105

January 1984
95 p
incIVAT)
up-to-date electronics for lab and leisure I:31.0570P

How accurate is
your watch?
Find out with our opto -
coupled timepiece timer.

A gyrophone
to make your
stereo wander.
PLUS: audio embellisher address decoding weather vane
universal active filter audio sleuth Z80 EPROM programmer
programmable crystal oscillator digital cassette tucording
 TIlla LINEAR 1 Cs CPU's MEMORIES @ROOM CRYSTALS INTERFACE ICS
190 CE 6539 7016 150 3.50 251635 5000 100117 325 40558 7750
74 Sens 76503 120739 2701 4.00 2554 6000 E:15744 3.25 405614
7403 025 743664 0.45 LINEAR ICs 7.733712 2330 325 A137551
7415399 130 4553 2.4.5 407531 EIS 51C1317 6507 3500 71078 5.00 2708 3000 1 00 MHZ EIS
7401 OS 74367A 043 7475510 120 4555 0.45 500*803
1500 6803 2259 21110035 3.00 771635 50.10 1.9432104 3.03 07002 3909
14.03 025 743604 0 48 7415541 1.50 4556 045 9909 0101456 360
5302 2112039 3.00 7537 3509 2004.0 2.50 0358131 2750
035 411 /03 200p MC149001. 3509 2500
10073 74376 1.03 7415508 7.00 4557 3_00 AY 15050 6009 6500 2147 4.00 7732 6505 2 45760104 2.75 1309304 2500
7404 025 74393 053 7415610 WOO 4M0 120 990 0101495 700 11:037 17000 4337.3 3.00 273247 6509 327610140 100 00363I 3000
7405 030 4Y3.1270 7509 011233403 120P 3579501740 120 D55535
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74393 153 7415617 19.00 4556 150 AY3-8910 4009 1a67401 8080.1 2500 41103 450 7727.0030 4500 233;
74490 123 741_SE76 1.50 assa 2.50 AY38912
SOP sanA MC. 4164.15 ITU 4.50 77 178M £20 00 UHT 150 CISSEM 1502
7407 090 7415678 ISO 4569 1.70
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7408 025 7415540 2.00 4572 0.35
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7409 025 7415641 200 4553 0.75 CA.3019 104 58.50399 7909 720 2509 447515 5.00 50004114 1.75 10C 1.120 E.So
7410 0.25 12030204 120; 571920 800p MODULATORS 6.03194 153 2000
7415643 290 4584 17-W
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280A 3000 453773 250 1.1.000.00
7411 0.25 705644 2.00 4585 0.50 1.17.67160 2003 Ell 461556-3 3.00 6 104 L007 3759 700414 150 1403459 4537
7412 0.25 '41.W 70 120 4599 230 CA3048 220p 756531 1400 TM.°00_096 £12 5516 730 a Lutz u19 4507 3110577/4 735 01C3470 5507
7413 0.40 747.560* 490 4724 1.50 700 NE565 180 6116-3 3.50 8E67 MHz 1.75 10C3481 6500
7414 0E0 716056 450 SUPPORT DEVICES DARTS
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7417 033 14412 8_50
116E64 4200 3242 503.7 6154.10 34 00 0.1 5-10739 3000 10.701162 2.00 MC3487 3000
71277 025 14416 3.00 .7. 0 3009 100003 1209 6522 3100 651445 200 AY -51010P 3009 11.00 11142 3.00 75107 000
7421 025 741.5 SEAMS 507 756556
14419 2.70 15E9 6532 550p CVO 120 11.99I03 36139 12.0014142 150 ?5110 900
7422 030 741503 0.20 14400 350 70-00 457 ?inn 740p 6551 6500 syt...75 502 TR 1602 3000 140014Hr 135 75150P 10077
7423 023 741301 020 . roe. 75E571 403p 1000 XVIO TEA CO046017 300p 1560 Wiz 2.00 75154 1400
7425 0.35 741502 030 14435 4_50 500 NE9320
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7426 0.33 741503 020 4507 776.553440 1400 6632 2507 211010.5 CRT 10321-17113LUER 1E603 4162 200 75365 150,
7427 053 741504 0.20 14939 290 3055 R047M 600 8205 2250
22100 350 200 CRT5027 £18 20.003 MHz 2.00 16151 72,
7428 053 741505 0.20 3300 0030 2250 2212 11170 1E0033 24000 4161 3.00
7430 025 741508 020 4303 SERIES 22101 7.00 £2 5441902 £15 8216 100p 1554.033 200 CRT5a3
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7437 025 '4512 020 4000 , 0.16
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7460 0.33 711.557 020 4016 022 40163 143015 250 1041034A 4000 28040574 11014411 7.00 30174.076241: £10
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7473 030 7475714 0.40 40174 053 100370 120p 1041024 1205 8pn gp 1800 16p 24.n 347 8000 300
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7474 0.40 0.36 4020 0.48 40197 1.431 1 705 7061170 3009 14 pes 10p 20 po lip 28 00 26P 14 pin 420 20 00 600 28 007 1 030
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7481 120 741586 053 40044 1.50 400 11071131
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7452 120 711.590 022 4025 0.16 557 71.072132 45p - 15p, 110441512 2 - 32-030
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74703 120 7415726 025 4039 279 17.1741 030 20414 1000 9 00. 15 Alk 25 0.0r 37
74704 050 7415132 IC7.172174 850; 2114190 190p 030 CONNECTORS MOLE
0.42 4040 0.40 1.56747 70p
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74107 0.45 741.5736 030 4542 0.40 .11:1072 570.4 7.241011 4307 774425E 3549 150p 2107 2507 361.
74109 0.45 7415738 0.42 4043 0.40 72163 £22 147896 Z744285542
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74171 055 7415145 090 4045 1.115 1542317 78.1.5 Z704280 450p 200 125p 15.30 1600 1900 200p 5577, 1050 1600 2007 7
74116 120 7413140 120 4046 0.50 L703000 509 201.429E 2100 5005 7,3.74 1650 2157 290. 4407
74118 120 741.5148 120 4047 050 170390-5 8"59 2744503 7309 1-77411107,
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74120 1.00 7415153 0.50 1-103974 2000 2N10346 EIC576.7 3E9 1/142501 2050 0773050 609
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7415154 150 4050 021 111/2915 21309 07110460 6705 9125478 120 702160 2950 EE
74172 045 7416155 0.40 4051 0.48 10101916 2269 7754734 9500 ste4e: 9. 67.73301 225; 27574194 257 374v3,C.efttroms 7571440,5 47. 73
74133 090 7415105 0.40 4057 0.48 13113603 110p V 0.134 173 512545:-. 12p 74.7E2305 130p 2072729 250 IOC 25 744 74 5007,7 450p
74125 050 7415157 0.40 4053 14.E3055 70p 102004 25p
TR AAS1S1ORS 515573
0_50 VOCTAG REGULATORS 170
74126 030 7415159 035 4054 075 836562.1 129 1.1170102 3Elp 202616 459 KEYBOARD EXPERIMENTOR
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74142 1.75 7413164 060 3. 71303 SOp 70038 507 8C1700 300 50132 600
74143 2.00 741.516SA 035
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4066 0.27 12. 7312 40p 7912 450 E.C141 3010
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74144 2.00 741.5166A 720 4067 2_25 15 7815 409 7515 450 -02 309 807.25 35p Spec, r0 Cola,. E0 603 1525
74145 090 7175170 1.00 79. 7818 509 7913 509 E.12161 30.0 50133 409 517174..0 797 2037045 100
4086 0.16 750300 509 770773 200p TDA 3810 £ 7.50
74147 120 71151734 120 406.9 020 245 2e24 409 7924 459 ' :177 Iso 537410 780
74146 120 7415174 0.60 100 rr. A .e 70556 pc,25.. lap 302425 7501 .75023c 700 292019 30; TDA 7000 £ 3.50
4070 0.16 203866 90p
74150 ISO 7415175 0.54 4071 0.16 5e 28605 309 79-00 45p 2:100 109 552448 MP 11P35C 1500
2113904.6 100 WD 55 Liam
7415181 120 4072 0.16 12e 7132.17 30p 79117 500 5.3763'1 100 57756e tip T1P36C 160p MINI ORGAN IC SAA 1900 £16.00
7405150 0.130 15. 713115 300 79115 500 e0784-1 10P 577578 309 TweiC 559 2700371 SOp
74151A OSO 4373 0.16 7115240
7415141 0.60 4075 0.16 50272 1 129 SF259 359 11742A 50p VERO BOARD
4015 Veto W.,,0 Pen 13 40
74153 0.60 741.5192 063 OTHER REGULATORS 50213 1 277545718 30p
74154 120 4076 0_48 I1p 80337 30p 1104212 637 *COPPER CLAD) Wre W000077-9 T99' 0470
7415193 0.60 4077 027 L703000 1409 043537 4039 BC214 L 10p 51793 5: ;Sp T5747 900 2115453 30p
74155
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74157 74151964 0.50 4081 036 L143238. 4509 79GU IC 2609 812337 1019 801162 307 719125 7Sp 371128 7209 2 5 7 3 75 03p Spot face curte, CI 30
0.55 74151% 050 3704011 120p MICRO BOARD
74160 055 4067 0.16 17.4723 304/ 730050 7759 50338 15p 89590 760 T19126 800 Inse0. 0.01091 Eli*
74161 055 7415197 0.54 4035 0.40 TEGU IC 2009 70.705 900p BC477 309 141473 250p 7572905 600 40573 75p 50.055.413:403 E399
74767 035 7415221 090 4086 0.40 78.06 map 9124195719 1509
7475240 120 13100ES 0.0.10.< Eu-000.4701 5525
74163 ELM 4049 1_25 78.04C 603P T04943 300p
74165 0_75 7415242 0.75 4093 88127 12p 10.503 19p 1457! ?Op Plastic LOGIC PROBE KIT E12
7405743 0.75 055 OPTOELEC TRON)CS 04747 10p 141030 20p 50p 3.04003 60p
74105 090 4030 EA 0.9311
74167 250 7415244 1.40 4005 0 73 21:9777 40p °U80 1209 0/90 55 145001 300 SA EON 1409 64 400? 70p ELEKTERMINAL KIT £50 7013170417
'7170 130 7415245 1.75 OC971 2509 09961 120p 0-491 9p 74500 30p 1641000200p 65 MOV 90p
7416747 0.70 4016 0 70 HOUSEKEEPER
5-12 260 4057 2.90 CAP 17 509 111.78 55p 0565 90 241070 35p CISED 459 eA 430' 75p
7415248 0.70 T,32
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244003 450 44[401 0 36p 845030. 959 Full 106 as described in May Deltic),
-74 000 4099 0.50 014701S01A10R5 347,070 60p T1C4t 36p 12053031059 Sockets for all I C.5 2K Prog EPROIA
5 0.60 4500 5.75 574914 4P 40.10.50. 96p 703575 1309 76-0503V 1309
7-75 055 7413251 0.45 4501 020 1/074 1830 T11.111 70p 1414.3 4p .02.41.011 1009 254444 140p 734100 130p E55 -E1p&p
777 050 7415203 0.45 4502 0_60 1.7C16 160p TAM 70p 114001.2 Sp 545367 80p 7050004 40p 117071:7 SOp
0.90 7415256 2.00 4503 0.45 M3C30213 1500 111. 113 709 1710033 4 19 6.41000 100p T12260 70p
035 74157574 045 4534 076 7.10C2020 I 1111016 1714005 7 7P 644070 1209
TENERS Power Supply 1 8.5 8V
-4741 1.40 7415534 0.45 4505 400 LEDS 170010112 129 EA 11173V 1530 7.73 33Y RAMS suaabte f Or the Housc-keepe,
74142 050 7415259 120 4506 120 77r510314 14p 1051039192p 4000710 9p
71134 1.20 7415268 025 4537 0.35
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741854 120 7415273 4578 10.270 Rey 100 111209 Rae 10p
1.40 1.30 771222 G. 12p 70212 Ye 157 PC8 MOUNTING
74130 0.60 7415770 0.50 4510 0.48 JUNIOR COMPUTER KIT E86 plus Et p &
74191 0.60 7415233 0.50 4511 0.45 111/28 Ye 13p 10211 G- 129 CAL RELAYS
74192 050 7415203 030 4512 Reclar-0,000.3, LEDS IR. G., 300 All Junior Computer Extension Boards available
0.48 600C ICOR 60.1
71793 000 7415299 200 4513 1.95 DISPLAYS JUNIOR COMPUTER BOOK: 1 £4 2.3 & 4 £4.50 ea to & book 70p,
74.191 050 7413321 SPOT2574, OL
74195 0.50
2.40 4514 1.130 01 704 140P 70565881 570p 125.4[ El 60 1V Games Extension boards available.
7415223 2.00 4515 1.00
741% 0.08 7415374 4516 050 IX 707 Red 1400 10311 E000
12. DC 4020 cod ELEKTERMINAL KIT £50 (plus El p & gal
14107 0.49 624 150 4517 2.60 01707 Gr 1400 11131713 110p
SPOT 2474. DC TELETEXT DECODER KIT £85 (plus £1 p & p)
1415a 120 7415348 1.40 4516 043 01. 747 Red 7750 111321.7 1359
74139 123 01747 G. 22Sp 111330 1409 1200 AC E160 (Decoding Board and Keyboard Elektor Nov. 81)
741-M53 0.70 4519 0.33
71221 1.00 74. 8.361 130 4520 050 17.0157 1207 77057)50 2009 12, DC Reprint of Teletext articles 1125 (plus large SAE)
742551 050 74 1.01r04 1.80 4521 0.973 103100 0.00 1002000.07. 2250 2708 00. PROGRAMMED EPROMS
74.59 150 7410545.4 036 4522 CLEO 7.10637 039 DRIVERS SPOT 104 ?iv DC
74255 055 74153674 0.35 4526 0.60 740143E40 2000 nee 250p 2300 AC 1225 Junior Computer 2 . 2716 Intelekt Chess ea 68
74275 1.03 741.7.M684 035 7.7A046.15 200; 0300 £8 2716 TV Games
74779 OM 7415373
0627 0_60
V27.-5610
300p 12, DC 2708 Basic E8
1.20 4623 0_50 NOP 1.70785118 3200
74233 0.50 7415374 120 4537 055 10006161 320p MOR coo 2716 Tape Management £8 71301 Elekterminal E7
74755 130 7415375 0.60 D1.Or 0.0 740 DC 2716 Prog. Management ES 2716 Disco Lights £8
7477E
74250
1.60
130
7419377
7415378
120
085
4532
4534
4536
0.70
4.00
7.70 * SPECIAL OFFER *
230. AC nn 82523 Interface £5 82523 Freq. Counter IIC3C4) ea ES
742M 090 7415379 120 453.9 0.70 130. REED RELAYS 2716 Housekeeper £8 2716 Talking Dice E8
742E0 120 7415350 0.75 4539 0.60 PCBs for most Elector Projects available
74351 1.50 741-M93 120 4541 0_90 21144 Aa) 4154-2 4595 5-1120 DC co,
743657. an 74153950 105 454.3 0.75 3776 1.551 25017 61160-3 3500 5.4 SPDT (2.25 SEE OUR FULL PAGE ADVERT IN THIS ISSUE FOR DETAILS ON
2532 3500 BBC COMPUTER PRINTERS etc_

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elektor january 1984

gyrophone 1-20
With this unit connected to your stereo system you can produce an effect
very like that of a Lesley rotating speaker system.

how accurate is your watch? 1-22

'Clockwork' watches can be very accurate provided they are adjusted
properly. The circuit described here quickly calculates the error in a
mechanical ticker so that it can be set correctly.

digital cassette recorder 1-29

Cassette tape is often used as memory storage in personal computers
Unfortunately, the quality of the computer's cassette interface usually
leaves a lot to be desired. The present circuit improves matters consider-
ably without affecting the audio performance of the cassette recorder.
A gyroptora
o make your
audio signal embellisher 1-34 Ouse wate
A three part modular system that can increase your listening pleasure if fteswi, aerl SI.,aledl =DIM pragpurr-
T34,.i.*0-.#1.01 nesinftg
you are forced to connect mono and stereo equipment together.

1-42 At the beginning of a new

universal active filter year it is quite appropriate
An IC that can act as a universal active filter with a minimum of external
that our cover item deals with
components is certainly worth having a look at.
time. It enables the error of
1-44 a mechanical watch to be
from thermometer to thermostat measured so that the watch
Adding a single IC and a handful of other components to the LCD ther-
mometer featured in our October 1982 issue permits it to be used as a can be set correctly. The titles
of the rest of this month's
thermostat. articles more or less speak for
1-45 themselves, except maybe
missing link what do we mean by 'a
1-46 gyrophone to make your
PC board pages stereo wander'? Some of the
1-49 more musical of gyrophonists
audio sleuth at work suggest that it is like a cross
When something goes wrong (and it often does) this article can help you between a moose and a set
find the root of the problem. of bagpipes! Well, we're not
too sure. Suffice it to say that
wind direction indicator 1-52
the effect has to be heard to
Many lament the passing of the weathercock, but our electronic version be appreciated. We must warn
has at least one distinct advantage in that you no longer have to see the
you- to beware of masked
actual weather vane to know which direction the wind is blowing. types appearing at your door
1-60 claiming to be gyrophones,
Z80 EPROM programmer they are likely to make more
A small circuit consisting of just a few components is all that is needed to
than your stereo 'wander?
enable any Z80 system to program 2716 EP ROMs in situ.

home-made low-cost wiring probe 1-62

Wiring prototype circuits is greatly simplified by keeping the wire tidily
on a spool.

address decoding 1-64

One of the least understood aspects of computing is address decoding
This article is intended to throw some light onto the subject.

applicator 1-69
New programmable crystal oscillators in which the oscillator, dividers,
and selector circuits are housed together with the quartz crystal in a 16 -
pin DI L package.

market 1-71

switchboard 1-77
A selection from
EPS service 1-88 next month's issue:
capacitance meter
advertisers index 1-90 video combiner
video syncbox
constant -light source
disco control unit
tachometer for diesels

1-03
 eiektor januar; 1984

Elektor Publishers Ltd., Elektor House, Volume 10 - Number 1

10 Longport, Canterbury CT1 1PE, Kent, U.K. ISSN 0308-308X
Tel.: Canterbury (0227) 54430. Telex: 965504.
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Editor: P.V. Holmes
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UK editorial staff: R.E. Day. G.P. McLoughlin, L. Seymour The DC working voltage of
Overseas editorial staff: P.H.M. Baaaen, A. Dahmer, I. Gombos, capacitors (other than elec-
P.E.L. Kersemakers, R.P. Krings, What is 10 n? trolytic or tantalum types)
P. v.d. Linden, D.R.S. Meyer, What is the EPS service? is normally assumed to be at
G.C.P. Raederscforf, J.F. van Rooij, What is the TQ service? least 60 V. As a rule of thumb,
G.O.H. Scheil, M.J. Wijffels What is a missing link? a safe value is usually ap-
Editorial secretariat: C.H. Srneets, G.W.P. Wijnen proximately twice the DC
supply voltage.
Head of design: K.S.M. Walraven
Design staff: J. Barendrecht, G.H.K. Dam, K. Diedrich, Semiconductor types
G.H. Nachbar, A. Nachtmann, P.I.A. Theunissen A large number of equivalent Test voltages
DC :est voltages shown are
Publishing manager: A.J. Brialey semiconductors and ICs exists measured with a 20 kniv in-
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-04
advertisement elektor january 19 84

