ideas of
liberty and freedom.
56 Write a short note on Duke Metternich. 1
Ans. Duke Metternich was the Austrian chancellor who hosted the Congress of
Vienna in 1815. Representatives of the European powers Britain, Russia, Prussia
and Austria had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a
settlement for Europe.
2.4 The Revolutionaries
57 Who were revolutionaries? Outline in brief their ideologies / How did the Liberal Pg 12 3
 11

nationalists work during the years following 1815? Explain.

Ans.
Revolutionaries were liberal-nationalists, who criticised the new conservative
order that had been established after the Vienna Congress of 1815 especially the
issue of the issue of freedom of the press.
The fear of repression drove many of them underground. They formed secret
societies in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas
like;
i. to oppose monarchical forms
ii. to fight for liberty and freedom.
iii. the creation of nation-states.
58 Describe the role of Giuseppe Mazzini as an Italian revolutionary. / Who was Pg 12 5
Giuseppe Mazzini? Explain his contribution for a unitary Italian Republic.
Ans. Born in Genoa, Mazzini was the Italian revolutionary who worked for the
unification of the Italy which he considered to be the basis of liberty.
The role of Giuseppe Mazzini as an Italian revolutionary –
(i) He became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari.
(ii) He was sent into exile at a young age of 24 for attempting a revolution in
Liguria.
(iii) He founded two more underground societies – Young Italy in Marseilles
and Young Europe in Berne.
(iv) He believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of
mankind. He wanted Italy to be forged into a single unified republic
within a wider alliance of nations. This unification alone could be the basis
of Italian liberty.
(v) Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic
republic frightened the conservatives. Metternich described him as ‘the
most dangerous enemy of our social order’.
59 Who described Giuseppe Mazzini as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social Pg 12 3/5
order’?
3. The Age of Revolutions: 1830-1848 Pg. 13
France Pg. 13
60 What were the effects of revolutionary upheaval in France in 1830? Pg. 13 3
Ans. The effects of revolutionary upheaval in France in 1830 were:
(a) The Bourbon dynasty which was restored in 1815 was overthrown by liberal
revolutionaries.
(b) A constitutional monarchy was installed with Louis Phillipe as its head.
(c) An uprising was seen in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the
United Kingdom of the Netherlands
61 ‘When France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold.’ Who remarked it and Pg. 13 5
why?
Ans. Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich had remarked, ‘When France sneezes,’
Metternich once ‘the rest of Europe catches cold’ because
 12

i. in France in July 1830 the Bourbon kings who had been restored to power
during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by
liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis
Philippe at its head.
ii. The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium
breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Extra-
iii. Events of February 1848 in France had brought a republic, granted
universal male suffrage. It brought about the abdication of the monarch.
iv. In other parts of Europe where independent nation-states did not yet
exist – such as Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, men
and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for
constitutionalism with national unification.
v. They pushed their demands for the creation of a nation-state on
parliamentary principles – a constitution, freedom of the press and
freedom of association
62 Who led liberal revolutions in Europe?
Ans. Educated middle-class elite, among whom were professors, schoolteachers,
clerks and members of the commercial middle classes.
Greek war of independence. Pg. 13
63 Which event mobilized nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Pg. 13
Europe in the first half of nineteenth century?
64 Which empire had Greece been a part of? When? Pg. 13
65 Name the English poet who tried to mobilize public opinion in support of
independence of Greece.
66 Explain any three reasons for the Greeks to win the Greek War of Pg. 13
Independence. / Explain any three reasons that help Greek people to win the war
of independence against the Turkish rule.
Ans. Reasons for winning the war by Greek people:
i. Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century.
The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle
for independence amongst the Greeks which began in 1821.
ii. Nationalists in Greece got the support from other Greeks living in exile.
iii. West Europeans had sympathies for ancient Greek Culture.
iv. Poets & artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilization and
mobilized public spirit in support of Greek struggle against a Muslim
empire.
v. The English poet, Lord Byron organized funds and went to fight in the war.
vi. Disintegration of Ottoman empire. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of
1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.
66 3.1 The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling Pg. 13
67 Name the German Romantics who claimed that the German culture was to be
discovered among the common people.
 13