RESI & TRANS! MICROPROCESSOR HARDWARE JUNIOR COMPUTER BOOK 1 SC/MPUTER (1)
A series of strip cartoons in book form in This book describes a range of peripheral For anyone washing to become familiar Describes how to build and operate your
which two enterprising characters explore equipment that can be connected and with bnicrokomputers, this book gives own microprocessor system - the first
the field of electronics in then own inimi- used with an assortment of personal the opportunity to build and program a book of a series - further books will
table way. Their adventures are full of computers viMich use the 6502,6809,280 personal computer at a very reasonable show how the system may be extended to
tension, because they often go against the or the 8080 CPU. cost. meet various requirements.
current - whereby they encounter much Price E 7.50 Price E 6.50 Price E 5.50
resistance - before they reach their goal.
These books familiasize the reader with JUNIOR PAPERWARE 1
JUNIOR COMPUTER BOOK 2 SC/MPUTER (2)
eiectionics in an unusual way: exciting. Modifications of the PMIPME EPROM:
playful, yet thorough. Part I comes com- Source listings, Hex dump of the Software Follows in a logical continuation of The second book in series. An updated
plete with a printed -anon board and rest - crunches and punches fElektor 85, May Book I. aid contains a detailed appraisal version of the monitor program lElbug III
mater 1982) of the software. Three major programming is intnicluced together with a number of
Part I. Banish the Mysteries tools, the monitor, an assembler and an expansion possibilities. By adding the
Ps ice £2.00 editor. ore discussed together with prati Elektemiin.al to the system described in
of Electronics E 5.75
Pan II: Hands oil my Bike! . . E 450 JUNIOR PAPERWARE 2 cal proposals for input and peripherals. Book 1 the microcomputer becomes even
Source listing of the bootstrap loader Price E 6.50 more versatile.
Price E 5.50
TV GAMES COMPUTER for Ohio Scientific Floppys: Hex dump
of the EPROM IESS 5151 JUNIOR COMPUTER BOOK 3 FORMANT
This book, pomades a different - and, in Price £2.00
many ways, easter - approach to micro- The next, transforming the baste. single
board Junior Computer into a complete Complete constructional detals of the
processors.. The TV games computer is Elektor Formant Synthesiser comes
dedicated is one specific task, as the personal computer system.
DATA SHEET BOOK Pnce E 6.50
with a FREE cassette of sounds that
name suggesn. This provides an almost the Formant is capable of producing
Phase opportunity to have fun while Here at lass is the book that designers have together with advice on how to achieve
leaning! been waiting for the ['elm:it Data Sheet JUNIOR COMPUTER BOOK 4 them.
Price E 6.75 Book_ In 240 pages it gives you a CMOS, Price E 6.00
a Linear, Special Function and Audio Data Book 4, the last in the series, describes all
Book: extensive information on 269 of the software requited to operate the corn'
DIGIBOOK the most important IC's. A very useful plete system. A number of peripheral 33 ELECTRONIC GAMES
and economical reference book! devices, such as a printer and a video
Provides a simple step-bystep introduc- Price 8.00 terminal, may be 'hooked up' to the A selection of circuits which give as muds
non to the basic theory and application computer. During the final stage in its enjoyment in building them as actually
of digital electronics and gives dear 'growth', the machine is able to extend playing the games. The circuits are fasci-
explanations of the fundamentals of its linguistic skills, fora special version of nating although the electronics Involved
digital circuitry, backed up 0y expe, JUNIOR COMPUTER VIA 6522 BASIC is now available on cassette are not complex and therefore anyone
iments designed to reinforce this newly Pace 6.50 with a good soldering iron will find this
acquired knowledge. Supplied with an This book deals with the well-known book satisfying. These are electronic games
experimenter's PCB. Versatile Interface Adapter (VIA) type 301 CIRCUITS that do not need a TV screen, and as a
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dition to the four books already devoted The book is a continuation of our popular Price . . E 4.50
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For the home constructor - 300 projects has a system with one or more 6522s. It circuits ranging from simple to more
rangng from the basic to the very sophis affords a complete familiarization with complex designs. described and en:darned To order please use the postage paid order
mated this flexible and effective component. in straightforward language. card in this issue.
Price E. 5.50 Price E 3.25 Price £5.50 ADD 50p P 8 P U.K. (OVERSEAS 1.00)

33
:
- electronic
= games

o_ t porNerti sys
the practical ktrockx:licn sheet
b a powerful system cvos

sc/mputer (1)
txsid ycta- own
utter (2)
tuict yet: cFM1
micciycces-scr system 7000mci,,tet System

300
circuits

a practical irtsoctuctui
to d4Gil electron

xr vhf cars Lu
 gyrophone
elektor january 1984 Most of us have heard the stereo effect of an express train, a gale force wind, or
perhaps an artificially created sound transferring from the right-hand to the
left-hand speaker. It's just as impressive when the sound returns from the left-
hand to the right-hand speaker, as when, for instance, a train from the opposite
direction passes by. The circuit described in this article makes it possible for
both effects to happen simultaneously: creating a sound very much like that of
a Lesley rotating speaker system.

gyrophon 0
. to make
. .
Before we go any further, there is one thing
to be borne in mind: the contents of the
same stereo signal have opposing control
signals. The left-hand information is there-
your stereo two stereo channels must be quite distinct fore amplified in OTA1 but attenuated in
from one another if the effect is to be OTA3 and consequently appears in the
wander realized. A short listening test will soon left-hand but not in the right-hand output.
show which type of recording is suitable: From time to time, however, the control
listen to it and then turn one of the speakers signals are such that the left-hand infor-
off. If half of the sound just 'dies', the mation appears in the right-hand but not in
recording is usable. Stereo records produced the left-hand output. The right-hand input
ten years or more ago are particularly gnal is treated in an identical manner. The
suitable. whole process is continuous and therefore
The circuit is not really an electronic version causes the characteristic swelling and fading
of a Lesley because phase shifts are not of the loudspeaker outputs. In contrast to
catered for, but its action is none the less a real Lesley. our circuit creates the effect
remarkable. Briefly, the right-hand signal only by differences in volume in each
'wanders' to the left-hand channel, and vice individual channel.
versa. Shortly afterwards, the two sounds A low -frequency oscillator consisting of
revert to their original channel. This effect integrator Al and trigger A2 (see figure 2)
is achieved by periodically inverting the two generates a sawtooth voltage. This voltage
channels. should not go negative because that would
The block diagram in figure 1 shows that the block the OTAs, and a diode. DI, is there-
signals from the two channels are split and fore included in the feedback path of A2.
applied to four operational transconduc- The sawtooth voltage is fed to A3 and to
tance amplifiers (OTAs). However, although inverter IC2. The output of IC2 is applied
both OTA1 and OTA3 are fed with the left- to the inverting input of A4. Opamps A3
hand signal (and OTA2 and OTA4 with the and A4 drive transistors T1 and T2 and
right-hand signal), they are not controlled by these in turn feed the four OTAs.
the same sawtooth voltage. The low - As already explained, the signals from the
frequency oscillator (LFO) drives OTAs 1 two channels are split and the parts are
and 4 directly and OTAs 2 and 3 via an amplified in different OTAs. Output
inverter. This means that OTAs fed with the channel L contains a mixture of the signals
Figure 1. Block schematic
of the gyrophone. The 1
signal and control paths
(the latter in dashed
lines) are shown separately
to clarify the operation
of the gyrophone.

OTA
ROO

1-20
 gyrophone
2 elektor january 1984

811

P1
gi, 11.1 RI
.1101T= 250 ml
01

RIS RI C2
1N4148
IC3 15 V 47"
13600
__10 L
A2
(13700)
89 0 C3
MEI
R17 RI 470 n

R30

15V

BC 5576

P2

R37
R32

R19 R20
Al ... A4 = IC1 = 324
470n
9.
15 V IC4 15 V
0 CL) 0n
13600
(13700)
CS
R

) D ()
®II
011E
170n
IC1 IC2 IC3 IC4

F134
C7 loon
0
15V

R00 - 134009-2

Figure 2. It is dear from

inverted sawtooth voltage is superimposed this circuit diagram that
fed to OTAs 1 and 2 and, similarly, output only inexpensive and
channel R a mixture from OTAs 3 and 4. on a d.c. voltage, the level of which is preset easily available com-
The mixing elements are formed by two by P2. If an oscilloscope is not available, the ponents have been used.
resistors and a capacitor (for instance, presetting can be done by ear. Apply a signal Only the setting of P2
R27/R28/C2). to one of the input channels and set the may test your patience
The buffers contained in 1C3 and IC4 LFO to a low -frequency output. If P2 has (and your hearing!).
(pins 7, 8 and 9, 10 respectively) must been set correctly, the loudspeaker volume
not be used in this application. should gradually fade away and then grad-
ually swell again. If not, limiting is taking
place and this is indicated by an absence
of sound for some time followed by a
Construction and calibration sudden burst of volume.
The design has been kept as simple and The audio input signals to the circuit may
inexpensive as possible and its construction lie between 0.7 V and 10 V. However, when
on a prototyping (Vero)board should not you use inputs of just about 0.7 V and have
present any trouble to the hobbyist with a powerful main amplifier connected to the
some experience. output of the gyrophone, it may happen
Preset P1 enables the frequency of the that the maximum and minimum values of
sawtooth generator to be set to your the sawtooth voltage become audible in the
own individual taste. The frequency, f, is loudspeakers. This can be prevented by
given by f = 1/[C1(P1 R1)11 -1z. With values increasing the signal input by, for instance,
shown, the frequency can be set anywhere inserting an additional amplifier between
between 0.2 Hz and 4 Hz, corresponding to the signal source and the inputs to the
periods of 5 s and 250 ms respectively. gyrophone.
Because IC2 inverts the sawtooth waveform, We shall be very brief about the required
its output would normally be mostly nega- mains supply: the current consumption
tive. As stated, this cannot be tolerated as it of the gyrophone is around 50 mA per
would block the OTAs. Therefore, the channel at ± 15 V. 14

1-21
how accurate is your
watch?
elektor january 1984

Even though quartz watches seem

to have almost completely sup-
planted their mechanical counterparts, for many
people there is still nothing to compare with the
INC fine mechanical craftsmanship that goes into a clock-
work watch. That regular tick, coming from so many
carefully made parts, tirelessly assembled to make one whole unit, is some-
thing completely different from the invisible, silent shuffling of electrons
in a quartz controlled watch.
The 'watch tester' described in this article is a crystal controlled circuit that is
used as an aid to set a mechanical watch accurately. A crystal is used as a
reference to determine, within a few seconds, how much time the watch gains
or loses, and this is shown on a display as a certain number of minutes per
day. Knowing the error is essential to be able to set the watch accurately.

how accurate
is your watch?
quartz Man has always tried to measure time in one error of a quarter of an hour a week could
way or another. Sundials, water clocks, oil be expected.
precision for lamps, candles and hour glasses are just some Until the beginning of this century watches
of the things that have been used to measure were normally carried on a chain and it was
mechanical time down through the ages. Then came the only around the year 1900 that somebody
watches mechanical clock. Nobody knows for certain came up with the idea of a wrist watch.
exactly when this first came into existence Since then watches developed very quickly.
but they have been made at least since the In 1924 the automatic wrist watch arrived
fourteenth century. Since then, mechanical and after the second World war the 'electric'
clocks have been consistently improved and watch. In 1957 a watch appeared on the
refined. market that used an electromagnetic system
Watches have been made since about the end to drive the balance weight. Four years
of the fifteenth century, but it took a long later the firm of Bulova produced a much
time before the `portable clock' was im- more interesting idea, using an electronically
proved enough so that it worked reasonably driven tuning fork instead of the balance
accurately. The best clocks in the seven- weight. This tuning fork watch was guaran-
teenth century had an error of about a teed to be accurate to within one minute
minute per day. With an average watch an per year!
1-22
 how accurate is your
1 watch?
elektor january 1984

. II
ii i't I -I
t`i
FM1010,1011

Si pawns, A = S ticksis latch strobs

a = 6 sscks/s EICO -- 7 sessx.sil
C 10 IscIssIs

S2 psesavan: A = 2 sys. time

= 20 s y.. tam
COUNTER
zero U
detect
1012.1C 13
08 01
8 hit BCD
720 Hz
U/D counter
10 stsck
reset
cicck FF6
to 00

19432 %Mx S toggle

1c3 '5103
F FF
a
925.
Ste

I- =/,
vele,

delay

nit
A sib $2a
A
SINN 10 WOV3

- 10
ft rt.} Tit
T2.71.1C 1 NM V 1 101.103V2

reset

314035-1
FF-2.FF3

Figure 1. The block

acoustic pick-up should also be possible diagram of the circuit. The
The modern watch is the final stage (so far) pulses picked up at the
and uses a quartz crystal as the time base. but in practice that seemed to be more balance wheel of the watch
The accuracy of this design is such that the susceptible to problems with ambient noise. can be converted to a
error per year is neglegible. With this optical pick-up we use a small lamp measuring signal with a
A mechanical watch always has much more to shine light on the spokes of the balance time of 2 or 20 seconds.
charm than its 'cold' electronic counterpart. wheel and the reflections are received by a This signal is compared to
It is a testament to the skill of the craftsman photo transistor. The pulses given by the a reference time and the
who made it, and this alone is a great point photo transistor are processed and compared error is shown on a display.
in its favour. Clockwork watches do have with a 'standard' frequency, and the error is
one undeniable advantage, of course: they then shown on a display.
have no batteries to fail at the most unex- The block diagram of figure 1 is a bit more
pected and inconvenient moment. complex than our usual circuits, but this
There are, of course, still a lot of mechanical simply makes the circuit easier to under-
watches in circulation and several firms stand. The photo transistor pulses are
currently sell clockwork watches at the converted to 'proper' digital signals in the
'expensive' end of the market. Mechanical
'tickers', it seems, are always in fashion.
Adjusting a mechanical watch is a lengthy
process because changing the effective length
of the balance spring does not give an
immediately noticeable change. A good
watchmaker, certainly, has expensive equip-
ment that can measure the error fairly
quickly, but anybody else simply could not
afford one. With the watch meter here
anybody can quickly adjust almost any
clockwork watch accurately.

The block diagram

This circuit uses an optical pick-up. An
1 -23
 how accurate is your
watch?
elektor january 1984

0111 .31Z
.1%,* 33 =3:3.%
.
41.4.7V

5
TA
ea a. na 33 §S
3
33
a. pa

n
n *1 0 00
a
3

lie

r
0

=
a 4.,D
512 a
to

to
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a

Figure 2. The various

sections of the block
diagram can easily be
first block. These pulses then go to a per second). The first generally applies to
recognized in the circuit monostable multivibrator. The monostable older watches. There are also some clocks
diagram here, especially time can be set to three different values that beat with 36000 ticks per hour
as the make-up of each with switch S la. These values are < 400 ms, (10 ticks/s). One complete swing of the
block is indicated in the < 333 ms and < 200 ms, and they require a balance (from the middle to one side, back
block diagram. short explanation. to the other side and to the middle again)
Almost every mechanical watch falls into consists of two ticks. Five ticks then consist
one of two standard tick frequencies, of 2.5 swings. Because we want to measure
namely 18000 ticks per hour (= 5 ticks per swing times with this circuit the MMV time
second) or 21600 ticks per hour (= 6 ticks must be chosen so that only every second
1-24
tick is registered. In other words the the error in minutes per day. If a time of how accurate is your
20 seconds is used the counter must count watch?
time must be about 5 .. . 10% less than elektor january 1984
the time for two ticks. For 5 ticks per 14400 clock pulses. This means that the
second the I.ih1V time must be relative to clock frequency for the counter must be
2 x 200 ms = 400 ms. This drops to 333 ms 1440/2 (or 1400/20) = 720 Hz. This refer-
for 6 ticks and 200 ms for 10 ticks. ence frequency is supplied by a crystal and
The l.lI.IV is followed by a divider that, a few dividers.
depending on the position of Si, divides by With a measuring time of 2 seconds the
5, 6 or 10. A signal with a period of preset value of the counter must be -1440
2 seconds now appears at the wiper of Slb so that the count is exactly zero if the watch
(provided that S1 is in the correct position is running correctly. The counter can actu-
for the watch under test). If the period is ally only count from -99 to -99. so a preset
not 2 seconds. this means that the watch is value of -1440 is impossible. Because the
not keeping time. A period of less than read out only shows two figures, we set the
2 seconds means that the watch is running preset CO -40 (the last two digits of -1440).
fast, and more than 2 seconds means it is The counter will then be at zero after two
running slow. seconds. This 'trick' works here because a
This signal then goes to switch S2a which normal watch will never have an error of
enables us to select the 2 second signal or more than 99 minutes a day. The counter
one ten times as long. The 20 second signal starts by counting from -40 to zero then
'contains' a greater number of ticks and is from zero to 99 and six times from -99 to
therefore better than the shorter time for ,-99 and finally from -99 to zero making
measuring the error of a watch. The signal 1440. Note that there is a delay of one clock
chosen with S2a then goes to I.II.IV3 and cycle every time the count crosses zero on
which drive the counter and the its 'jump' from -99 to -99. Without this our
latch. The latch with a seven segment arithmetic would not be correct. If 20
decoder is driven by a pulse supplied by seconds is used as the measuring time the
1.1I.IV3, while LliriV4 presets the counter counter is preset to zero (the last two digits
after the count has been stored in the latch of 14400).
(and shown on the display). In practice the counter cannot itself work
Finally, the counter. Because we want the out if its count is positive or negative, so the
display to show the error in minutes per day, -' or '-' sign is stored by a flip-flop. This
the counter has to be a bit special. It must flips (or flops) every time the counter is at
be able to count positively and negatively as zero, and drives the = sign in the display.
we can have an error in either direction. The Finally there is a reset circuit whereby all
clock frequency of the counter must be counters can be reset simply by pressing one
carefully chosen to enable the read out to be button. The circuit is then ready to begin
in minutes per day. Furthermore the counter measuring anew.
must be capable of being preset, so that its
output is exactly zero if the watch is work-
ing accurately. To enable all this to be done, The practical layout
an eight -bit BCD up/down counter is used. As we have spent quite a long time talking
Now to the clock frequency. There are about the block diagram, we do not really
1440 minutes in a day (except Monday, need to say much about the actual circuit -
which has at least twice as many). If a diagram of figure 2. The block diagram also
measuring time of two seconds is used, the simplifies matters by stating which com-
counter must receive 1440 clock pulses in ponents make up each block.
these two seconds. The error measured by We will have a look at the input stage
the counter relative to this 1440 is then separately. The d.c. voltage setting of photo

1-25
 how accurate is your
watch? 3
elektor january 1984

Parts list
Resistors:
R1 = 120 n
R2,R3*:R10 = 2M2
R4,R14,R16,R21,R27,
R28,R44 = 1 k
R5,R17= 1M2
R6,R12,R25,R26 = 56 k
R7 = 100 f?
R8,R19,R22 = 10k
R9 = 1 M
R11 = 47 k
R13,R15= 10M
R18,R20,R23,R24 = 100 k
R29 = 680 !-1
R30 ... R43 = 820
P1 = 1 M preset

Capacitors:
C1,C15,C18,C23 = 100 n
C2,C17 = 220n
C3,C6,C22 = 10 ;2:16 V
C4 = 1C1Ou 16 V
C5,C10 = 680 n
C7,C14,C20,C21 = 10 p
C8 = 4 ... 40 p trimmer
C9 = 56 p
C11 = 560 n
C12 = 330 n
C13 = 1 n
C16= 1000u 25V
C19 = 100 p
C24 = 560 p

Semiconductors:
D1 ... D4 = 1N4001
D5,D6 = LED
LD1 = 7756 universal
overilov: 7 1 display
LD2,LD3 = 7760 common
cathode seven segment
display
T1 = BS 250. BC 516'
T2 =TIL 81
T3 = BC 549C
T4 = BC 547
ICI = 3140
IC2 = 4060
IC3 = 4518
IC4 = 4017
IC5,1C9 = 4098
IC6,1C7.1C15 = 4013
1C8 = 7812
IC10,1C11 = 4511
IC12,1C13 = 4510
IC14 = 4078

Figure 3. This is the

printed circuit board
design for the measuring transistor T2 is handled by FET T1. For low voltage goes via voltage divider R9/R10 to
section of the circuit. frequencies and d.c., T1 acts as a voltage IC1 where it acts as the trigger -level setting
source: its drain voltage is then fed back to for this schmitt trigger. The other input of
the gate via R2. The low-pass filter con- the schmitt trigger is fed the voltage changes
sisting of R3 and Cl ensures that TI acts from the photo transistor via C3. This set-
as a current source at higher frequencies. up allows the circuit to adapt itself to the
Slow variations in the light picked up strength of the input signal. If the photo
(from ambient conditions for example) transistor provides a strong input signal then
are therefore compensated by the FET. the triggering threshold is high. The strength
while fast changes in light cause a large of the input signal is indicated by the meter
change in the voltage on the collector of connected parallel to C4. If switch S4 is
the photo transistor. This is exactly what closed the output of ICI is heard through
we need to detect the moving spokes of the the buzzer. An LED, D5. at the Q output of
balance wheel. These voltage changes are FF1 flashes in time with the tick pulses. The
transmitted via C2 to T3 where the pulses measuring time is shown by means of LED
are rectified. The voltage on C4 is the same D6 at the output of FF4.
as the maximum value of the pulses. This The supply for the whole circuit is handled
1 -26
 how accurate is your
4 watch?
elektor january 1984

Miscellaneous:
Bz = buzzer, Toko 2720
Fl = 100 mA slow blow
fuse and holder
heatsink for IC8
La1 6 V/50 mA
miniature lamp"
M1 = moving coil meter
100 µA FSD
S1 = 2 pole 3 way switch
S2 = 4 pole 2 way switch
S3 = push button
S4 = single pole toggle
switch
S5 = double pole mains
switch
Tr1= mains transformer.
15 V/500 mA
X1 = crystal, 1.8432 MHz
(13 pF)
If T1 is BC 516,
R3 = 3M9
Reflection sensor
OPB 730 can be used
instead of a lamp and
photo transistor; then
IR 1 = 560 n

Figure 4. The printed

by the same 7812 regulator IC. The current boards must be connected to each other. circuit board for the
counter section and the
consumption is about 250 mA. The supply for the display must be taken read-out, which can, if
from points 1 and 2. Trying to tap a supply desired, be separated to
from anywhere else will probably cause enable the display to be
Constructing the circuit problems. mounted away from the
The circuit has been divided between two It is quite possible that the BS 250 FET may counter.
printed circuit boards that are shown in prove difficult for some people to get their
figures 3 and 4. The 'measuring' section is hands on. If this is the case, a BC 516 may
located on the board shown in figure 3 and be substituted for T1, but R3 must then be
contains all the components shown in the 3M9. Fortunately this transistor can be
left half of the circuit diagram, with the fitted to the board exactly the same as the
exception of R21 and D5. The second board FET.
consists of two sections which may be When all the electronics is assembled we can
separated if desired. These are the counter turn our attention to building the sensor.
section and the read-out (the right half of The photo transistor and the lamp are
the circuit diagram with the exception of mounted next to each other, but in such a
FF4). The numbered points on the two way that the light from the bulb does not
1-27
 fall directly on the photo transistor. This is how accurate is your
easily done with a piece of black paper watch?
between the two. The emitter of the transis- elektor january 1984
tor can now be soldered directly to the
collar of the lamp. This leaves three connec-
tions which can be linked to the printed
circuit board with a piece of screened stereo
cable. The collar of the lamp (which can be
a miniature type) must be connected to the
screen. This unit can then be fitted into
something like a big felt tip pen. A clip can
be made up to hold this 'pen' steady during
a measurement. The photos and the front
cover show how our prototype was built.
A nicer (but also more expensive) possibility
is to use a reflection sensor, such as the
OPB 730, which contains a LED and a
photodarlington. If this is done the sensor
must be well screened from ambient light,
and the value of resistor R1 must be in-
creased to 560 a

Adjustment and use

Adjustment is very easy. The frequency of
the crystal can be set to the exact value
required with trimmer C8. To do this a
frequency meter with a maximum error of A mechanical watch
0.005% is needed. A frequency of 115200 works with almost
Hz must be measured at test point TP. A measuring time of 2 seconds is selected
using S2. Press the RESET and after incredible accuracy con-
If you cannot get hold of a good frequency sidering that it has to
meter then simply put C8 in mid position. 2 seconds LED D6 (GATE TIME) 'changes'. tick nearly a half million
In most cases the frequency will then be What we mean is that the LED lights if it times per day
reasonably accurate. was out and it goes out if it was lit. The
Next, MMV1 must be set, preferably with an display now shows the error in minutes per A mechanical chronometer
oscilloscope. Potentiometer P1 is set so that day. Whenever D6 changes the measurement has an error of one minute
the monostable time is 360... 380 ms with has been taken and the result is shown on per month at most; with an
Sla in position A. If you do not have an the display. automatic watch that is
If the error of the watch is less than ten about one minute per
oscilloscope, this MMV can also be adjusted week.
with the aid of a watch that is known to be minutes, S5 can be moved to position B
accurate. Place the watch under the sensor (20 s measuring time). First press the
S1 position: A = 5 ticks/s
and turn the sensor until the meter shows a RESET again and after 20 seconds LED D3 B = 6 ticks/s
strong signal and the buzzer ticks regularly. changes and the error is shown on the dis- C = 10 ticks/s
Turn the preset to maximum, set switch S2 play in tenths of minutes.
to position A (2 s measuring time) and With a pocket watch the photo transistor S2 position: A = 2 second
adjust the preset by turning it backwards a can also be focused on the balance screws gate time
little at a time. After each adjustment wait and this usually gives good results. In this B = 20 second
until the measuring time has passed and see case, however, it is important to reduce the gate time
what the read-out shows. At some stage an level of ambient light as much as possible.
error of about zero minutes will be dis- Incandescent lamps and fluorescent tubes in
played. Turn the preset a little bit further particular can cause problems.
and then leave it at that. A period counter could also be used in
A few words about using this circuit will the circuit in place of the counter section
certainly not go astray. First we must and read-out. It is simply connected to the
know the tick frequency of the watch to be wiper of switch S2a. However, IC2, IC7,
tested. Older gents watches generally have Xl, C7, C8, C9, C13, R15, R16 and R18
5 ticks per second, whereas modern gents can then be removed and point 4 of the
watches and ladies watches usually have 6. measuring board and pin 1 of IC3 must be
After a bit of practice this can even be connected to earth. The read-out on the
heard from the ticking of the watch. Lay the meter will not, of course, be in minutes per
watch under the sensor and point the photo day any more. It is a simple matter to
transistor towards the spokes of the balance convert the output to minutes per day using
wheel. Move the watch carefully until the the formula 60 x 24 x (2 - T)/T, where T
meter reading is as large as possible. If S4 is the period measured in seconds. If T is
is closed the pulses from the phototransistor 1.986 seconds the error of the watch is
can be heard from the buzzer. This should 60 x 24 x (2 - 1.986)/1.986 = +10 minutes
be a regular tick. If it sounds more like per day.
'sawing' then the transistor is pointing
at the adjusting screws and must be moved
slightly.
The COUNT LED, D5, should flash regularly
to show that the circuit is receiving the
pulses. The correct ticking frequency (5, 6,
or 10 ticks per second) must be set with Si.
1-28
 digital cassette recorder ...
elektor january 1984

i7.111/
s
.1- a
er-rLs Wow.*
44173 47-7
06.777 .411/3"77: 2 01.77 -a tr_-_-
3 0.1;77
3 C -t
SOW 2

digita
cassette recorder
Cassette recordings are still the most popular memory for home computers
because they offer the cheapest method available. Unfortunately, it is not the
most reliable method because a cassette recorder is, after all, intended for
processing audio rather than digital signals. The present circuit converts a
normal cassette recorder into a digital one with vastly improved data transfer
capability without the loss of the audio facility.

Most home computers have a cassette figure number, you realize what a consider- . . . ensures
recorder interface which usually obeys a able improvement our circuit offers.
simple rule: the cheaper and simpler the your bits stay
computer, the worse the data transfer to
the recorder. This only becomes evident, of Analogue and digital recording on the tape
course, when you 'read' a newly loaded The (analogue) recording of audio signals
program and find that all is not what it's onto magnetic tape requires special circuits
supposed to be. Why is that? And can to ensure that the playback signal is a
anything be done about it? faithful reproduction of the original. After
In most computers, a signal is delivered all, Dolby and DBX did not come about by
to the interface which is not really suitable accident! One of the important design
for an audio cassette recorder. The ampli- considerations, for instance, is to prevent
tude of the signal is normally limited to saturation of the magnetic tape (as satu-
prevent the overloading of the recorder, ration would cause distortion).
while a transfer speed is chosen which, A square -wave pulse, as generated by most
according to the computer manufacturers, computers, consists of a large number of
is 'safe'. In other words, the computer is sinusoidal voltages. As the recording/play-
adapted to the cassette recorder without too back amplifier of a recorder is optimized for
much thought to the fact that the recorder audio signals, it will suppress a number of
was designed for a different purpose. constituents of such a pulse. The result is
We have tackled the problem from the that what's recorded is no longer a square -
opposite direction by matching the recorder wave signal. Further disintegration of the
to the computer. A 'read' (playback) and a pulse takes place during playback, there is
'write' (recording) amplifier are added which the tape noise, and ... The consequence of
improves the data transfer to the extent that it all is that the Schmitt trigger normally
baud rates of 4800 may be used! When you found in the input stages of a cassette
consider that the baud rate in most, if not interface is not presented with one proper
all, home computers cannot exceed a three - pulse, but several distorted ones.
1.29
digital cassette recorder ... The process in a digital recorder is much True, but the non -inverting input of ICI
elektor january 1984 simpler: the magnetic tape is driven into does not lie at earth potential but at +6 V
saturation. This is, without any doubt, the because of voltage divider R12/R13. The
best method for recording data onto tape, signal output of IC1 is therefore super-
particularly if the tape is positively magnet- imposed onto +6 V. This arrangement
ized during logic 'high' signals and negatively is also used in other parts of the circuit.
during `low' signals. Figure 3 shows how a sinusoidal (FSK) input
Before we analyze the circuit diagram, a signal is converted by this method: the
reassurance about the cassette recorder: it frequency remains unchanged, but the wave-
needs only one modification. The screened form becomes rectangular. You can well
cable to the tape head needs to be cut and imagine that if a sine wave is so converted, a
the digital read/write amplifier inserted distorted rectangular pulse will certainly be
between the cut ends as shown in figure 2. fully resorted to its original shape. We have
The audio recording/playback amplifier is taken an FSK signal as an example because
not touched at all so that the recorder re- that shows the operation of the circuit most
mains fully usable for normal audio oper- clearly. In general, our digital recorder is not
ation. required with computers which have an
FSK output, but as this example shows: you
never know .
The circuit The rectangular output of IC1 is inverted
again by trigger Al and increased to the
The write/read (recording/playback) ampli- maximum possible level of 12 Vpp (wave
fier consists of two functional units separ- shape 4, figure 3).
ated by the switch -over unit (see figure 1). The output of Al is split: one part is applied
The read amplifier is constructed in two to terminal 'A' of the tape head via R32 and
parts to which we'll come back in the circuit ES1; a second is again inverted by trigger A2
description. Other items shown in figure 1 and then fed to the earth terminal 'B' of the
are the write and read indicator LEDs. tape head via R33 and ES2. The signal at the
tape head is therefore the difference in
Write (recording) amplifier outputs of the two opamps Al and A2: note
As explained in 'switching' below, we'll that the tape head is not connected to earth.
assume that ES1 and ES2 (see figure 2) are This method not only saves some coupling
closed and that contacts Rel and Re2 are capacitors (which might distort the signal
open. slightly) but, what's far more important,
The square -wave pulses from the computer the tape magnetization for a logic low signal
are applied across preset P1 and from there is the opposite of that for a high signal.
fed to the inverting input of opamp IC1 via
R1 and Cl. Diodes D1 and D2 limit the Switching
signal to ± 0.7 V. The gain of ICI is fixed A third part of the output of Al is applied
at about 100 by voltage divider R2/R3. to the electronic switching circuit via C3.
Anti -parallel connected diodes D3 and D4 This circuit consists of electronic switches
in the feedback loop limit the output of the ES1 and ES2, relays Rel and Re2, diodes
opamp to ± 0.7 V. Plus or minus? you may D7 and D8, and a few resistors and capaci-
ask. Surely the supply voltage is +12 V only? tors.
Figure 1. The only modifi
cation to the recorder is in no. Ilesi
1
the cable to the tape head.
The existing amplifier
remains untouched and
fully usable for audio
operation. .rIch- arochere
orer

IN Wit f
*.err till

cua,ng
RP
amplifier

AN

reed

I (DOOM

read

83134-1

1-30
 digital cassette recorder ...
2 elektor january 1984

12 V

A1... A4 = IC3 = TL 084

0
ES1,ES2 'AIC4 = 40668

2:
-
1N4148

9
2:
IN4148

1.24x14841
12 V

12 V

O. AN

0 DIG

t
1144148

Figure 2. The new amplifier

The non -inverting input of comparator A3 in the same state even during the pauses consists of three parts:
is at a level of about +6 V via voltage divider between the pulses. When the computer a recording (write) and
R12/R13. Under no -signal conditions, the playback (read) amplifier
signal ceases, C4 discharges through R10 and and a switching circuit
inverting input is at about +4.4 V via voltage the circuit reverts to the 'read' condition. which separates the two
divider R30/R31. The output of A3 is amplifiers.
therefore at +12 V and relays Rel and Re2
are actuated. The voltage at the inverting Read (playback) amplifier
input also exists at the inputs of electronic In the 'read' condition, Re2 connects the
switches ES1 and ES2, but is not sufficient earth terminal of the tape head to the circuit
to close the switches: a voltage close to the earth (0 V). The tape signal is connected
supply voltage is required to do that. Sum- via Rel to the gate of FET T4. This small -
marizing: under no -signal conditions, ES1 signal amplifier is followed by a second
and ES2 are open and the contacts of Rel consisting of T1 and T2, and a third formed
and Re2 closed. The circuit is then in the by IC2. To ensure that the maximum signal
'read' condition. is available at the output of IC2, its input is
When a signal arrives from the computer, the 'raised' to about 6 V, derived from the
output of Al is applied to the control inputs voltage divider R12/R13. The total gain of
of ES1 and ES2, and to the inverting input the three stages is around 80 dB, of which
of A3 via C3 and D7. The output of A3 goes half is contributed by IC2. This is ample for
low, the relays open, and ES1 and ES2 close. many computers and the output of IC2 is
The circuit is then in the 'write' condition. therefore available at terminal 'AN'. The
Capacitor C4 charges and continues to do so output level can be matched to the com-
as long as there is a signal coming in from puter input requirement by preset P3.
the computer. As the input current of A3, For those situations where more gain is
ES1, and ES2 is very small, the charge on C4 required, a fourth amplifier, A4, has been
is sufficient to keep the switching circuits provided. The gain of this amplifier can be
1-31
 digital cassette recorder ... condition. It is possible that it continues to
elektor january 1984 3 light faintly during the 'read' condition; if
you find this disturbing, the only solution is
to replace Dll by a cheaper LED (giving less
light).
Then there is LED D12. This diode lights
during the 'read' condition. Capacitor C12
keeps T3 conducting so that this does not
switch on and off in time with the input
signal. Resistor R25 prevents the indicator
circuit affecting the output signal.
Finally, diode D10. This component appears
to be located in a somewhat strange pos-
ition, but a good look at the circuit will
show that it functions as a protection diode
for relays Rel and Re2.

1V2 1V4
6
Construction and calibration
Assembling the printed circuit board should
not present any difficulties: figure 4 and
the parts list give all the information re-
quired. One point needs watching, however.
Although we are dealing with a double -sided
board, the two points 'B' must be connected
by means of a short length of screened
83134-3
cable. The reason for this is that during
'read' operation the signal from the tape
Figure 3. The various
phases of signal con-
version are clearly seen in 4
this representation. The
operation of the circuit
can be checked with the
aid of this figure and an
oscilloscope.

Figure 4. The printed -

circuit board is double -
sided, and the component
set between 17 dB and 37 dB by preset P2. head is very small (remember the 80 dB
layout side takes the form
As A4 is driven into saturation, its output gain!). For the same reason, the screened
of an earth -plane. is virtually identical with signal 4 in figure 3. cable between 'A' and the head must be kept
The output is raised to TTL-level via voltage as short as possible. In contrast to audio
divider R26/D13/D14 and made available at circuits, there is no central earth point here,
terminal 'DIG'. so that the earths at both sides of the cable
must be connected with one another.
A few further points
The circuit is very simple to set up. The
correct positions of P1 ... P3 are dependent
To avoid confusion, some aspects of the upon the type of computer and on the
circuit have been ignored so far. To start baud rate. If you start at the centre position
with: LED D11. This lights when the output of these presets and have checked that the
of A3 is low, that is, during the 'write' d.c. levels shown in the circuit diagram are
1-32
 digital cassette recorder ...

I
elektor january 1984

esess
**MS 00 Parts list

.
Resistors:

1111111 00 R1,R15= 2k2

mem R2,R14,R17= 10 k
R3,R10 = 1 M
R4,R5,R22,R30 = 6k8

Ole00sessees
R6 = 33 k
R7 = 47 k
R8,R9 = 5k6
R11,R26,R29 = 470 ki-2

% R12,R13 = 4k7
R16 = 47 k or 47k5,
metal film, 1%
R18 = 3k3
R19,R23,R24,R34 = 22 k
SUMS HUM MUSS R20,R28 = 1 k
R21,R25= 100 k
MOHO. OSOOSSO I..,.., R27 = 330 kn
R31 = 3k9
R32,R33 = 15 k
P1,P3 = 5 k preset
P2 = 500 k preset

Capacitors:
Ci,C2,C3 = 220 n ceramic
C4,C8 = 470 n ceramic
C5,C14 = 47 pr10 V
electrolytic
C6,C10 = 820 n ceramic
C7 = 100 p/16 V
electrolytic
C9 = 1 p16 V electrolytic
C11 = 47 gil6 V
el ectroly tic
C12,C13=1p/10V
electrolytic

Semiconductors:
Di ... D10= 1N4148
Di1,D12 = LED
D13 = zener diode 2V7,
400 mVii
014 = zener diode 4V7,
400 mi.."
Ti = BF 494
o 4\7N: -12,T3 = BC 6478
T4 = BF 256C

00000 k moo 0 A: IC1,1C2 = LF 356

IC3 = TL 084
IC4 = 4066B
ic0000 eraN Miscellaneous:
Rel,Re2 = DI L relay,
e.g. ERNI 10L34 14.5..
.. 5.0 V '1 Al
PC Board 83134
OK (no -signal conditions), the right settings the signal now fed to the tape head is
should soon be apparent. considerably stronger than the previous
Final rip: load a not -too -small memory recording.
region of the tape with a fixed hex -value Current consumption of the circuit is around
and program a loop. It is then possible with 50 mA and it may therefore just be possible
the aid of an oscilloscope to check the to draw this from the existing recorder
conversion of the signal (with reference to power supply.
figure 3) at various test points. During
'write' operation simply run the tape with
this fixed hex -value. It is, by the way,
not necessary to press the 'record' button
during 'write' operations to erase any
material already present on the tape because
1 -33
 audio signal embellisher
elektor january 1984

audio
signal embellisher
It is often unavoidable to have to simple reason that we don't want to throw
connect an item of mono equipment away perfectly good equipment. This
could, for instance, take the form of simple
that is rather less than hi-fi to a cassette recorders, AM receivers, sound
modern stereo installation. Although projectors, and TV sets or video recorders.
this may give some improvement in The last three are particularly prone to being
neglected by audio designers. While the
the resulting sound quality, the picture quality is praised (often deservedly
from an idea by reproduction remains monaural so) as hi-bri (high brilliance), more often
J.F. Brange (mono) invariably with a level of hum than not the sound is a disgrace by modern
standards.
and noise which by present-day
standards is unacceptable. We have
designed a circuit which by hum Spatial sound
suppression, stereo simulation, and We are aware of depth in sound because
dynamic noise limiting (DNL) gives we have two ears. As the sound waves reach
each ear at a slightly different time and with
a greatly enhanced performance. The a slightly different amplitude, the brain
stereo effect is created by splitting the receives two separate signals. It is able to
audio spectrum into sixteen frequency deduce the relative position of the sound
source from the differences: our ears form
bands which are fed alternately to the a true stereo receiver! The shape of the ear
left and right-hand channels. also plays a role: if you want to know more
about this, we refer you to 'our remarkable
sense of pitch' in the May 1979 issue of
signal Ever since the arrival of hi-fi audio equip- Elektor.
ment and the introduction of stereo, our What can we do with a mono sound? It is
restoration aural senses have been spoilt to the point impossible to convert it into true stereo,
with stereo of addiction. Nowadays when we listen because the subtle differences between the
to ordinary monaural music, we soon left and right-hand channels just cannot be
simulation feel there's something missing. If in ad- added afterwards. What we can do is to
dition the sound is accompanied by hum create artificial differences by splitting the
and noise, this feeling soon becomes one sound into a number of frequency bands
of disappointment or even annoyance. and then feed these selectively to the left
However, sometimes there is no alternative or right-hand channel of the stereo instal-
to the poor sound source, if only for the lation. This is, by the way, the method
1.34
 audio signal embellisher
1 elektor January 1984
PC board 2
63133-21

films 1, 3,5,
7. 9, 11, 13, 15

PC board 1 PC board 3
483133-11 (83133-3)
r- r

10.01
indult/at
0-
3
to rt)r00
-0-C) LH
_416.11110- 017:1A.