68 What is romanticism? How did it seek to develop a particular form of nationalist Pg.
sentiment during the 18th century in Europe? 13,
Ans. Romanticism, is a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular 14, 15
form of nationalist sentiment.
i. Romantic artists and poets criticized the glorification of reason and
science and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.
ii. Their effort was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage and a
common cultural past, as the basis of a nation.
iii. Romantics such as the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder
popularized spirit of the nation (volksgeist) and promoted common
culture through folk songs, poetry and dances.
iv. In countries such as Poland, romanticism emphasized on vernacular
language and the collection of local folklore not just to recover an ancient
national spirit, but also to carry the modern nationalist message.
v. Karol Kurpinski, for example, celebrated the national struggle through his
operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into
nationalist symbols.
69 Who was Karol Kulpunski?
70 Briefly describe contributions of two romanticists to national movements in Pg.
Europe. 14, 15
Ans. Romantics such as the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder claimed
that
i. true German culture was to be discovered among the common people.
ii. Through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the
nation was popularised.
Karol Kurpinski, a Polish, celebrated the national struggle through
i. his operas and music,
ii. turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist
symbols.
71 By which Great Powers Poland had been partitioned at the end of the eighteenth Pg. 15
century?
Ans. Russia, Prussia and Austria.
72 ‘Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments in Pg. 15
Europe’. Explain. / ‘The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle
against Russian dominance’. Explain.
Ans. Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments
i. After Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools
and the Russian language was imposed everywhere.
ii. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was
ultimately crushed.
iii. Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use
language as a weapon of national resistance. Polish was used for Church
gatherings and all religious instruction.
The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian
 14

dominance.
73 Give three examples to show the influence of culture on the growth of
nationalism in Europe. / How did culture play an important role in Europe in
creating the idea of the nation?
Ans. Culture played an important role in creating the idea of a nation. (1) Art and
poetry, stories, music (2) Romanticism. (3) Sense of shared collective heritage (4)
Folk dance, Folk poetry, Folk songs. (5) Vernacular language. (Any four to be
explained)
3.2 Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt Pg15,
16
74 Why were the years of 1830s of great economic hard ship in Europe? Explain any Pg15
four reasons. / Why was there widespread pauperism in towns and country of
Europe in 1830s?
Ans. Reasons –
(i) The first half of the 19th century saw an enormous increase in population
all over Europe.
(ii) Job seeker were more and employment was less.
(iii) People from rural areas migrated to cities and made cities overcrowded
slums.
(iv) Small producers often faced stiff competition from imports of cheap of
machine-made goods from England.
(v) Peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.
(vi) The Rise of food prices and bad harvest led to pauperism.
75 Why did the people of Paris come out in the roads in 1848? Pg15
Ans. Food shortages and widespread unemployment brought the population of
Paris out on the roads.

76 What did a National Assembly of France do in 1848 in the situation of pauperism? Pg16
Ans.
i. National Assembly proclaimed a Republic, granted suffrage to all adult
males above 21, and guaranteed the right to work.
ii. National workshops to provide employment were set up.
77 Describe the causes of Silesian weavers’ uprising. Pg16
Or
What was the significance of Silesian weavers’ uprising?

Ans. In 1845, weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors who supplied
them raw material and gave them orders for finished textiles but drastically
reduced their payments. Weavers demanded higher wages. They were treated
with scorn and threats alternately.
Following this, a group of weavers turned violent which was ultimately crushed by
the army.
3.3 1848: The Revolution of the Liberals Pg.
17, 18
 15

78 What were the effects of the events of February 1848 in France and on the rest of Pg. 17
Europe?
Ans.
i. Events of February 1848 in France had brought a republic, granted
universal male suffrage.
ii. It brought about the abdication of the monarch.