irtOut
100 Hz 50 Hz .....
15

(mono) IS IS

101
+12 V
t. 16 to ra120-
.rtitsanson
ON L RH
O
12 V-
-12 V

L -I

21

fa ert 2.4.6. i 83133-1

8, 14. 16

Figure 1. Block schematic

used in the TDA 3810 stereo -IC featured We have, however, added dynamic noise of the entire circuit. The
three separate modules
in 'pseudo stereo' in our November 1983 limiting (DNL) stages which, if required, can are shown in dashed lines.
issue. The present design is rather more be switched off or be omitted altogether.
radical and effective: the audio spectrum Some of you may even use this part of
is split into sixteen bands by means of the design only.
active filters. If the filter outputs are num-
bered 1 .. 16 in order of ascending centre
.

frequency, all odd -numbered frequency The circuit diagrams

bands are fed to the left-hand channel, and There is a circuit diagram for each of the
all the even ones to the right-hand channel. three mains parts of the design: the pre-
The result is truly remarkable: the sound, amplifier, band -stop filters, and power
which at first seemed to come from between supply (figure 2), the sixteen -element active
the speakers, now seems to 'hang in space' band-pass filter (figure 3), and the DNL
around the speakers. stages (figure 7).
The pre -amplifier, band -stop filters, and power
The block schematic supply
The block schematic in figure 1 clearly The input sensitivity is preset by means of
shows that the design consists of three P1. Pre -amplifier Al has a gain of about
distinct main parts: each of these is housed 10 dB and is followed by active band -stop
on a separate printed -circuit board. filters A2 (100 Hz) and A3 (50 Hz). The
The input of the circuit is a pre -amplifier output of A3 is fed to the band-pass filters
(with variable sensitivity), followed by a on the second printed -circuit board (see
100 Hz and a 50 Hz band -stop filter (some- figure 3), and also to the level indicator
times called a 'notch' filter). These filters stage. After amplification in A4, the signal
respectively reject the 100 Hz fundamental is applied to the base of T1 via C13. When
frequency of a double -phase rectified it exceeds a certain level, T1 conducts to
voltage and the 50 Hz fundamental of a light LED D1.
single-phase rectified voltage. Both filters The power supply for the entire design
can be switched out. consists of the customary mains transformer,
The next element is a level indicator which bridge rectifier, voltage regulators, and
is useful when the input sensitivity is set. smoothing capacitors. The output is sym-
Nothing sophisticated, just a simple ampli- metrical: = 12 V at 85 mA.
fier and LED which blinks away quietly
when the sensitivity is set correctly. The band-pass filters
Next, we come to the heart of the design: The sixteen band-pass filters (see figure 3)
the sixteen active band-pass filters. The are identical in construction. The basic
outputs of the odd -numbered filters, and diagram of one of them is shown in figure
those of the even -numbered ones, are 4: a common filter circuit with an opamp
separately combined and are then, in prin- as the active element and RC combinations
ciple, suitable for processing in a stereo to give the required frequency response and
installation. Q factor. As you can see from the formulas
1-35
audio signal embellisher
elektor january 1984 2
C3 CS

C9 CIO

CI
i
0°1220kI - 12
A3
+

o0
0-0--
91
100 Hz R7 50 Hz R13
47k
band -stop filter band -stop filter
J.0 rer 1m
I

moo A1... A4 = IC1 = TL 084

4x Cl2
Tr 1 '", 1N4001

Figure 2. The circuit of

the pre -amplifier, band - in figure 4, if a fixed value is chosen for
stop filters, and power
is 10 dB at 7.5 kHz and 20 dB at 10 kHz.
supply.
R1 and R2, the centre frequency becomes The slope is then approximately -18 dB/
inversely proportional with the value of octave. With input signals above about
capacitance C. By appropriate values of C in 8 mV, the response is virtually flat to 20
the sixteen filters, the centre frequencies are kHz!
varied, but the Q factor and gain Ao, remain The input stage, A, (see figure 6) ensures
the same. correct impedance matching between the
band-pass filter and the DNL. From here,
The DNL stages
the signal is fed to two channels: the upper
For those of you who are not completely one consists of a high-pass filter (B), ampli-
familiar with the operation of a dynamic fier (D), variable attenuator (E), and fixed
noise limiter, here is a short description. attenuator (G), while the lower one com-
The simplest noise limiter is a low-pass prises a phase shifter (C) and a fixed attenu-
filter. Unfortunately, its action is somewhat ator (F). The output of the DNL is the
radical and affects the audio signal. A sum of the outputs of the two channels
dynamic noise limiter is a low-pass filter which are, of course, in anti -phase.
with variable cut-off profile which only For low levels of input, Ui, the output,
functions during soft passages (when the U1, of the phase shifter is, apart from the
noise is most audible) by suppressing those phase shift, identical with Ui. The output,
frequencies to which the ear has the highest U2, of the high-pass filter contains only
sensitivity, that is, about 1 . .. 10 kHz. the high -frequency content of Ui. Signals
The amount of suppression is therefore U1 and U2 are, as already stated, in anti -
dependent upon the level of the input phase so that if they are summed the high -
signal. During loud passages, the cut-off frequency content of Ili is cancelled out.
frequency is shifted upwards so that the The net result is therefore that of a low-pass
entire audio range is passed, including the filter. When the level of input signal rises,
noise, but this is then, of course, masked the variable attenuator in the upper channel
by the audio signal. At lower levels of signal comes into operation and reduces the
input, the cut-off frequency is lowered, so contribution of U2 to the output signal, Uo.
that a relatively larger amount of noise is The high -frequency portion of Ui is then no
suppressed. The action of a DNL is illus- longer (or to a lesser degree) suppressed and
strated by the graphs in figure 5: for an U0 will tend to resemble Ui more and more.
input signal, Ui, of 2.0 mV, the attenuation Turning to the circuit diagram (see figure 7),
with respect to the output level at 1 kHz the input amplifier, transistor T2, in con -
1 -36
 audio signal embellisher
3 C19
elektor january 1984
11150n
R35
1
C20 R19
9
R51
A5 150n

C2311
68n 47n
R37 R38
4
R21 R22

C11

02711 02911
252
25V 22n
R39 Re0
5 -1737-4, 6
C28 R23 R23
9

C311 C3311
, 10n
R41 R42

R25 R26

10n

C3511 C3711
6n8 4,7
R43 RA4
9 10
827 R28 C38
9 es
R60
6n8
I
4n7 A14

C3911 CS,. 1
3n3 NI 2n2
RA5 R46
12
R29 R30

C4311
Ins In
R47 R48
13 14
C44 R31 R32
R63
9 I
1-15
0

C49
C4711
680p 11470p
R49 R50

833 R34

25 mA
12 V W t>
C63 C61
IC2 A5 ... A8 = IC2 = TL 084
IC3 A9 ... Al2 = IC3 =TL084 Figure 3. Circuit diagram
1C4 A13... A16 = IC4 = TL 084
of the sixteen -element
IC5 A17... A20 = IC5 = TL 084
band-pass filter unit. The
71635 Mir135 stereo effect is obtained
V 165 83133-3
12 VC) <1 by feeding the frequency
25 mA
bands alternately to the left
and right-hand channels.

1-37
audio signal embellisher
elektor january 1984 4
centre frequency:
211B.v7q775.

'-'orr'est++:..
f. _ R2
2R1
"

0 facto., '7R2Cf.
Figure 4. Basic circuit of a
band-pass filter showing beeetorietth: B
R2 *C
the formulas for calculat-
ing the various filter
characteristics.

5
Uo
Uj

c.s

V Base,

-St

Figure 5. Transfer charac-

teristic of the DNL: the bit Wer Cam
filter action is dependent 931335
upon the level of the input
signal.

0- -11

stage
AB :aiectitiavet e-pass filter
C = phase shifter
D = amplifier
E = variable attenuator
F, G = fixed attenuator

Figure 6. Simplified block

schematic of the DNL.

1-38
 audio signal embellisher
7 R79
elektor january 1984

Figure 7. The circuit dia-

0621 gram of the DNL: two
such circuits are required,
2n2 Toy
16V one for each channel.

C55
4x
1N4148
CS1 660p C61

437
DM 010
C60 4,fi
1-4 Parts list (DNL)
16V I csa C59 16V Circuit: figure 7
4n7 PC board: figure 10
22n 22n
D9
R85 Resistors:
324 I R67,R67' = 270 k
PZ,71, R68,R68' = 150 k
Eel R69,R69',R71,R71' = 1k5
R70,R70',R80,R80' = 5k6
R74
R72,R72' = 15 k
R73,R73' = 2k2
f es1n-7
R74,R74' = 180 k
R75,R75' = 680 k
T2 . . . T5 = BC 5478 R76,R76' = 3k9
R77,R77' = 330 k
R78,R78',R84,F184' = 22 k
junction with C52 and R70, forms the R79,R79' = 6k8
phase shifter. The output of the phase Construction R81,R81',R82,R82'
shifter is taken to the DNL output via fixed As stated before, the design is built up from 680 12
attenuator R70/R79. three modules: pre -amplifier plus power R83, R83' = 120 k
The active high-pass filter, formed by C53, supply plus band -stop filters, the sixteen - R85,R85' = 220 k
element band-pass filter, and the DNL P2,P2' = 47 k (50 Id preset
C54, T3, and R72 ... 76, is followed by
amplifier T4 and a variable attenuator stages. This type of construction makes it Capacitors:
consisting of T5 and associated components. possible for everyone to choose which C51,C51',C61,C61' = 4p7/
The collector as well as the emitter of T5 part(s) of the design he needs: some of you 16 V
feed a signal to the diode bridge D8 . . . D11. may not want the stereo effect, in which C52,C52',C60,060' = 4n7
Capacitors C58 and C59 are charged to the case all you have to do is omit the sixteen - C53,C53' = 1n8
emitter voltage via R83/D8 and R84/D11 element band-pass filter. If the DNL unit C54,C54' = 270 p
respectively. If the audio signal level lies only is built, it is, of course, necessary to C55,C55' = 1n5
add a suitable power supply. C56,C56' = 680 p
below the forward voltage of the diodes, C57,C57' = 2n2
these will not conduct. The signal from T5 When the printed -circuit boards shown in C58,C58',C59,C59' = 22 n
is then taken directly to the DNL output figures 8 . .. 10 are used, no particular C62,C62' = 10 p/16 V
where it is summed with the signal from problems should be encountered in the
the phase shifter. As the two signals are construction. During the building of the Semiconductors:
in anti -phase, the cut-off frequency is power supply, make sure that one voltage 08 ... D11' =
about 6 .. . 7 kHz and filter action is at a regulator IC is turned 180- with respect 1N4148
maximum. to the other. In view of the small current T2 ... T5.T2' ... T5' =
When the audio signal is greater than the consumption, these ICs do not need heat BC 5478
diode forward voltage, the diodes conduct sinks. Miscellaneous:
and present a low impedance to audio The band-pass filter board is best com- S4 = DPST switch
frequencies. A low-pass filter is then formed menced by wiring in the four wire bridges
by R84, C58, C59, which causes the higher which are to be located under IC2 ... IC5:
frequencies to be attenuated. The end this will make things a lot easier later on.
Figure 8. Layout and
result will be that fewer (or hardly any) The DNL board consists of two absolutely component side of the
high frequencies are removed from the final symmetrical halves: it is possible to cut printed -circuit board
output signal, which shows up as a flattening it into two and have two independent mono for the pre -amplifier,
of the overall frequency response. DNLs! In contrast to the remainder of the band -stop filters and
power supply.

1 -39
 audio signal embellisher
elektor January 1984

Parts list (filters and power

supply)
Circuits: figures 2 and 3;
PC boards: figures 8 and 9
Resistors:
R1 = 47 k
R2= 100k
R3,R4 = 18 k
85,811 = 8k2
R6,R12 = 820 2
R7,R13 = 470 2
88,814 = 100c
89,810= 18 k
R15 = 12 k
R16 = 220 k
R17 = 3k9
818 = 2k2
R19 ... R34 = 1k2
835 . . R50 = 330 k
.

R51 ... R66 = 1 k

P1 = 47 k 150 k) preset
Capacitors:
Cl = 220 n
C2,C9,C10 = 180 n
C3,C5 = 82 n
C4,C6 = 8n2
C7,C27,C28 = 33 n
C8 = 330 n
C11 = 2µ2.25 V tantalum
C12,C13= 10 µ 25 V
C14= 10 µ.16 V
C15,C17 = 1000 µ/25 V
C16,C18 = 10 gi16 V
tantalum
C19,C20 = 150 n
C21,C22 = 100 n
C23,C24 = 68 n
C25,C26 = 47 n
C29.C30 = 22 n
C31,C32 = 15n
C33,C34 = 10 n
C35,C36 = 6n8
C37,C38 = 4n7
C39,C40 = 3n3
C41,C42 = 2n2
C43,C44 = 1n5
C45,C46 = 1 n
C47,C48 = 680 p
C49,C50 = 470 p
C63 ... C66 = 10 µ 16 V
Semiconductors:
D1 = LED
D2,D3 = 1N418
D4 . . D7 = 1N4001
.

T1 = BC 5478
IC1 ... IC5 = TL 084
IC6 7812
IC7 = 7912
Miscellaneous:
51,52 = SPST switch
S3 = DPST switch (mains)
Tr1 = supply transformer
2x 12 V.300 mA
F1 = fuse, delayed action,
500 mA
fuse carrier
printed -circuit boards
83133-1 and 83133-2

Figure 9. Layout and

component side of the
printed -circuit for the
sixteen -stage bandpass
filter.
1 -40
10 audio signal embellisher
elektor January 1984

Figure 10. Layout and

component side of the
DNL board: as the DNL
should be suitable for
stereo, the board consists
of two symmetrical halves.

design, the DNL needs only a single supply If you have no access to a suitable a.c.
line: -12 V and earth. voltmeter. adjust the preset(s) by ear. Ivlake
sure that with a reasonably large input
Calibration signal the high frequencies are not cut.
With the output of a tuner or record player If that happens, the input signal is too small
connected to the input of the pre -amplifier and must be adjusted with P2. If this has
board. adjust the overall sensitivity by means already been set for maximum sensitivity,
of P1 until LED DI quietly blinks in rhythm adjust P1 also. If this still does not give a
with the incoming audio signal. satisfactory result, the output from the
Because the DNL is a variable filter, the signal source (tuner, record player, tape
action of which is dependent upon the signal recorder) is too low, in which case an extra
level at the base of T2, preset P2 should be amplifier has to be added.
adjusted carefully. Connect an a.c. voltmeter
(input impedance at least 100 kE2) between Final note:
In audio technique, all
the wiper of P2 and earth, and inject a signal The DNL can be inserted almost anywhere voltages are referred to
of about 1 V into the input terminals of the into the audio chain, but as its 0 dB input the 'normal level'. This is
DNL. Adjust P2 for a reading 775 mV on level must correspond to 775 mV it must 1 mi.': into 600 1-2
the voltmeter. If the input signal was derived be located before the volume control. N 1= 775 mV across 600 n)
from a tuner. or record player. it may be and is conventionally
necessary to re -adjust P1 slightly. designated 0 dBm,

1.41
universal active filter Not so very long ago, active -filter ICs would have seemed about as likely as
elektor january 1984
pocket washing machines but today they are, if not exactly commonplace,
certainly readily available. With the aid of very few extra components the
Reticon R5620 can form the basis of a versatile active filter for use in audio
or synthesiser applications - or as an extra piece of test equipment for use
in the workshop. All this - and not a single coil in sight!

universal active filter

five filter The full title of the Reticon R5620 is 'a no calculations! The same is of course true
second order switched capacitor filter for the filter centre frequency. As can be seen
modes from network'. It is able to implement the five from the table, clock frequency to centre fre-
basic filter modes: low pass, band pass, quency ratio (fc/fo) can be varied over two
one IC high pass, all pass, and notch. One further, octaves, from 50 to 200, in 32 logarithmi-
very useful, function of this IC is that of cally spaced increments. The Q factor range
a programmable sine -wave oscillator. is also in 32 steps from 0.57 to 150 with
One could be forgiven for expecting to approximately logarithmic spacing.
find all this in a large IC of the LSI variety. The filter mode selection is determined by
In fact, it is all contained in an 18 -pin routing the AF input to the tree inputs of
package thanks to one further feature of the the IC (see table 2) by means of switches.
R5620: all functions of the IC are fully All this is illustrated in the circait diagram
programmable. This includes the filter centre of figure 1.
frequency and the Q factor both of which
are independently programmable by means The circuit diagram
of two five -bit binary codes. For example, To make practical use of the R5620, we
to program the filter for a given Q factor, have featured the IC in a circuit for a univer-
table 1 provides the binary code required - sal filter suitable for use as test equipment in
no potentiometers, no coils and, best of all, the workshop.
Figure 1. The R5620
active filter IC forms 10 V
1
the basis of the universal .
filter circuit shown here.
The binary coding for
Ls,
programming the filter RI
Pew. .11 11911
parameters is derived from 12 Ale

the two counters 1C2 and 105

4047
IC3. C1-2!
0101 IC4
555
7:!270.01
Sa 111
C1
'C 7

10 V

"4
10 V 0 Ems
O
C7
03 R Si
131:10 0
2

IC2
a2 4024 0 0
5' CLIC

t2
10 V O 00

IC1 104
R5620 BC 547
11

C F L
03 CIA O
FG
02 1C3 I0
4024
OH 0t R
5 if

N1... N4 = ICS = 4070

Rat Ct
TTQ
C7 Re

ba21Z

1-42
The AF input signal is fed to the appro- Table 1 universal active filter
priate inputs of IC1 by wafer switches elektor january 1984
S3A . S3D. The switches also ensure that binary code binary code
unused inputs are taken to earth. at pins 6 ... 2 Q factor at pins 13 ... 17 fc/f0
The five -bit codes for programming the
Q factor and centre frequency are presented 00000 .57 00000 200.0
to ICI at pins 2 ... 6 (Q) and 13 ... 17 00001 .65 00001 191.3
00010 .71 00010 182.9
(f0) respectively. As a glance at table 1 will 00011 174.9
.79 00011
show, all that we require to generate the 00100 .87 00100 167.2
two five -bit codes is a pair of 5 -pole 32 - .95
00101 00101 159.9
way switches! Yes, that's what we thought 00110 1.05 00110 152.9
too, so back to figure 1! 00111 1.2 00111 146.2
Both IC2 and IC3 are 7 -stage (we only use 01000 1.35 01000 139.8
5 here) binary ripple counters that will 01001 1.65 01001 133.7
count up (and only up) when presented 01010 1.95 01010 127.9
with a clock input at pin 1. This is provided 01011 2.2 01011 122.3
by the oscillator formed by a 555 (IC4) 01100 2.5 01100 116.9
and its associates. With the component 01101 3.0 01101 111.8
values given the frequency is fairly low and 01110 3.5 01110 106.9
it is possible to step the binary counters 01111 4.25 01111 102.3
along by means of the pushbutton switches 10000 5.0 10000 97.8
Si and S2. The RC networks consisting of 10001 5.8 10001 93.5
R4/C2 and R5/C3 are included to 'debounce' 10010 7.2 10010 89.4
the switches. When the required binary 10011 8.7 10011 85.5
number is arrived at, the switches are re- 10100 10.0 10100 81.8
leased and the R5620 will then be pro- 10101 11.5 10101 78.2
10110 13.0 10110 74.8
grammed according to table 1.
10111 15.0 10111 71.5
As stated, ICs 2 and 3 are 'up' counters only
11000 17.5 11000 68.4
and, therefore, to return to the starting code 11001 19.0 11001 65.4
of 00000, the entire binary code must be 11010 23.0 11010 62.5
run through to the end. This method of 11011 28.0 11011 59.8
operation was chosen simply for the sake 11100 35.0 11100 57.2 Table 1. The binary
of economy (it's a shade cheaper than 11101 40.0 11101 54.8 programming codes for
32 -way switches anyway!) but the circuit 11110 80.0 11110 52.3 the Q factor and the ratio
can be modified at will. 11111 150.0 11111 50.0 of clock frequency, fc, to
It is a simple matter for the codes to be filter centre frequency, f0.
made visible by means of driver transistors
and LEDs. In the circuit diagram these are pushbutton S2 is not touched! If this should
T1 . . T10 and D3 . . . D12. The bases
.
happen inadvertently, simply switch S3 to
of the transistors are connected to the ter- another position and then back to 6.
minal points at the inputs to IC1 marked All that we have left to discuss in the circuit
A ... J. is IC5 and its surrounding components.
The connections to pin 2 of ICs 2 and 3 This is the clock oscillator for IC1 and its
(the 'reset' inputs) enable the two counters frequency is variable by means of potentio- Table 2
to be automatically set to zero when the meter P2. We can now clarify the relation-
ship between the clock frequency and S3 in filter mode
power supply is first switched on. They also position
serve a second, slightly more subtle, function. the binary number that appears on pins
low pass (LP)
In the beginning, it was said that the R5620 13 ... 17 of IC1. When the code is 00000, 2
1

high pass (HP)

was also able to operate as a sine -wave the centre frequency of the filter is 1/200th 3 band pass (BP)
oscillator. This is entirely true and for of the clock frequency as can be seen in 4 notch
this function the output is switched back table 1. It will now be apparent that the 5 all pass
(via S3c) to the band-pass (BP) input while code sets the centre frequency to a ratio of 6 oscillator
the LP and HP inputs are taken to earth. the clock frequency. This gives a very wide (see text)
No problem here but there is a strange filter response range.
quirk in the R5620 to be taken care of. Some final points worthy of note! It is of
course possible to do away with the switches Table 2. This table shows
To function in the oscillator mode, the the input selection re-
Q factor inputs (pins 6 .. . 2) must be and counters and simply 'hard wire' the quired for the various
programmed to 11101. We know, because R5620 inputs to whatever function and filter modes. Refer to the
it says so in the spec. sheet! This is car- parameters that are required. Bear in mind text for sine -wave os-
ried out by the four EXclusive OR gates, that 10 V can be considered as a maximum cillator operation.
N1 ... N4, between IC3 and IC1. When for the power supply voltage and some
the commoned inputs to these gates are protection from turn -on transients must be
taken low, (by switch S3d in positions included. The clock frequency range is
1 ... 5), the binary outputs of IC3 are fairly wide and can be anywhere between
unaffected and pass straight through to 10 Hz and 1.25 MHz.
IC1. When the oscillator mode is selected In conclusion, the R5620 uses NMOS
(S3 in position 6), the commoned inputs to technology and its chances of instant death
the gates are taken high by wafer S3d. At due to mishandling are inversely proportional
the same time, a reset pulse is fed to the to the quantity you have of them at that
reset input of IC3 with the result that all time!
its outputs revert to logic zero. However, The R5620 is available from:
the gates now function as inverters and EG and G Reticon,
therefore the binary number presented to 34/35 Market Place,
IC1 will be 11101. The R5620 will now Wokingham,
operate as a sine -wave oscillator providing Berkshire. 14

1-43
The LCD thermometer featured in the October 1982 issue was originally from thermometer to
thermostat
intended as an ambient temperature indicator. We don't, of course, know elektor january 1984
what you're using it for, but from the many letters we have received asking
for a switched output extension, it would appear that many of you would
like to use it as a thermostat. We wouldn't dream of disappointing you!

from thermometer
to thermostat
At first glance, the circuit does not look too (pin 2) of IC1.
exciting: a preset and a comparator. Yet If the voltage at pin 3 is greater than that switched out-
there's more to it than meets the eye: after
all, it has to work reliably for very long
at pin 2 (that is, measured temperature is
higher than reference temperature), the
put for LCD
periods. Tests conducted in our own lab- voltage at the output (pin 6) of IC1 is thermometer
oratories over a long period of time have high (nearly Ub). A current will then flow
proved the extension to be entirely trouble - through R3 and R4 which is sufficient to
free. cause a drop of about 1.5 V across R4.
Operation is simple: if the ambient tempera. This is more than enough to make T1
ture rises above a value preset with P1, the conduct. The consequent collector current
relay is actuated. The relay contacts can, of flows through the relay, Re, which is then
course, be connected to whatever you actuated. An optical indication can also be
wish: an alarm, the contacts of a room provided by the LED.
thermostat, and the like. It is also possible The supply voltage for the extension can be
to have an optical warning of rising tem- obtained from terminal B (+Ub) on the
peratures by connecting an LED and suitable printed -circuit board of the thermometer.
series resistor (Rv) as shown in dotted lines Pin 3 of IC1 can be soldered directly to
in figure 1. In this case, the relay may not be junction R10/R11, while R22 in the exten-
required and R3 and R4 can be replaced by sion should be soldered to the junction of
a single resistor of 10 k. And, of course, R11 and P2 (suitable soldering points are
there are many other possibilities as a little already provided on the printed -circuit
thought will show. board). Don't forget to connect the two
The non -inverting input (pin 3) of the earths together!
opamp, IC1, is connected to the junction If the thermometer is powered from a
of R10/R11 in the LCD thermometer. The primary battery, it would be wise to provide
voltage at this point is proportional to the the power for the relay from a separate
measured temperature. A reference voltage, source - a low -current relay is, of course,
representing the set temperature, is preset ideal.
by P1 and applied to the inverting input
Figure 1. The circuit of
_ -- __ _
5,
the switched extension
shows that it takes only
12 V
a preset, a comparator,
DI
9
and a switching stage to
LCD Thermometer
82156 convert an electronic
thermometer into a ther-
mostat.
N1.1',/2 = :41C2 = 4070

.©
DPI
re ftste

R.

2 A CD -1 41N4148 1

,4 Tel 4. 19 20
R.
I% MI Ry
(Cl
7106
i_, (7116) Iy LO
{3.9.US
329C01091- REF. LO REF LO
a Cotes
REF RI
2E 1,sxna.re,

BC
547

132156 I 53129-1 C)
L

1-44
elektor January 1984

Now we have reached the

hundredth in our series of
infocards, we thought it
the right moment to put a
few matters right. In this
issue you'll therefore find
three completely revised
cards, number 6. 13, and
15. which needed correc-
tions beyond a simple
'missing link'.

Infocard 97
(November 1983)
The logic symbols for a
buffer and an inverter
are shown with two inputs,
whereas these devices have,
wind direction indicator: coding discs
of course, only one input.
84001-5b 84001- 5a
 elektor january 1984

PC board pages

how accurate is your watch

audio embellisher: 16 -stage band-pass filter

1 -47
 elektor january 1984

PC board pages
The following pages contain the Lay the layout cut from the UV lamp at a distance of about
mirror images of the track layout of relevant page of this magazine 40 cm from the board and a sheet
the printed circuit boards (excluding with its printed side onto the wet of perspex, an exposure time of
double -plated ones as these are very board. Remove any air bubbles by 4 . . 8 minutes should normally
.

tricky to make at home) relating to carefully 'ironing' the cut-out with - be sufficient.
projects featured in this issue to some tissue paper. After exposure, remove the
enable you to etch your own boards. The whole can now be exposed layout sheet (which can be
To do this, you require: an to ultra -violet light. Use a glass used again), and rinse the board
aerosol of 'ISOdraft' trans- plate for holding the layout in place thoroughly under running water.
parentizer (available from your only for long exposure times, as After the photo -sensitive film
local drawing office suppliers; normally the spray ensures that the has been developed in sodium
distributors for the UK: Cannon paper sticks to the board. Bear in lye (about 9 grammes of etching
& Wrin), an ultraviolet lamp, mind that normal plate glass (but sodium to one litre of water), the
etching sodium, ferric chloride, not crystal glass or perspex) absorbs board can be etched in ferric chlo-
positive photo -sensitive board some of the ultra -violet light so that ride (500 grammes of FeC13 to
material (which can be either the exposure time has to be in- one litre of water). Then rinse the
bought or home made by applying creased slightly. board (and your hands!) thoroughly
a film of photo -copying lacquer to The exposure time is dependent under running water.
normal board material). upon the ultra -violet lamp used. Remove the photo -sensitive film
Wet the photo -sensitive (track) the distance of the lamp from the from the copper tracks with
side of the board thoroughly board, and the photo -sensitive wire wool and drill the holes.
with the transparent spray. board. If you use a 300 watt

Note: due to lack of space

we are unable to include
the layouts for the wind
direction indicator or the
4N
reverse side of the digital 0
cassette recorder.
0
elektor January 1984

PC board pages

1.48
audio sleuth
at work
fault finding in audio installations

The finding of a fault in an audio system

would have been very much to Sir
Arthur Conan Doyle's liking. Like
Sherlock Holmes, you should sit
down and calmly reason out what's
wrong. Take the symptoms one by
one, put them in logical order and
then try to find the solution by
deduction.

First of all, we are not going to suggest that If

you open up each item of your installation, a sig-
heat your soldering iron, and prepare your- nal is
self for 'surgery'. On the contrary, the hints applied to
in this article deal with fault-finding without the input
special tools and without expensive test of the chain
equipment. and something
As a rule, start your fault-finding with a list is wrong with the
of questions. How did the system behave output of the pre -amplifier,
before the fault? Was everything all right? you know that the fault lies some-
Was there any noise, hum, or crackle? Has it where in that unit. Then 'halve' the possi-
ever worked satisfactorily? Such a list often bilities, and check the signal at the tape
points to the most likely area of the fault. output: if this is all right, the fault lies
You then carry out a quick check of whether between there and the final output. If,
this is indeed so. If so, all well and good; if however, the signal at the tape 'OUT' is
not, a more systematic check has to be faulty, the fault lies in the pre -amplifier
made. before the tape output.
One of the quickest methods is the so-called Never start with the more complicated
'halving method'. Let us assume that the checks but rather with the simple ones; only
fault lies in an unknown part of a chain of when these give negative results, bring in
units or circuits. Such a chain may consist the big guns. The possibilities vary from
of any number of items: figure 1 shows a checking whether the mains plug is securely
typical 'audio chain'. in the socket to 'open heart surgery' where
Figure 1. Possible cross-
over points of the left and
1 L L right-hand channels to
enable the correct oper-
ation of either channel
to be checked. Only one
R
cross -over should be
made at a time.

111- -1111-
L R
TAPE TAPE
L RECORD RECORD L
OUT PLAY PRE MAIN
PRE
IN OUT

PMAITIplitise main arm Ors.

83138-1

1-49
 audio sleuth at work the main amplifier with the various printed- the fault lies before the point where the
elektor january 1984 circuit boards temporarily removed is channels were interchanged. If the signs of
surrounded by an array of test instruments disorder continue in the same channel, the
like a de luxe sine/square-wave generator, fault exists after the cross -over point. Take
a double -beam oscilloscope, spectrum ana- care to make only one interchange at a
lyzer, and so on. time!
Checking the mains plug may sound ridicu- Restore the crossed -over point and make
lous, but in practice many problems can be a similar check elsewhere in the chain. Such
traced back to this sort of simple cause. a check may also be combined with the
Check therefore whether somewhere in the 'halving' check. It is true that the number
chain there are no controls in the wrong of possible interchange points in figure 1
position, and whether all fuses are OK. is not great, but we felt it better not to
show all the intermediate ones.
If the amplifier uses DIN connectors, an
The 'interchange trick' adapter as shown in figure 2 may have to be
A check which is very suitable as an indi- made up to enable cross-overs to be made.
cator is the so-called 'interchange trick' in If `phono' connectors are used, making
which the left and right-hand channels an interchange is, of course, simplicity
are crossed over somewhere in the chain. itself.
Figure 1 shows which inputs and outputs If the checks described so far fail to give
of an amplifier can be used in such a check. the right result, the time has come to bring
If we assume that the symptom is the non- in the big guns! Get the temporary use of
satisfactory operation of one channel, a second, soundly functioning audio system
change left to right and vice versa. If now and replace one or more of the units from
the other channel shows the symptom, the malfunctioning chain by the corre-
Figure 2. Test lead for the
cross -over from left to
right where DIN connec-
2a
tors are used. The connec-
tions for the left and right-
hand channels are reversed
in the plug with respect to
those in the socket. The
test lead is then connected .01#'
between the amplifier and
the relevant unit (record
player, tuner, and so on).
(410i?rser.,zA

131-A-26

1.50
3 position 112t :Nato noise
position 3: MD, micnaphors.
audio sleuth at work
elektor january 1984
Position 4: tune. sus. tape
position 5: train atoptitiot

Figure 3. An inexpensive
sponding ones from the auxiliary system. frequencies? That could indicate an open alternative to a 'real'
The interchange points indicated in figure 1 circuit, like a break in a cable (the high fre- signal generator. This
can be used for connecting the replacement simple 100 Hz generator
quencies still come through, albeit attenu- produces a large number
units. ated, via the capacitance caused by the of harmonics, which enable
Balance check
break). the checking of even the
Any crackling or loud clicks when a switch high frequency end!
If a loudspeaker is connected between the is turned? That may be caused by leaking
'hot' terminals of a stereo amplifier (the two coupling capacitors. Just behind each
earth terminals thus remain 'open'), sound output coupling capacitor, and just before
will come from the speaker even if only one an input coupling capacitor, a resistor
channel is working properly. If no sound at connected to earth is required to keep the
all is audible, neither channel is operating. d.c. across the capacitor constant. If d.c.
With the loudspeaker connected as above, appears across the resistor, the capacitor
apply a mono signal to both channels and leaks and should be replaced. This sort of
set the mono/stereo selector to mono. With check requires the amplifier to be on: using
the balance control in its mid position, no a multimeter (lowest d.c. voltage range),
sound will come from the loudspeaker, measure the d.c. voltage across the relevant
while increasing sound should be heard when resistors. Often the cause for the crackling
the balance control is turned left or right. and clickling is far
The sound -null will often coincide with the by the following 'shock therapy'. Switch off
popular '12 o'clock' position of the balance the amplifier and turn each switch a couple
control. Because only one loudspeaker is of times from one to the other extreme
used, the coincidence is not the result of positions: this normally 'cleans' the switch
acoustical imbalance (that is, incorrect contacts. This sort of remedy is also very
positioning of the loudspeakers), but rather useful for the connections at the back of the_
of electronic imbalance of the two channels amplifier. Remove and re-insert each plug a
(it could also be faulty positioning of the couple of times. Phono connectors should
knob of the balance control onto its spindle). be turned around their axis so that the
contact areas are moved. Loudspeaker
Signal generator connections should be given a 'fresh' start
Before getting out the tone generator (if by renewing the bare ends. Do NOT tin the
you have one), remember that you yourself new ends!
are an excellent hum generator. Take a piece It does, of course, no harm to carry out this
of bare wire between thumb and index sort of 'shock' treatment once in a while
finger and insert it into the relevant input. even if there is no fault.
Before you do, turn down the volume
control! Phase check
A better, but still inexpensive, alternative is
the test circuit shown in figure 3 which, If the sound is all rightish, but not really
believe it or not, enables you to even check 'stereo', the betting is that the phasing of the
the high -frequency control! It uses a small loudspeaker connections is not right. The
transformer (for instance, a bell trans- most reliable check for this is still the
former) of which the secondary voltage is battery check. Take a 1.5 V battery and
rectified and from which the d.c. component remove the cloth from the loudspeakers so
is removed by Cl. The result is an alternating that the cones become visible. Remove the
voltage with a fundamental frequency of speaker leads from the rear of the amplifier.
100 Hz and a large number of harmonics Connect one of these leads to the + terminal
(primarily caused by the characteristic of of the battery and with the other touch the
diodes D1 ... D4). When S2 is switched - terminal briefly. The cone of the loud-
from position 1 to 2, the unit to which the speaker will make a forward or a backward
circuit is connected should produce more movement. Repeat this with the second
hum. If it does not, a fault is indicated. loudspeaker. Both cones should move in
the same direction if the speaker leads are
connected to the battery with identical
Open circuits and dirty contacts polarity. If not, the connections of one
Is the sound weak and shrill, in other words, of the loudspeakers to the amplifier should
does the output consist mainly of high be reversed.
1-51
 wind direction indicator
elektor january 1984

AC -POWER SUPPLY.

wind direction indicator

The article featuring the wind speed meter (anemometer) published in our
October 1983 issue prompted us to expand the 'Elektor weather station' by
R. Bakx adding an electronic wind direction meter. This instrument consists of a 'pick-
up' and a read-out, connected together by means of two wires. The read-out
indicates the wind direction with 16 LEDs. This could also be expanded so
that the read-out is shown on an alphanumeric display.