a. In other parts of Europe where independent nation-states did not yet exist
– such as Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, men and
women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for
constitutionalism with national unification.
b. They demanded for the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary
principles – a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of
association.
79 Who were the members of political associations in the first half of 19 th Century Pg. 17
Germany?
Ans. Middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans were the
members of political associations in the first half of 19 th cn Germany.
80 What was the significance of the Frankfurt Parliament (1848)? Why did it fail? Pg.
Or 17, 19
Give reasons why the Frankfurt parliament was rejected by the William IV, the
King of Prussia?
Ans.
On 18 May 1848, in the city of Frankfurt of Germany a large number of political
associations whose members were middle-class professionals, businessmen and
prosperous artisans came together to vote for an all-German National Assembly.

The Frankfurt parliament was convened in the Church of St Paul. They drafted a
constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a
parliament.

Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, rejected it and joined other monarchs to
oppose the elected assembly.
The parliament resisted the demands of workers and artisans and consequently
lost their support.
Thus, liberal initiative to nation-building was repressed by the combined forces of
the monarchy, aristocracy and the military, supported by the large landowners
(called Junkers) of Prussia.
The assembly was forced to disband at the end.
81 Give reasons why the Frankfurt parliament was rejected by the William IV, the
King of Prussia?
82 List the role of women in the nationalists’ struggle for Germany. Pg.
Ans. 17, 18
i. The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one
 16

within the liberal movement, in which large numbers of women had

participated actively over the years.
ii. Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers
and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations.
iii. Despite this they were denied suffrage rights during the election of the
Assembly. When the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St
Paul, women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’
gallery.
83 1

Which historical event is the picture depicting?

84 Explain the 1848 revolution of the liberals. What were the political, social and Pg. 3/5
economic ideas supported by the liberals? 17, 18
Ans. The 1848 revolution of the liberals:
(i) The 1848 revolution was led by the educated middle class along with the
poor, unemployed starving peasants and workers in many European
countries for constitutionalism with national unification.
(ii) Political ideas – In German regions large number of political associations
came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for the all-
German National Assembly.
(iii) Social ideas – A large number of women had participated actively and
formed their own associations and struggled for right to vote.
(iv) Economic ideas - Liberals struggled for abolition of serfdom and bonded
labour-and wanted freedom of market.
4 The Making of Germany and Italy Pg.
19,
20,
21, 22
85 4.1 Germany – Can the Army be the Architect of a Nation? (Prussia’s leadership Pg. 19
for national unification)
86 What change came in Nationalism in Europe after 1848? Who was the architect of Pg. 19 1
this process? How was it practiced?
Ans. (1) Change in Nationalism in Europe after 1848. Europe moved away from its
association with democracy and revolution. Conservatives promoted state power
and political domination. (2) Otto Von Bismarck was the architect of this process.
(3) Practiced by army and bureaucracy
 17

2. Otto von Bismarck was the architect of ‘German unification’. Explain. / Who was Pg. 19 5
87 Bismarck? How did he unify Germany as a Nation state? / “The nation building
process in Germany had demonstrated the dominance of the Prussian state
power.” Analyse the characteristic features of Prussia’s leadership role in
movement for German unification. / Examine the efforts made by various
personalities in the process of German unification. / Briefly trace the process of
German Unification.

Ans. Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of the process behind the unification of
Germany.
i. The middle-class Germans in 1848 tried to unite the different regions of
the German confederation into a nation state by coming together to vote
for an all-German National Assembly in the city of Frankfurt. It was
rejected by king William IV of Prussia. This liberal initiative to nation
building was repressed by the monarchy, military and the Junkers.
ii. Prussian Chief Minister, Otto von Bismarck, with the help of the Prussian
army and bureaucracy carried out the task of German unification.
iii. Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France ended in
Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.
iv. On 18th January 1871, the Prussian king, Kaiser William I was proclaimed
German emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in the presence of
important officials, army representatives and Otto von Bismarck.
88 On what subjects the newly made Germany did emphasis? Pg. 19 1
Ans. The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernising the currency,
banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany.
4.2 Italy Unified Pg. 20
89 Examine the conditions of Italy before unification. Pg. 20 5
Ans. Italy had a long history of political fragmentation.
i. Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-
national Habsburg Empire.
ii. During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven
states.
iii. Out of seven only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely
house.
iv. The north was under Austrian Habsburgs.
v. The centre was ruled by the Pope and the southern regions were under
the domination of the Bourbon kings of Spain.
vi. Even there was no common form language.
90 Describe the stages of Italian Unification. / Explain in brief, the process of Pg.
unification of Italy. 20, 21
Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national
Habsburg Empire.
i. Role of Giuseppe Mazzini: During the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had sought
to put together a programme for a unitary Italian Republic. He had also
 18