"revolving In this electronic wind direction indicator Before going on to look at the circuit dia-
the position of a wind vane is first translated gram, vie must first see how the power and
pointer often into a code, which is sent below to display the wind direction information are carried
in shape of the wind direction on a wind compass card on the same line. This will then make the
made up of 16 LEDs. The great advantage of layout of the circuit much easier to under-
cock the set-up used here is that only two wires stand. The diagram of figure lb shows how
are needed for interconnection between the this two -wire 'traffic' is achieved. In prin-
mounted in pick-up section (at the wind vane) and the ciple the supply transformer is situated
high place read-out section (with the wind compass). between the pick-up and the read-out
These two wires are used to provide the sections. Each section has its own supply
esp. on power for both sections and at the same buffer consisting of a diode and an electro-
time to carry the wind direction information lytic capacitor. Data is transferred between
church spire to the read-out. the two sections by means of a transistor
to show in the 'transmitter' end and an opto coupler
in the 'receiver' (display) end. The trans-
The principle
whence wind Because a simple connection between the
former is linked to the connecting cable
via a diode and a resistor as shown.
blows," two sections was considered important in Positive half -cycles of the mains frequency
this design, an easy method had to be found are now treated differently from the nega-
(OED) to allow both the measurement signal and tive. What happens during a positive half-
the supply voltage to be transmitted over a cycle is shown in figure lc. The trans-
single line. As we will see later, we solved former voltage is half -wave rectified by a
this problem in a very unusual way. diode so that the two electrolytic capaci-
The direction of the wind is translated into tors are charged and the two sections of the
a four bit code by means of a coding disc circuit are provided with a d.c. voltage. The
fixed to the wind vane and four reflection diodes prevent the capacitors from dis-
sensors mounted below the disc. This code charging during negative half -cycles. As we
must now be sent in serial form to the have said, the negative half -cycles are treated
receiver. There the signal is reconverted into differently, and this is illustrated in figure Id.
a four bit code that is used to drive the If transistor T conducts the two wires are
16 LEDs of the wind compass. The block short circuited. If T is not conducting a
diagram of figure la shows the main parts current will flow through the LED in the
of the circuit. opto coupler of the read-out section, so that
1-52
the opto transistor will give a pulse. The information relating to the wind direction. wind direction indicator
operation of the whole circuit is as easy as As far as logic is concerned, the circuit for elektor january 1 984
it is clever; when T is conducting no pulse the wind direction indicator is also split
appears at the output of the opto coupler, into two sections; the pick-up (figure 2)
but when T is not conducting the opto and the read-out (figure 3). We will begin
coupler gives one pulse for each negative with the pick-up circuit, which will later
half -cycle. In this way signals can be trans- be fixed to the wind vane. The power
mitted during the time when there are no supply for this section is handled by D5,
supply pulses on the line. C2, C3 and regulator IC3. The 50 Hz pulses
The lines therefore carry positive pulses appearing at point P are formed into a
with a frequency of 50 Hz and negative square wave by N3. High frequency inter-
pulses 'supplied' by T. The result is shown ference on the lines is suppressed by RC
in figure 1d. We use the number of 50 Hz network R18/C4. Negative signals on the
pulses between two negative pulses as line are blocked by diode D6.
Figure 1. A rough block
1 diagram of the wind
direction indicator and
three drawings to illustrate
how both the power and
the information signals are
a transmitted over the same
two wires.
wind
direction numbers of
pulses

numbers of
pulses

LED
indication
84001-1

14 I

134001-16

C J11111.
14

O
84001-14

K)v
134001-1d

1-53
wind direction indicator The wind vane is fixed to a four bit Gray therefore the photo transistor) in the opto
elektor january 1984 code disc, by means of which 16 wind coupler to be switched off via T9, and this
directions are coded into a four bit code. in turn means that T10 is turned off. The
The disc contains opaque and translucent moment at which N2 gives the pulse is
sections, and its layout is shown in figure 5. defined by the preset value of the counter.
A digital signal is supplied by four reflection Because IC1 is clocked at the mains fre-
sensors, IC11 . IC14, mounted below the quency, the number of mains pulses between
disc. Alternatively, four LEDs and four two successive N2 pulses is exactly equal
photo transistors could be substituted, with to the binary code at the preset inputs.
the diodes shining through the disc onto the Assume, for example, that the binary code
transistors. These are indicated in the parts is 1001 (= 9), then N2 will give an 'infor-
list as D1 . D4 and T1 ... T4, which are mation pulse' after every 9 mains pulses.
simply four red LEDs and four ordinary Because transistor T10 and the photo
photo transistors. transistor in 1C4 need to be protected
The signal from each sensor is amplified by against positive mains pulses, two extra
a transistor stage (T5 . . T8), so that the
. diodes, D7 and D8, have been added.
output of each stage is logic zero if no light The circuit for the read-out section is shown
is falling on the photo transistor and logic in figure 3. Here we see the mains trans-
one if the opposite is the case. The four -bit former with the diode (D11) and resistor
wind direction information is now available (R19), just as they appeared in the block
at points PO . . P3. This code is fed to the
. diagram. The supply section (D12, C6, C7
preset inputs of counter IC1. This counter and IC6) and clock pulse circuitry (R20,
is arranged so that it counts down from the R21, C5, D9 and N4) are identical to these
preset value to zero. When it reaches zero parts of the pick-up section.
Figure 2. This is the circuit the counter automatically presets itself via When an information pulse from N2 is
diagram for the pick-up the monostable multivibrator consisting of received, the LED in opto coupler 1C7
section with the coding N1 and N2. The clock signal (50 Hz) is
disc and the actual sensors
will light, causing the photo transistor to
at the left. Depending on
supplied by N3. conduct and short the input of N5 to
the code it receives, IC1 The pulse given by N2 lasts about 5 ms ground. In this section diode D10 is used
defines when an infor- and is used to transmit the wind direction as a protection against positive voltage pulses
mation pulse must be information to the 'receiver'. The appear- on the line. The serial information is recon-
sent to the read-out ance of the pulse causes the LED (and verted to a four bit code by IC8 and 1C9.
section.

2
8V ns
+6v
IC3= 10 -
R3 7808
1N4001 R18

8
10 1N4148
BC 9
557 P1
14
06
C2 C3 R17 c.
C=I 1:= 2Orns
5
K 4.7 1003: 100n
16V 25 v L[1.

16 13 R14
BC CF
P3 T9
557
5 r1
6
C RIS
BC
K
.5- N2 557
,
P1
lel 12 12 3
5,n5 OPB706
14 4526
P2
100n D7 aco DB crce,

3
P
BC
A
557 R 01:0 INN IC4 =
10 4
4N25,TIL 111CX
NI . N3 = 141C2 = 4093 TtO I
031 5
T1,131 = IC11 = h1CA7, OPB710, OPB706 2
K 12,D2 = IC12 = N1CA7, OPB710, OPB706
T3,D3 = IC13 = MCA7, OPB710, OPB706
BC
T4,D4 = IC14 = h1CA7, OPB710, OPB706
557,a. OP8710
8V
U R6
TS

BC
557

840011

1-54
 3 wind direction indicator
elektor january 1 984

p
N4 ... N6 = 1iIC5 = 4093

I
8V
41)
20ms
tC5

Tr v12V-A A 011 012 _a>

IC6 = 8V
7808
1N4001 010 R22 IC13 IC1 1 wind
IC14 IC1 2 direc-
R19
C6 H5
tion
=1000. 4_7
2 25V 16 V 5 NW
0 NNW
0 0 N
IC7 = 4N25,
TIL 111
0 NNE
0 0 NE
0 0 0 ENE
0 0 0 0 E
0 0 0 ESE
8V 0 0 1 SE
8V R24
0 0 0 SSE
0 0 S
0 SSW
4

" 013
0
0
0
0 0
SW
WSW
0 0 W
Yi 0 WNW

7 01
6
H
5
H
Y6 3
4
H
IC10 = Y
N
9 10 16 0 16 4067 23

tg ® El
15
CLK Y9 22
H
21
H
4
IC8 =
4029
00 00

IC9 = 0
4042
00 2

A2
t0
A
Y11 20

Yi 19
H
_12.
13
02
4 13
02 02 11

43
14
C
Yi
17
H
14
0 03 13
/Cr ri
V15 16
GND E CND Figure 3. This is the read-
028
a out circuit. Here the
® 84001-2
information received is
converted back to a four
bit code which defines
which one of the 16 LEDs
in the 'wind compass' will
light.
IC8 is a four bit counter that counts up The mechanical layout
from 0000 at the clock frequency. Whenever All the electronics we have just been de-
the circuit receives an information pulse scribing is located on the four printed
the counter is reset via the monostable circuit boards shown in figure 4. The two
multivibrator of N5 and N6. Just before IC8 circular boards contain the pick-up section,
is reset the count is read into latch IC9 with and the read-out section is on the other
a latch pulse from N5. The latch stores this two boards. These four boards are supplied
count until a new information pulse arrives. as one unit through the EPS service and have
The outputs of the latch therefore show the to be separated. The two read-out boards
same four bit information that was supplied could also be left together, depending on
to the preset inputs of IC1. The code then the amount of room available.
goes to IC10, which acts as a 4 to 16 line The mechanical construction for the pick-up
decoder. The 16 outputs drive the LEDs that section with,the wind vane is fairly straight-
indicate the wind direction. forward. There are various details that must
The current through the LEDs is limited to be considered, however. One thing that
about 20 mA by resistor R24. The table must be decided is whether to use LEDs and
beside the diagram shows the conditions photo transistors or reflection sensors. The
for indicating each wind direction. latter are recommended due to the fact that
1-55
 wind direction indicator
elektor january 1984
4

Figure 4. This is the

printed circuit board
layout for the complete
wind direction indicator,
consisting of four sections
that must be separated
from one another. The
two read-out boards may
be kept as one unit if
there is sufficient room
to accommodate this.

shielding from stray light can be a major side of the board, ideally with some form of
problem when discrete LEDs are used. The insulation between it and the copper.
layout of the coding disc is shown in figure Six points on the two boards (PO, P1, P2
5, and also (full size) on the layout pages at P3, +8 V and 1) must be connected by
the centre of this issue. A disc is made up means of wires or some ribbon cable. The
with either the shape of figure 5a or 5b. If boards can then be fixed together 'sandwich
reflection sensors are used then 5a is needed, fashion' held in place by a 5 mm diameter
otherwise 5b is used with LEDs mounted rod that is fixed to the base of the 'transmit-
above the disc and phototransistors below ter' casing. The coding disc is fitted in such
them on the printed board. The two pick-up a way that it is allowed to rotate freely
boards are cut into a circular disc shape and about 1 mm above the reflection sensors.
the components can then be mounted. A further plastic disc with two strong mag-
Capacitor C3 must be soldered to the track nets glued diametrically opposite each other
Figure 5. The layout for
the coding disc (shown
here half size). Possibly 5
the easiest way to make
this disc is to cut the
required shape from
a piece of printed cir-
cuit board material with
a fret saw. Figure 5a
is the design to use with
reflection sensors, and
figure 56 with LEDs
above the disc and photo -
transistors below. They
are also shown full-size
on page 1-45. 84001-58 84001. 53

1 -56
 wind direction indicator
elektor January 1984

Parts list

Resistors:
RI = I k5 1/8 W (see text)
R2... R9= 100 k 1/8W
R10... R13= 10 k 1/8W
R14,R23 = 56 k
R15 = 22 k
R16,R19= 1 k
R17,R21,R22= 10 k
R18,R20 = 6k8
R24 = 270 fl

Capacitors:
C1,C4,C5 = 100 n
C2,C7 = 4,17/16 V
C3,G6 = 1000 p/25 V
C8 = 10 n

Semiconductors:
D1 ... D4 = LED, see text
D5,D11,D12 = 1N4001
D6 ... D10 = 1N4148
D13... D28= LED, red
T1 ... 14 = cheap photo
is fixed above the coding disc such that the to prevent rainwater from getting at these transistor, see text
two discs rotate together. The whole con- bearings. Remember to provide a hole T5 ... T10 = BC 557
struction must fit into the (inverted) trans- at the bottom of the casing to prevent 1C1 = 4526
parent jar so that the disc with the magnets condensation building up. IC2,1C5 = 4093
IC3,1C6 = 7808
can rotate freely. The connecting cable is Another plastic disc (or simply a strip of IC4,1C7 = 4N25, TIL 111
passed through a hole drilled in the lid and plastic) with two strong magnets is mounted IC8 = 4029
soldered to the lower printed circuit board. at the lower end of the wind vane shaft. Be IC9 = 4042
The opening is then sealed well. The form sure to get the 'polarity' of the magnets ICIO = 4067
of construction is illustrated in figure 6 correct as their purpose is to induce the IC11 ... IC14 = OPB 706,
but, as usual, individual ideas will probably magnets inside the jar to rotate 'in sym- OPB 710
change this significantly. pathy' with them.
It may be necessary to experiment with the Miscellaneous:
Now all the electronics is protected in a
watertight package, but, if the light sensitive value of resistor Rl. In reflection sensors the Tr1 = mains transformer
12 V/I A
components are not to be affected by sensitivity is often so good that the current S1 = double pole mains
ambient light, it must also be made light- through the LEDs can easily be reduced and switch
er This can easily be done by painting so help to prevent 'false' reflections. With FI = 500 mA fuse with
the outside of the jar black. normal LEDs the current could be increased holder
Looking at the mechanical construction it a little. Trial and error is probably the best
is obvious why again we recommend using method to use here until a value is found
reflectidn sensors if possible. If LEDs and that enables all wind directions to be cor-
photo transistors are used the LEDs must rectly indicated.
somehow be fixed above the coding disc Constructing the read-out is very straight-
and they must also be provided with their forward. Depending on the case used, the
own power supply. two boards can either be left joined or
The construction of the outer casing is separated, but in this latter case points
very dependent upon what material is AO ... A3, +8 V and I must be linked on
available. It could, for example, be made both boards. To keep this section as small
using PVC tubing. This outer casing ideally as possible the two boards can again be
should have bearings for the shaft of the mounted sandwich fashion.
wind vane and some sort of cap is needed The transformer is connected to the read-out
1 -57
 wind direction indicator enabling the 16 wind directions to be
elektor january 1984
shown on three dot matrix displays.
The circuit for this 'extra' is given in
figure 8. This is connected to the
data outputs AO . A3 of the read-
out section (the outputs of 1C9).
The 'data' for driving the displays is con-
tained in a 2 Kbyte EPROM, IC1. The
hexdump for the contents of this EPROM
is shown in table 1, and this chip is also
available from Technomatic Ltd. The
displays are multiplexed by counter/oscil-
lator IC3 and 4 to 16 line decoder IC4.
The outputs of IC4 drive the 15 LED
columns of the displays via transistors
T8 ... T22. The multiplexing frequency
is about 3.5 kHz.
The LED rows of the displays are driven
by the data outputs DO . D6 of the
EPROM. The output signals are amplified
by transistors T1 . T7, and the current
through the LEDs is defined by the values
Figure 6. This drawing of resistors R3 . R9. The maximum
gives an insight into the current through the LEDs is about 75 mA.
mechanical construction This current is needed because each LED
of the pick-up section is only driven for 1/16 of the time.
complete with wind vane The four outputs of IC4 are also connected
and 'case'. The electronics to the address inputs AO . A3 of IC1, so
are protected from water
by sealing them inside a
that when a certain LED column is being
jam jar. Magnetic coupling driven the appropriate 'switching' data
is used between the wind appears at the output. Address inputs
vane and the coding disc. A4 ... A7 receive their data from the
latch in the read-out section so that, de-
section, but if desired it can be moved to pending on the wind direction, a specific
some other point on the cable. In this case, 16 byte address of the EPROM is selected
of course, Dll and R19 stay with the that contains the information needed to
transformer and are not mounted on the give the correct display. Voltage dividers
printed circuit board. This unit is then R12 ... R15/R16 ... R19 are included to
connected to the cable as shown in figure 7. reduce the 8 V signals of the read-out
Finally the electronic weathercock must circuit to the 5 V used by the display.
still be calibrated. With the aid of a compass Finally, a link must be connected between
the wind vane is pointed North, and then pins 12 and 21 of the 2716. This is necessary
the whole 'case' is rotated until the read-out to select the correct section of the EPROM.
shows 'North'. If the pick-up section is The power supply for this section is handled
already fixed in position on the roof, it by a separate 5 V stabilizer (IC2). The
could also be calibrated by turning the current consumption of this circuit is about
magnet mounting disc on the shaft of the 150 mA.
wind vane.

NSEW
The circuit can be expanded slightly by
Figure 7. The transformer
does not necessarily need
to be located near the
7
read-out. It can also be hr. lir.
connected to the cable
somewhere else. If this is
}rpm p.Zt
done, D11 and R19 stay to rek[aut
with the transformer 011

instead of being mounted 1N4001

on the printed circuit
board.

7r1 =. 12

Fl
500 rnA

01001.7

1-58
 wind direction indicator
elektor January 1984

5V

24
LE
r-7
1 22 1C4
V" 49 at. 4514
A5
4,0
Is
16 CND 4.3.t1 A2 43 Do 01 02 03 04 OS 06 07 Da 05 010 on on 01i on
CE 12 23 3 21 11 9 a 7 6 18 17 20 191 13 3
12
GND

1
22
-4-41v(g4T. 4kW4-7 "1 i(e))
1

T1
(.4 R4
10
R5
11
02
IC1 C. RE
2716 D3 3
R7 11

RE
11
15
D5
R9
6

L01 LD2 LD3

a

AlAa
3.3 Fnol,
42 6 5V
A3
AM AG o no
AE ti 470
6638 R15 3
As um 2
7 4
04 050,07
6 11I 9 16

2 MT
R14
tf A2 10:13
1C3=
RIB
Ca R13 4060

812 RST 050

AO
UM
126 = 0_
'1 al 0 66001 .3

LD1
Figure 8. Here we show an
. L03 = 3xTIL 305 (MAN 2A)
T1 . . T7 = BC 5578
additional circuit that can
T8 722 = BC 54713 be added to enable the
wind direction to be read
out on three dot-matrix
displays.

0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 S A C C F C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C 0 E F
FOOD: FE FF FE FF IF Cl BE BE BE Cl FF FF FF EF Cl FE F2CC: FE FE FE FE FE BA81' BE P6 BE Cl EF FF FE FF FE
FCIC: CI bE BE BE Cl SE AE 86 BA BC CI EE EF BE CI FE F2IC: EC BF B6 86 EE
L9 86 86 116 CC EL E16 126 B6 BE FE
FC2C: 9E AC 06 EA BC SE AL 66 BA BC Cl BE BE BE Cl FF F220: D9 86 EC BE CD
rs B6 BC 12C CC EC BE BE BE El
F130: 9E AE 86 BA BC CI BE BE BE Cl FF EF FF FF FE FE CS BC 86 66 CC
PC 86 86 F6 BE FE FE FE FE FF FE
FC4C: CC BE C7 BE CC 9E AE 86 EA BC CC se C7 BF CC FF F24J: CO BF C7 BF CC
C9 66 P6 BE CD CC BF C7 5F CC FE
FC5C: 9E FE 66 BA BC CO BF C7 Cl CC FF FE FF FF FE FF CC EC BE El6 CD CC BE C7 SF CO FF FE Ft FF It EF
FTE6: EF FE FF FF FE SE AC 56 BA BC FF FE FY FF FE FE FF FE FF FE ET CB BE 66 E6 CC FF FF FE EE EF FE
FC7C: 9E AE B6 BA BC 9E AE 66 EA BC CC BF C7 BF CC EF F27,: DC BC 86 Bf CC DS EG E6 CC CC CL EF C7 FE CP FF
FCBC: Cl BE BE EE CI 86 FP E7 EF FC CI BE BE BE Cl FE 12fi: 86 bE 66 BE CO Fb F7 EF SC EC E6 BC 56 BE Ft
1090: PC FE F7 EF EC CI BE BE BE Cl FE FF FE FE EF Ft F2SC: Fb F7 EC SO ee 86 BE EC FE FE FE FF FE FE
FOAC: FE FF FE FE FE ee CB F7 EF CO FF FF 11 FF FF FF E2AC: FE FF FE IF Cl EC FE
FCBC: BO CB F7 EF 88 80
E7 EF IF FF EF IF FE EC
FE F7 EF BC Cl BE BE PE CI FF F2BC: 00 CB E7 EF EC BC FE
F CCC: FE FF FF FE ft" cr
F7 Ei EC E6 E6 FE FF
BF C7 BF CU FE FF IF FF FE FF F2CC: FE FF FF FF FE CC BF C7 F.
ETDC: FE FE IF ft EF
CC BF C7 BE CL 8C FP F7 EF PC Ci BF C7 EC CC FE F200: BF
CC C7 BE CC eu FE F7 if Bp C7 BF ec FE
ECU: EP FE F7 EF Pr sc FB F7 EC PC CC 6E C7 5F CI FE F2EC: E8 FE F7 EF EC EC FE
E6FC: E7 EF BF C7 BE CP CC
EC FE f7 EC SC CL BE C7 BF CE FF FF FE EF IF Ff.
F2FC: eo FE F7 LE 8P CL BE C7 BF CC If FF FF FF FP FE
F1CO: FE EF FE FE FE Cl BE bE BE. CI IF FF FE FF FE FE 1306: FE
FE FF FF FE 80 E6 86 86 BE fF FE FE 11 FE FE
111C: Cl BE BE BE Cl DS BC E1 BF CD Cl BE 6E BE CI EF F316: EC 86 06 EE BE CC BE 86 86 CL BF 86 BE BE FE
F12C: DS 06 BC B6 CC DS B6 86 86 CD CI bE bE bE CI FF F326: C9 EC 86 BE CC DS BE B6 BE CE EC EC. 86 66 BE FF
Fl3f: CS 96 EF Bf CD Cl BE bE BE Cl IF IF FF FE FE FE F330: DS 86 66 BE CC EL 86 BE EC BE FF FE FE FE FE EC
Fl4P: CC PC C7 61- CC D9 66 116 86 CC CC bf C7 BE CC FF F348: C/ FE BE BE CI 09 86 86 56 CD Cl BE BE BE CI FF
FISC: CS Ef 66 66 CC CP BF C7 BE CC FE F1 FF FF FE FE F350: C9 EC 66 B6 CD Cl BE BE BE CI FE EF FF FE EF FF
F1BC: Et FF FE FE FE CS B6 BE BF CD FE FF FF Et FE EF F36C: FE FF FE Ef FF D9 86 BF 86 CC El FE FF EF FE if
FI7C: DS Er BE BC CD DS 136 BE BF CC C6 BE C7 BE CL FE F376: CS 86 66 136 CC DS EC EC B6 CD Cl BE BE BE Cl FE
FIFO: Cl bE EE EA Cl EC FL E7 EE EC Cl EE BE BE Ci FE F38C: SO 86 bE h6 BE BC F3 F7 EF CO 8C BC B6 BF EL FF
CiSC: EP FE F7 Ef FO Cl BE BE BE Cl FE FE FE Et FE EC 1390: BO FB E7 Er St 80 B6 86 BC BE FF FE FF FF FE IF
FlAt: FF FE FE Cl FF EC FE 17 EF 80 FE FE EF FF FE FF 13A6: FE FF EF FE FE BC FB F7 EF BO FE FF FF FE FE FF
F180: Et FE 17 EF EV 80 FE E7 Et EC Cl FL BE BE Cl FE 1380: PO FB F7 EF Pe EC FE F7 El EC cc BF BC bE FE
ElCC: FE FF FE FE FF CC BF C7 BF CF FF Cl FE EF FF FF F3CC: FE FE FE IF EF Cl BE BE BE ClEP FE ii FF FF FF FE'
FIDE: CC C7
Elf BF CC BE CB E7 EF EC CV BE C7 BF CO FF E3DC: Cl BE BE BE Cl BC CB E7 EE EC Cl SL BE BE Ci FF
F1EC: EC CB F7 EF EC EC FE F7 EC EC CC BF C7 BF CC FE F3EC: SO CB E7 EF PC BC FB F7 EC E0 CI BE BE BE CI FE
FlEC: EC 11- E7 EF 8C CC BF C7 BF CC FE FF FF FE FE FE 13E0: SO FS E7 FE 80 Cl BE BE SE Cl FF EE FF FF FF FF
FCC:
Table 1. Hexdump for the
data that must be stored
in EPROM IC1.

1-59
 Z 80 EPROM programmer
elektor january 1984 Careful manipulation
of the WAIT input of
the Z 80 is what enables
this little circuit to fulfil
the particular conditions
that have to be met to pro-
gram an EPROM in situ given
the unusual timing of the control
signals of this processor.

B. Barink

Z 80N- EPROM
programmer
In order to program a 2716 EPROM there
any Z 80 are several conditions that have to be met.
LIREQ and the transition to 'low of the
WR signal (write). This is important for us
system with The OE (Output Enable) pin must be 'high', as the programming consists of a prolonged
the levels on the address and data lines must write operation. However, to be able to
static RAM be stable, the potential on pin Vpip, must rise access the EPROM it must be located
from 5 V to the programming voltage of somewhere in the addressable area. An
can be used 25 V and finally, the CE (Chip Enable) pin address decoding (not represented here) is
to program must go 'high' for 50 ms. There is nothing needed to supply a validation signal for the
really unusual there but a certain amount of memory zone occupied by the EPROM.
2716 care is needed as the speed of the processor
E PR 0Ms must be slowed down and the peculiarities
of the timing of the control signals must be The circuit and its timing
taken into account. It is notable, looking at The address decoding signal must set point
figure I. that the RD (read) signal appears at 'A' in figure 2 logic 'low'. If this signal has
the same time as the memory validation been generated without combining the
signal MREQ (memory request), whereas address lines with the MREQ line. they can
during a write operation there is a delay of still be combined using OR gate N7. If these
one clock cycle between the appearance of signals have already been combined, the
Figure 1. This is the timing
diagram for the Z 80
1
control signals during read
and write cycles. It is
notable that there is a
significant time delay
between the apatarance 1

of MREQ and VJR, whereas

MREQ and RD appear 1 CC
simultaneously. A wait
circuit is used to set the
WAIT line 'low' as soon as
e
the EPROM is addressed,
even during a write cycle.

2.
1 a-1
11 1
I
ut-50-1 2--1
1

1-60
 decoding signal, called ADDRESS here can Z 80 EPROM programmer
be applied directly to point 'A'. We will 2 elektor january 1984
return later to the PE (program enable)
signal which could, in certain applications,
take the place of a validation signal.

Write cycle
When the EPROM is addressed, the logic
level applied to point 'A' of the programmer
produces a falling edge at the output of
N3, which triggers monostable MMV1. A
calibrated 50 ms pulse then appears at pin 8
of this IC and is used as a programming pulse
at the CE input of the EPROM. This same
pulse sets the WAIT input of the Z 80 'low'
via N1 and N5 so that the address word and
the data word on the buses remain stable.
As the RD line is 'high', input OE of the
EPROM is also 'high'. At the same time
T1 is turned off, T2 saturates and the
potential at pin Vpp of the EPROM goes
from 5 V to 25 V.
None of this will happen, however, if the
WR signal is not delayed, as we mentioned
at the beginning of this article. In fact the
output of OR gate N3 cannot go 'low'
unless the WR line is also 'low'. Also the
delay introduced by monostable MMV1 2716
EPROM
must be taken into account. This is the
reason for adding a circuit to introduce
a 'wait' of several cycles. It consists of a
series of flip-flops FF1 ... FF4, which
hold the WAIT pin of the Z 80 'low' im-
5V
mediately after point 'A' goes 'low'. The C)
maximum delay between the time that NO = IC1 = 741632
O O GI
the WAIT input should go 'low' (making 175.N6 -/6 IC2 7403
FF1.FF2 IC3 741_674 'Cl IC3 ICa IC5
the address and data words on the buses FF3.FF4 IC4 = 741574

stable) and the time when the 'low' appears

on the WR line is about 150 ns. A few
7.114V1 ICS 7416122
O 444
dozen ns delay introduced by MMV1 must
be added to this. With the four flip-flops
we gain three wait cycles, or 750 ns with Figure 2. The circuit dia-
a 4 MHz clock. As the timing diagram of course, a few links that have to be wired gram for the Z 80 2716
figure 1 shows, the WAIT input goes 'low' in: PHI/EX (the clock), WAIT, RD WE, EPROM programmer
the address decoding signal (or PE) and consists of a monostable
just after MREQ, even though the WR line is
finally the programming potential of 26 V that generates a calibrated
still 'high'. As soon as the 50 ms CE pulse 50 ms programming pulse,
arrives, the address and data buses are fixed (not 25 V as there will be some voltage
and a wait circuit that sets
and remain so for the duration of the dropped across D3 and T2). Make sure that the WAIT line 'low' even
programming. the address decoding signal (ADDRESS) before the WR signal
does not contain the RD signal as its pres- appears. By mounting this
Read cycle ence would prevent any writing, and there- circuit on a piece of
The wait circuit is triggered by the address fore programming, from taking place. veroboard fitted with 24
decoding signal, so it also works during the The programming unit of the polyphonic wire wrap pins, this pro-
read cycles of the EPROM. This gets over synthesizer is a nice example of program- grammer could be substi-
ming in situ. If you look at the circuit tuted for the EPROM to
the problem of EPROMs whose access be programmed on any
time is normally too long (450 ns). The diagram in the relevant article you will see
memory card with address
monostable, on the other hand, is not what we mean. In this case there is no need decoding.
activated, so CE remains 'low', as the first even to fit a special socket for the EPROM
part of the timing diagram shows. OE, as it takes the place of RAM IC9. The 4071
however, goes 'low' as soon as RD does. (IC6) is removed from its socket and the
Then all the conditions required for the signals for the EPROM are then applied to
EPROM to put data onto the bus are met. the pins as follows:
In order to retain the normal reading speed pin 10 (IC6): OE (pin 20 of the EPROM)
the wait cycles must be cancelled. This is pin 11 (IC6): Vpp (pin 21 of the EPROM)
easily done by linking pin 6 of N4 (OE) with pin 4 (IC6): CE (pin 18 of the EPROM)
pin 4 (PR) of flip-flop FF1, which will The clock signal PHI/EX is available at
then no longer be connected to +5 V. pin 27a of the µP bus, as are RD (at 31c)
and WR (31a). Signal PE is available at the
output of N10. The WAIT signal is applied
Programming in situ to pin 5c of the 64 -way connector. Then,
This is not a totally autonomous EPROM whenever the potential of 26 V is present,
programmer. It is, in fact, an auxiliary every operation to write to memory (store
circuit in which the EPROM socket has enable) causes the EPROM to be pro-
wire wrapping terminals. There are, of grammed. 14

1-61
home-made low-cost course, the breaking of
wiring probe
elektor january 1984 tracks has become
superfluous.
When

this
type of
board is used,
all connections
must therefore be made
with suitable wire for which
an appropriate technique has
envolved. In this, use is made of thin
enamelled copper wire. When a connec-
tion is to be made, the enamel is removed
A from one end of the wire with a hot
printed soldering iron. As the wire is very thin, it
can be inserted without too much trouble
circuit board into the relevant hole beside the connecting
is ideal for con- wire of the component. To prevent the
structing reliable copper wire jumping from the hole, it is
wound several times round the component
circuits. Not everyone, terminal. In this way it is possible to make
however, has the necessary material multiple connections before the y are
and tools to produce such boards. soldered. The insertion can, of course, be
done very well by hand, but there is a
Apart from that, it is often not worth simpler way: with a wring probe. How to
the trouble and expense to design, make this practical aid is described below.
photograph and etch a print layout
for one printed circuit board. There How to make it
are however more ways which lead to A propelling pencil with a lead diameter of
Rome. 0.5 mm, a cotton reel and a strip of alu-
minium (about 90 x 20 mm) are required.
If a propelling pencil is not available, take

home-made
a ball -pen and hypodermic needle (also with
an opening of 0.5 mm). Remove the top of
the propelling pencil so that is becomes
open-ended. When a ball -pen is used, remove
the ink reservoir and operating pin or
button; the hypodermic needle is then

low-cost placed in the pen such that it protrudes

about 5 mm from the normal writing end.
At the centre of the strip of aluminium
drill a hole of suitable diameter into which

wiring probe
the top end of the pencil or ball -pen is to be
inserted.
Two smaller holes are then drilled at either
side of, and equidistant to, the centre hole.
The aluminium is then bent into a U -shape
so that the cotton reel fits between the two
vertical sides as shown in figure 1. To ensure
time -saving There are two main alternative prototyping that the reel can rotate freely, use a 2 BA
circuit boards which differ principally in the screw and nut as spindle. All that remains to
device for the method of wiring. The first is one with
continuous copper tracks: when this is used,
be done is to wind a suitable length of
enamelled copper wire onto the reel.
wiring of only a few additional connections have to
be made - provided, of course, that the Home -constructed circuits should
circuit boards component layout has been so well thought
present no problems
out that the final product has as few wire
connections as possible. Readers who like Material
solving puzzles are well away with these Prototyping circuit boards are usually
boards! However, particularly in the case available from an electronics retailer in so-
of digital circuits, these boards can give called Eurocard sizes. The most suitable
problems: depending on the position of material is epoxy board which is appreciably
from a contribution IC's, it is often necessary to break the more stable than pertinax. The wire to be
copper track between the connecting pins. used is common enamelled copper wire of
by H. Mel mer Even with the right tools this can prove to be 0.25 . .. 0.35 mm diameter. A special type
a tiresome and time-consuming job. The of wire is available which, although it is a
second alternative is better suited to such little dearer, is more easily tinned and
circuits: boards containing only solder pads. soldered. Moreover, it is available in different
Because no account needs to be taken of colours, which is useful for complicated
copper tracks, components can be placed circuits. Whatever wire is used, however,
rather more freely on such boards and, of there is one golden rule: tin first, solder
1.62
 afterwards! home-made low-cost
1
Readers who are thinking of using the wire wiring probe
of a transformer or choke will find that the elektor january 198,1
enamel on such wire is very difficult to
remove. A further disadvantage is that the
enamel has often become so hard that it
crumbles during removal of the wire from
the transformer or during rewinding onto
the cotton reel: the possibility of a short
then becomes very real! The most important
tool, the soldering iron, is required to have
a tip temperature of 350 . . 400 degrees
.

centigrade, otherwise it will not be possible

to remove the enamel with it. An iron with
adjustable temperature is ideal, but if this
is not available, try to remove the enamel
with the one that is to hand. More tools are
not really required, although a pair of
small pliers and a pair of tweezers are very
useful.

Preparation and construction

It is advisable at all times (and not just with
this method of construction) to use IC
sockets, as soldering direct onto IC pins
often ruins the component. It may also Figure 1. The ready-made
be worthwhile, especially for beginners, to wiring probe. It can be
seen clearly how the
take sufficient time to consider the best wiring is carried out with
this tool.
2

Figure 2. The supply lines

should be fitted first.
The heavy lines are the
0 V (earth) lines. The
thin lines are the connec-
tions with the + supply
line. The various capacitors
between the supply lines
are for decoupling.
location for the IC's. A mirror image sketch
or drawing of the IC connections obviates a
lot of turning over of the board. -- iif ' ' -"CC. '1 t "P.
-, 111.9
.,c ,1.- ; - .-- 04 ,;:.-. 4:111-- 4 '..
First place the socket onto the board and i
r'-,,i'::;P:!--Ot)''- ' *,; - 4 ' 1:4-4-,---.!;' ---;
solder the diagonally opposite pins (for ----i'-t6_21,-,-1/4--4,." lis_7_
instance, the and -- of the IC) to the --I ' - s l-
, a f"--Zel! b-vt----9,::
board. After all other components, screws, .-tt. .
,

- "
-.....Riet __ `_1-'-`-' -ei '' -f-P.-43-1-*;
lc___,
-CO i;t ii ----=-_al f :: f 7.7"'"'
-
4
-I. .0..4. a. -Krre.. rim- ,.____
iv g _i .
"!
..4

pins, and so on, have been placed in their r-1 _ .0, I: , ,...- -4; r, S ,... -,---
respective positions on the board, a start can ,r
-
/1-
be made with the wiring. The supply lines ." " ei7r
should be done first (see figure 2).
The 0 V (earth) line is best done in bare
copper wire and the + line in insulated
copper wire. somewhat thicker than is used
for the remainder of the connections. In
most digital circuits a diameter of 0.4 mm
ile
for the supply lines is adequate. A hint: e.--- - g# - .. .

mark pin 1 of all IC's on both sides of the

board: this will simplify finding one's way
14,14;::
3.- . ,.
.......1._

...-..
ii..
Az
.: ..,f :: ., ...., .7.

in the tangle of wires appreciably!

With careful work, it is possible to con-
struct even a 16 or 64 k RAM -card in this
way, which shows that prototyping circuit .1g. _./ -z-r---. -. - ,116 rt 4g11,/, ..0 i....-a-dil_k_0,_:_s-,_S- s, 4 -7
boards are not necessarily inferior to printed IL ILL.....--- . ,
.. . -.1,,,f .111,... - i-Y .': ''',Wr'- J."01
.

circuit boards! k 4: Ltlyvitei0 if.t-g-X ; ..-

1 -63
address decoding tronic works', the distinction between
elektor january 1984 Memory in a computer is a hardware
combination of logic elements which 'digital' works and 'analogue' works is more
important than between works written in
is totally independent of the software English and those written in French.
but which the software must take To finish with this attempt to clarify the
into account. The structure and idea of the significance (or importance)
of information, here is a little example.
organization of the addressable area is It has to do with the prices displayed by
far more than simply a matter of shopkeepers on their merchandise. They
getting the appearance right. This is would much rather ask £ 9999.99 than
one of the least understood 10000.00 for a product. Why is that?
The most significant information (the
characteristics of computers, and number of thousands of pounds seems
yet it plays an essential role in the cheaper between one price and the other,
operation of the machine, in the but in fact the difference is insignificant
as it only involves a very slight change in
layout of the software, and even in the least significant information character.
adding memory extensions or
peripherals, such as input/output Subdivision and double addressing
modules. Let us now turn to computer memories.
These appear as a stack of compartments

address
(called memory cells), each containing 8
irreducible units in the systems most familiar
to us, that is 8 -bit microcomputers. These
discrete units, the bits, are not separately
accessible: they constitute an eight -bit word
called a byte, and their logic values make up

decodin
the data. This word travels to the interior
of the system via the data bus, which con-
sists of eight lines numbered D7 ... DO,
each corresponding to one data bit. The
words in the memory are accessed by the
processor via an address bus, consisting
of 16 lines numbered A15 ... AO, along
why and The memory of a computer could be com-
pared to a large library: the information, or
which our compartments are arranged.
This organization could be compared to
how an data if you prefer, is the books and their that of the library in the preceding example.
contents, which we will only mention In figure 1 we have represented the six
addressable briefly here. What interests us in this library least significant address bits (A5 ... AO)
area is is its filing system, and especially the way as corridors with successive branches as it
that it is laid out, with its groups, categories, could be imagined in a library. Whether a
organized sub -groups and so on. In other words, it left or right turn is taken in these corridors,
is the reference system that we are interested the end is reached little by little. The de-
in. cision to go 'left or right' in an address line
is indicated by its high or low logic level
The value of the information (indicated as '1' or '0'), which are the only
Imagine a catalogue of several billion works two states possible. The more the binary
dealing with the most varied and different 'weight' of an address bit is increased, the
subjects. Our library, of course, contains more important the zone covered by it
books on electronics. These are gathered becomes. Because bits 5 and 4 in figure 1
under the reference `E'. Books about digital are both '0', a '0' at bit 3 means that the
electronics are located under the reference area from 00 to 07 is selected, whereas if
of 'ED', whereas those concerning analogue bit 3 is '1' the zone from 08 to OF is ac-
subjects are classified under 'EA'. In data cessed. If bit 4 then changes to '1' with
terms we would call the letter 'E' the most 5 still being '0', the decision of bit 3 selects
significant bit of the references 'ED' and between zone 10 .. 17 and 18 .. . 1F.
.