formed a secret society called Young Italy for his goals.

ii. Role of King Victor Emmanuel II: After the failure of revolutionary
uprisings both in 1831 and 1848 King Victor Emmanuel II, Sardinia-
Piedmont ruler under took the task of unifying Italian states through war.
iii. Role of Cavour: Sardinia-Piedmont entered into a diplomatic alliance with
France engineered by Chief Minister Cavour and defeated the Austrian
forces in 1859.
iv. Role of Giuseppe Garibaldi: Apart from regular troops, a large number of
armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the
fray.In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the two
Sicilies and succeeded in driving out the Spanish rulers.
v. In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy. The Italian
parliament for the first time represented the whole of Italy except Rome
and Venetia.
91 Who was proclaimed the first king of unified Italy in1861? 1
92 Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi? In what way did he contribute to the unification of Pg. 3/5
Italy? 21, 22
Ans. Giuseppe Garibaldi was the most celebrated of Italian freedom fighters who
contributed to the process of unification of Italy.
i. In 1833 he joined the Young Italy movement
ii. In 1834 he participated in a republican uprising in Piedmont.
iii. In 1854 he supported Victor Emmanuel II in his efforts to unify the Italian
states by sending Red Shirts to South Italy.
iv. In 1860, under his leadership a large number of armed volunteers
marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the two Sicilies and
succeeded in driving out the Spanish rulers.
v. In 1867, Garibaldi led an army of volunteers to unify Rome with Italy but
he could not succeed. It was only in 1870 when, during the war with
Prussia, France withdrew its troops from Rome that the Papal States were
finally joined to Italy.
4.3 The Strange Case of Britain Pg.22
93 There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century. What does it mean? Pg.22 1
Ans. The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were
ethnic ones – such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. All of these ethnic groups had
their own cultural and political traditions.
94 Name the ethnic races of British Isles. 1
95 What resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’? How Pg.22 3
were Scotland’s distinct culture and political institutions systematically
suppressed by British?
Ans. The English parliament of 1688 seized power from the monarchy and nation-
state, with England at its centre emerged. The Act of Union (1707) between
England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great
Britain’
 19

By this Act, England was able to impose its influence on Scotland.

i. The Catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible
repression whenever they attempted to assert their independence.
ii. The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or
wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of
their homeland.
3. Which language the Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak after The Act of 1
Union of 1707?
96 How Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801? Pg.22 3
Ans.
i. Ireland was a country deeply divided between Catholics and Protestants.
ii. The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance
over a largely Catholic country.
iii. Catholic revolts against British dominance were suppressed. After a failed
revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen (1798), Ireland was
forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801
97 Who led the revolt of United Irishmen against Britain? 3
98 How was the new ‘British notion’ forged? / What were the symbols of New Pg.22 3
Britain?
Ans.
i. A new ‘British nation’ was forged through the propagation of a dominant
English culture.
ii. The symbols of the new Britain – the British flag (Union Jack), the national
anthem (God Save Our Noble King), the English language – were actively
promoted
iii. and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in this union.
99 How was Britain made into a nation State? / What resulted in the formation of Pg.22 3
the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’? / Discuss the stages of the formation of
Great Britain as a National state? / Why unification of Britain looks a strange case
of nationalism?
Ans. In Britain, the formation of the nation state was the consequence of a long
drawn out process. There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century.
i. The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were
ethnic ones – such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. All of these ethnic
groups had their own cultural and political traditions.
ii. The English parliament of 1688 seized power from the monarchy and
nation-state, with England at its centre emerged.
iii. The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland resulted in the
formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’. Catholic revolts in
Scottish Highlands against British dominance were suppressed.
iv. The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance
over a largely Catholic country.
v. After a failed revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen (1798),
 20

Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.

vi. A new ‘British nation’ with symbols like British flag (union Jack), National
anthem (God save our Noble King) and the English language emerged.
100 With reference to Scotland and Ireland explain how British nationalism grew at Pg.22 3
the cost of other culture.
5 Visualising the Nation (personifying a nation)- (female allegories) Pg.23 3
4. Define the term ‘Allegory’. Pg.23 1
5. What are the two meanings of allegorical story? Pg.23 1
6. 1

Who among the following painted the image of Germania?

a. Nathaniel Currier
b. Philip Viet
c. Edward Bailey
d. Richard Saltonstall Greenough
7. How allegories were used for visualizing a nation? / Explain how did 18th and Pg.23
19th century artists begin personifying a nation in an allegory. / “While it is easy
enough to represent a ruler through a portrait or a statue, how does one go
about giving a face to a nation”. Examine this statement in context of European
nationalism.
Ans. 18th and 19th century artists personified nations in an allegory of female
figures.
i. Nations portrayed as female figures did not stand for any particular
woman but gave the abstract idea of a nation a concrete form.
ii. During the French Revolution, artists used female ideas to portray ideas
such as Liberty, Justice and Republic through symbols. The attributes of
Liberty, are the red cap, or the broken chain while Justice is a blindfolded
woman carrying a pair of weighing scales.
iii. Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to remind the national
symbol of unity. Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps.
iv. Germania became the allegory of the German nation. She wears a crown
of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.
8. 9. Name the female allegory which represents France. Describe her main
characteristics.
Ans. Marianne
i. Her characteristics were drawn from those of justice, liberty and republic.
ii. These are the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade.
 21

iii. Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares.

iv. Her images were marked on coins and stamps.
6. Nationalism and Imperialism ( Balkans) Pg.26
10.Which was the Balkans region?/ What was the composition of the area called Pg.26
‘Balkans’ during the last quarters of the 19th century?

Ans. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation located in
Eastern Europe, comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece,
Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose
inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.
A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
11.State the reasons responsible for the emergence of nationalist tensions in the Pg.26
Balkans.
Ans. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism
The disintegration of the Ottoman Empire
12.When conservative regimes were restored to power, many liberal minded people 1
went underground because of the fear of .......... .
Ans : Repression
or
.......... were the most serious nationalist tension in Europe after 1871.
1. Ans : Balkans
2. Explain the causes for the growth of national struggle in the Balkans. / How did Pg.26
the Balkan region become a source of Nationalist tension in Europe after 1871? /
Why did the Balkan region of Eastern Europe present the most serious source of
nationalist tension in Europe and proved the battlefield of First World War?
Ans.
i. Balkan was region of ethnic and geographical variation, located in Eastern
Europe comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece,
Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and
Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.
ii. A large part of Balkan peninsula was, under the control of the Ottoman
Empire, some other parts were under the control of Russia and Austria -
causing a complex problem.
iii. Spread of romantic nationalism amongst Slaves along with disintegration
of Ottoman empire made region very sensitive.
iv. Hence the rebellious nationalities in the Balkans thought of their struggles
as attempts to win back their long-lost independence. One by one, its
European subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared
independence.
v. The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to
gain more territory at the expense of the others.
vi. European imperial powers Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary
competed to extend control over trade, colonies and military might of this
region due to its strategic location.
 22

vii. This led to a series of wars in the region between imperialists and
nationalist forces and ultimately the First World War.
Name the major powers who were involved in the Balkan conflict. Pg.26
Ans. Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary
Match the Column:
Column-A Column-B
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. E
What does this map symbolises?