'EA', and 'D' and 'A' are less significant bits. Assume that in a specific application the
This distinction is easily seen as the letter logic level of bit 3 is not defined while
`E' here signifies all works dealing with bits 4 and 5 are both '0', then the result
electronics in our imaginary library, whereas is that the zones mentioned before are no
the letters 'D' and 'A' refer only to a certain longer differentiated. Zone 00... 07 will
number of these books. If we continue to be confused with zone 08 . OF. This is
make our references even more detailed, the called double addressing. Depending on the
next character (which is less significant binary weight of the undefined bit, the range
again than the previous two) could, for of the doubly addressed zones will be more
example, be used to distinguish between or less important.
works in English and those that are not.
So a book filed under 'EDE' is in English 216 = 65536
and deals with digital electronics, while The six most significant address lines are
a book with the reference 'EAF' deals shown in figure 2, which also indicates their
with analogue electronics and is written in contribution to splitting up the addressable
French. This last character (English or nor) area. Quantities indicated by the sign 'K'
is less significant than its predecessor (digital are always multiples of 1024 (not 1000),
or analogue): within the category of 'elec- which is the number of memory cells ac -
1.64
 address decoding Table 1.
elektor january 1984 1
E
; ADRESSES
co. 0 e=
address bits
DEC. HEX
1."
543210 0 0003 0000
111 I / me 9008 Noe
111911 33 59 15 9005 1111
11131a 3.; as
16 me 0040
gaga aoaa 0091 4141
111001 39 57 31 0315 1111
111000
119111
35 5%7 -32 0320 too;
37 55 0900 oaaa 591.
110110 36 54 63 ao3F 1 1111
119101 35
64 0040
53
110102 34
0000 0010 i 01.9
0 g0303.
52 127 007F 11 1111
113011 33 51
128 ONO OK 0099
119310 32 50 0000 gate Ilit 1101
119931 21 49. 255 OOFF 111 1111
119093 30 43 256 0100 0909 000-4r1
101111 2F 47 gaau 0301
511 0155 1111 1111
191110 2E 46
512 0222 a 0900 0090
171101 2D 45 0003 001. 1111
101190 2C 44 1023 OFF 1111
1K .4-0. 1 1111
101911 20 -13 1024 0400 oa 0400 0999
131313 2A 42 0004 01.
191031 29 41 2047 07FF 11 1111 1111
2K
19 19 0 9 23 40
2048 0833 090 am 3033
0000 1111
103111 27 39 4095 OFFF 111
132119 26 39
41(... 4096
1111 1111
0004 0000 0090
133191 25 37 0901
190100 24 36 8191 1FFF 1111 1111 1111
81 -4
192011 23 35
8192 22690 0 am 0093 0099
021.
190910 22 34 16383 3FF F 1 1111 1111 1111
193021 16K -41
21 33 16384 4800 OHO
Table 1. Using 16 address 00 0000 0800
lines 65536 words can be
130300 20 32
32767
01.. 1414 ' 1:40 ' :Ill
311111 IF 31 32K -4 7FFF 11 1111 1111 1111
addressed.This table shows a
311110 lt 30 32768 8200 000 0090 0999 ttOOlic

how the decision of each 011101 ID 29 1410 0401

65535 FFFF 111 1111 1111 1111
bit affects which address 011103 1C za 64K 11,

is to be decoded. 311011 18 27
011013 IA 26
411031 19 25 is undefined two normally distinct blocks
311,130
312111
13
17
24
are confused. So if the logic level of A15
23
010110 le 22
is not specified, address 0 and address
010191 15 21
32768 are mixed up. The same applies
915190 14 20 for address 1 and address 32769. and so on.
012011 13 19 Don't forget that for addressing, no matter
010010 12 18 what the base (binary, decimal or hexadeci-
3190.31 17
anon
11

16
mal), the count always starts from 0.
10
001111 CF 15
This leads us to table 1, which shows the
031110 60 14 16 address lines,- their 65536 possible
231191 CD 13 combinations and the corresponding ad-
03110? OC 12 dresses. Despite the apparent linearity of
0.31311 23
301010
11
the progression of this table, the weight of
0.1 10
901901 09 9
the address lines increases from right to left,
931630 03 and in line with this increase the range of
'930111 57 7 the zones covered by the decision of an
90-3110 26 6 address bit becomes more important. This
Figure 1. This binary 'tree'
of the six least significant
060101 C5 5 is shown at the extreme left of the table
900103 e4
bits of an address shows 298611 03
4
3
where the ranges of the zones decoded
how the decision of a bit 093010 02 2
are indicated.
(high or low logic level) ON091 01 1

determines the decoding 030000 ea 0 Generating enable signals

of a zone whose size V So far we have considered the problem of
depends on the binary aazz '5,45131 addressing purely as a matter of topography.
'weight' of the bit. Looking at the integrated circuits that we
must manipulate. we see that the most
cessible with the first ten address lines common ones do not have 16 address
(A9 ... AO; = 1024). Consequently, lines but a lesser number, proportional to
when talking about memory, the sign `K' their capacity. As can be deduced from
designates 1024 byres and not 1024 bits. figure 2, a chip containing 4 K (such as a
Depending on whether address line Al5 is 2732 EPROM) must have 12 address lines
at a high or low logic level, one of the two (Al 1 ... AO). Addressing each of the
32768 -word halves of the total memory 4096 words is achieved by means of an
addressable with 16 lines (210 = 65536) is internal address decoder incorporated in the
selected. Within each of these blocks, line IC. In the same way an IC containing 2 K of
A14 differentiates between two blocks of memory (for example the still common
16384 words ... and so on until line A10 6116 RAM) will have 11 address lines
which allows two blocks of 1024 words to (A10 ... AO) which will enable the internal
be selected within a block of 2048 words decoder to distinguish between the 2048
decoded by All. As we mentioned before, memory cells. What is called address decod-
if the logic level of one of the address lines ing is not, strictly speaking, this internal
1-65
 address decoding
elektor january 1984 2

64K

30( 32X

-0
SX

A3

Figure 2. The levels of

the most significant
bits determine how the
addressable area is broken
up into blocks that fit
inside one another. So,
line A15 distinguishes two
bloks of 32 K inside each BK 16K 32K
of which A14 can select
between two 16 K blocks,
s40,32
and so on.

decoding in the block of memory contained address lines we have just mentioned, one
in an IC, but rather the location of this or more enable inputs. These have to be
block in the area addressable by the CPU. brought to a certain logic level (generally
For our examples we will concentrate on low, which is indicated by a negation bar
the 6502 and Z 80, both of which have above the 'name' of the corresponding
16 address lines and can therefore decode pin) to make the chip active. This means
up to 64 K of memory. that the internal addressing only takes place
Every memory IC has, in addition to the when the enable signal is present, and
the data words are not placed on the data
bus until this condition is fulfilled. This
3 enable signal is obtained using the most
significant address lines, combined with
certain control signals that are essential for
the timing of the operations (see figure 3).
These control signals are different for each
system; for the 6502 they are:
clock signal 4)2 which only permits
reading and writing operations during
the second half of each clock cycle of the
processor, and
Figure 3. The data and the RAI sigrial which distinguishes
address buses are not between read operations (Read) and
all that is needed for
write operations (Write).
addressing the memory;
a certain number of The corresponding signals in the Z 80 are:
control signals are also WE and RE to distinguish between
essential to ensure the 84013-3
writing (Write Enable) and reading
correct timing of the read (Read Enable), and
and write operations.

ADDRESS ERIS

CPU DATA ERA

6502

E1 AV .)03.11 ROL
RAT,

11r S

RAM ROM
Figure 4a. The 6502 has no address P -c es- RAM address -0 Es ROM -0
address
specific instructions or decoder decoder decoder
signals to distinguish the
memory from the input/
output modules. The
control signals needed 540134
to enable the operations
are clock 432 and the
\.7 \-7
pons, handshake lines
read/75 (R/W1 signal.

1-66
 MREQ and IOREQ to distinguish be- 5a address decoding
tween operations carried out with the -.5 elektor january 1984
memory and those dealing with the input/ 0 Alt
output module for which the Z 80 has S
I A13
specific instructions. The differences be- 0 Al2
tween the two processors are clarified by X 11 0
figures 4a and 4b. The validation signals,
X A100
obtained from the most significant address
ASO
signals and the control signals, are all re- X

.ferred to here as CS (Chip Select). Just for X

the sake of making things easier to follow, A7 0-.

we will assume that they are always active at X *SO- X fr
the low logic level. However, depending on X AS 0
X1011

the system and the manufacturer, it is X A0 --

possible to find some signals, including
the enable signal, which are active high.
5.30-
AI 0--
Before getting on to the logic combinations 1
Al p
which will allow these enable signals to Aao-
be generated it is no harm to emphasize the 540115,

importance of the hexadecimal base. We (0

have sixteen address lines grouped as 4 x 4

lines. There is a hexadecimal figure (0 . F;
. 15 in decimal) corresponding to each
. .
5b 1
A15

Ala 74LS30
group of four lines. In address 4A2F, for 1 All CS
example, the 4 corresponds to the binary 0 Al:
word for lines A15, A14, A13 and Al2 IR EMI

--
ETFC,,,E,
All
(0100), the A corresponds to the binary X A100
word on lines All, A10, A9 and A8 (1010),
the 2 to the word on lines A7, A6, A5 and X A90 ---
A4 (0010) and the F to that on A3, A2, X ASO

Al and AO (1111). This simple conversion A70 --

allows the configuration of the 16 address ;40 --
lines, corresponding to an address given in AS 0-- 5000 ICJ , F pa x

hexadecimal, to be easily found. AAD.--

Fixed logic combinations X £30-- Figure 5a & 5b. Examples
Now we will start looking at the address
decoding proper, achieved by means of
more or less complex logic combinations.
f X X20---
X MO--
X AI ID - 1013-S
of fixed address decoding,
of 4 K and 2 K bytes. As
the zone addressed
becomes smaller, so the
Imagine a memory circuit to be enabled 10 71 40 Fl ID F) number of address signals
between addresses 2000 and 2FFF. Lines combined becomes larger.
Al 1 ... AO decode 4098 memory cells these lines gives the values E0 E7. The .
between X000 and XFFF. Combining the other address lines allow each of the 2048
A15 Al2 lines as shown in figure 5a addresses between E000 and E7FF to be
provides a CS signal active (at logic zero) addressed. The decoding obtained with the
only when the configuration of the lines combination shown in figure 5c is even
is '0010', that is the number 2. The example more precise: CS is only at logic zero when
of figure 5b shows more precise decoding. A3 . A15 give the hexadecimal value
The enable signal CS, obtained by com- C10; while the three remaining lines are
bining lines A15 . . All logically, is
.
used for addressing the eight bytes between
only active when the configuration of C100 and C107.

4b

ADDRESS BUS

- A15
CPU
DATA BUS
ZEW
UR CO
10550 O
RD 0 CONTROL
0 BUS

o AO
A.
if
RAM ROh U0 Figure 4b. The internal
address -0 Fe RAM address Es- ROM address 1,0 structure of a Z 80 system
decoder decoder decoder
is quite similar to that of
a 6502, except that it
has more land more
specific) control signals.
St013-15
It is beyond the scope
\ of this article to discuss
porn,haiddukelines the problems associated
with timing these signals.

1.67
 gra-Q signal from a Z 80, or is tied to earth
address decoding
elektor january 1984 5c A1S
(logic zero) if used with a 6502 processor.
1 A1.0 The three bit binary word created by com-
0 Al3 bining A10 ... Al2 allows eight successive
0 .412 74HC 1331 blocks of 1 K to be decoded. The eight
f 74A LS133)
0 A11 a signals thus produced could be applied
0 A10 745133 to the memory, in conjunction with com-
O SA 3n mand signals in, RD or R/W.
Ad
1
t,tes Vaiiable logic combinations
O AI C12.3 C117.:21
The decoding examples examined so far
0 az
have one thing in common, that they are
e AS
invariable, but variable address decoding is
O A 0-1., also possible, as illustrated by figure 7.
,0 The main part of this diagram is the four
A20- bit magnitude comparator, a 74LS85. A
AI 0 xxx7H-Ex binary word AO . A3 is provided by
Figure 5c. Another
example of fixed address 24.013-k
address lines Al2 . A15. This is compared
decoding, in this case C
by the 74LS85 with the binary word sup-
8 bytes are decoded. plied by four switches connected to earth
and four polarizing resistors to the high
These three examples show how the decod- logic level. When binary word AO . A3
ing is narrowed down by using a larger is the same as binary word BO ... B3 pin
number of significant address lines to 3 (A = B) goes logic high. The output
generate the enable signal, and how this of this pin is then inverted and becomes
reduces the range of the zone addressed. the a signal for a 4 K memory block
For the sake of simplification, these examples (X000 . XFFF, where X is the hexadeci-
have completely ignored the command mal value corresponding to binary word
signals that are needed to put all this into BO . B3).
practice. The same sort of programmable address
decoding could be achieved using EXNOR
gates, as shown in figure 7b. The open
6 7aisio MC, ONO... Cliff collector outputs of the 74LS266 are
2
all logic high only when the two inputs
Figure 6. The 74LS138 xd
111.11
of each gate are at the same logic level.
decoder allows an 8 K CIA V. Can C3FF 1110 Each gate compares one bit of the address
block (decoded using owe- crzz 1111
A13 ... A15) to be easily 74 V2
VI
C200 CF(FF 1111
word formed by Al2 ... A15 with the
split up into blocks of 5
LS CCM CFFF f111 corresponding bit of the binary word pro-
1 K, each with its own
138 va 13410f 03f f 1114 grammed using the switches and polarizing
DM...07ff 1110
US signal. The second 0200...02IFF OKI
resistors. This procedure has the advantage
enable input is treated OM... Off f t110 that it adds flexibility to the address decod-
differently depending ing. Furthermore, as the dotted lines of
on whether it is used figure 7b suggest, it is quite easy to narrow
with the Z 80 or the the programmable decoding by increasing
6502. the number of significant address lines used,
A multiple address decoding circuit is shown and thus reducing the range of the block
in figure 6. It contains a commonly used enabled by the CS signal.
decoder IC, the 74LS138, which has three With that we will finish this article on
binary data inputs and two enable inputs address decoding, and, while we realize that
(G2A, G2B). Signal G2A, which is ob- there is much that has not been said about
tained from a combination of A13 . A15, the subject, we hope that at least some light
is only active between C000 and DFFF, a has been thrown on the address bus and how
block of 8 K. Input G2B picks up the it works.

7a 7b
5. a5

Figure 7. In certain ap- 0000 E1

plE74LS266 E

plications it is desirable
to have programmable, A150
or at least variable, address.
ing. This is achieved using
0 0
\ 0
E>"
a magnitude comparator
5Np S",\ S 4

74LS85
X20.1 Xf FF A130

-tcs
p
that determines when the
£130
binary word formed by
lines Al2 ... A15 is the
same as the word formed
C7.044 A120
)D XFFF

by the user with the four

switches. An alternative
is to use EXNOR gates, St
51 52 93
as shown in b. The out
80
puts of the 74LS266 are 12)-::rszsz
all high only when the 21013.70

two inputs of each gate

are at the same logic level.

1-68
elektor january 1984

programmable crystal oscillator

Programmable crystal oscillators
(PXOs) are not new. They normally
consist of a discrete stabilized
oscillator, quartz crystal, and one
or more dividers which are controlled
by logic levels. What is new about the
range of PXOs recently introduced
by Statek Corporation, one of the
largest oscillator manufacturers in
the USA, is that the oscillator,
dividers, and selector circuits are
constructed as a CMOS-IC which
is housed together with the quartz
crystal in a standard 16 -pin DIL
package.
Statek has already brought eight of
these PXO units onto the market:
the only difference between them
is the fundamental quartz frequency.
This frequency is indicated by the
number in the type -coding on the
unit: for instance, in a PXO-600 it
is 600 kHz. Standard crystal fre-
quencies at this moment are: 192
kHz, 327.68 kHz, 600 kHz, 768 kHz,
983 kHz, 1 MHz, 1.3 MHz, 1.6 MHz,
and 1.97 MHz. Statek can meet
individual customer's requirements
for non-standard frequencies.
The internal construction and pin - 1 EXC CSEL RESET TEST
12
out are shown in figure 1. The direct
output of the internal oscillator
(OSC) is amplified and then available
at pin 11 (Fout). The oscillator is
also connected to the selection logic
(SEL) which is controlled from
pin 13 (CSEL). When this pin is
logic high (TTL-level), the selector 11 OUT
connects an external clock (EXC -
pin 12) instead of the internal
oscillator to the first divider.
The divide ratios of the two dividers
are determined by three inputs each
(PROG 1 ... 3 and 4 ... 6 respect-
ively): table 1 correlates the inputs
and the ratios. A little arithmetic 4) 030 000 84015-1
will show that 57 different fre- 'o PRGG 3 i PROG E,

quencies are available from a single

crystal. Figure 1. Block schematic and pin -out of a programmable crystal oscillator (pins 1
and 15 not used).
The output of the second divider is
amplified and then available at pin 9 Table 1
(OUT).
A logic 0 at the RESET input (pin Prog 1 Prog 2 Prog 3 Divide ratio Prcg 4 Prog 5 Prog 6 Divide ratio
14) sets the dividers to 1/1 and the 0 0 0 1/1 0 0 0 1/1
OUTput (pin 9) to logic low. o 0 1 1/10 0 0 1 1/10
A somewhat unfortunate designation 0 0 1/2 0
1
1 0 1/10'
has been given to pin 10: TEST. 0 1 1 1/3 0 1 1 1/103
When this pin is logic high, the 1 0 0 1/4 1 0 0 1/104
output frequency is multiplied by 1 0 1/5 0
1 1 1 1/10'
1000, provided the overall divide 1 0 1/6
ratio is not lower than 1/1000.
1
1 1 0 1/10'
1 1 1 1/12 1110
Internal pull -down resistors in the 1 1 1

dividers, and a pull-up resistor in Table 1. The divide ratios of the two dividers can be set independent of one another
the reset circuit, ensure a non- - note that the program numbers do NOT coincide with the pin numbers!

1.69
 elektor january 1984

Table 2
'rogram P4
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

pin
levels P5 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

,....t...._36 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

P1 P2 P3-.'",.
C 0 0 768k 76.8k 7.68k 768 76.8 7.68 0.768 0.0768
0 0 1 76.8k 7.68k 768 76.8 7.68 0.687 0.0768 0.00768
0 1 0 384k 38.4k 3.84k 384 38.4 3.84 0.384 0.0384
0 1 1 256k 25.6k 2.56k 256 25.6 2.56 0.256 0.0256
1 0 0 192k 19.2k 1.92k 192 19.2 1.92 0.192 0.0192
1 0 1 153.6k 15.36k 1.536k 153.6 15.36 1.536 0.1536 0.01536
1 1 0 128k 12.8k 1.28k 128 12.8 1.28 0.128 0.0128
1 1 1 64k 6.4k 640 64 6.4 0.64 0.064 0.0064

'33% duty cycle 40% duty cycle

Table 2. Output frequencies of the PXO-768 model for various logic levels at the PROGram pins (Unit shown: Hz.)

ambiguous logic level, even if the 2

relevant pins are not connected.
Pins 1 and 15 are not used.
Other important technical parameters
are:
high calibration tolerance - stan-
dard ± 100 ppm
low ageing - maximum 10 ppm
in first 12 months
84015-2
high frequency stability - maxi-
mum drift ± 0.015% over the
temperature range -10°C ... +75'C
(not including the calibration toler-
ance)
low current consumption (CMOS),
yet fully TTL compatible Figure 2. The ease with which one of the PXOs and a four-way DIL switch can
very short rise and decay times form a baud rate generator is evident from this diagram.
(in the PX0.600, for instance,
typically 70 ns and 30 ns respect- Table 3
ively)
A typical application is shown in Output freq. kHz 19.2 38.4 76.8 153.6 768
figure 2 where a PXO-768 is connec- Baud rate 1200 2400 4800 9600 48000
ted as a baud rate generator. Table Pin 2 0 0 1 1 0
2 shows typical rates available from Pin 3 0 1 0 0 0
Pin 4 1 0 0 1 0
this unit. The baud rate is obtained
Pins 1 1 0 0 0
by dividing the output frequency
by 16: the extreme values of 0.0004 Table 3. Some baud rates - in baud per second - available from the generator in
and 48,000 baud/sec are, of course, figure 2.
hardly ever used. It is, unfortunately,
Further information from:
not possible to obtain all baud rates
L Q.D. Limited
encountered in practice from each 29 Market Street
PXO unit: a rate of 75, for instance,
Crewkeme
cannot be derived from a PXO-768
Somerset
(although it can from a PXO-600).
TA18 7JU
The PXOs can also be used for a
variety of other applications, such =TEM Telephone: (0460)74433
as a square -wave generator, a rec-
tangular -wave generator with variable
duty -cycle, or a monostable multi -
vibrator.

Literature: Statek Corporation data

sheet 'Programmable Crystal Oscil-
lator
1-70
elektor January 1984

Cotswold Electronics are a new entry in

the latest "Concise Edition of The Elec-
tronics Book 1983" from STC Electronic
Services. These low -noise transformers, all
of which have single hole fixing using a
dished washer, can be supplied in power
ratings including: 30, 60, 100, 160 and
530 VA.
The toroids have two separate primary
windings for parallel 120 V operation or
series connection for 240 V operation.
Twin separate secondary windings provide
a range of output voltages including:
2 x 6, 9, 12. 15, 18, 22. 25, 30, 35, 45 and
50 V r.m.s., depending on the VA size
selected. The winding termination is via
150 mm long flexible leads.
The transformers are constructed to
materials standards as used in professional

Fast C -meter The unit can be readily scaled by user to

The newly released CM 200 from Thurlby indicate amps, volts, ohms and many
Electronics Ltd is a digital capacitance other engineering units. Supplied complete
meter which has a maximum delay be- with mounting bezel, clips and connector,
tween connecting a capacitor and getting it will suit many applications calling for
the first valid reading of less than half a low-cost, high accuracy measurement in
second. This rapid settling combined with portable instruments.
a reading update rate of 3 per second
makes the meter unusually fast to use. Specifications DPM 60
The meter has a 4% digit liquid crystal Accuracy 0.01% = 1 digit
display with a maximum reading in Linearity = 1 digit
excess of 25,000 counts. It measures Samples/Sec 1.6
capacitance between 1 pF and 2.500µF Temp. Stability 50 ppm/°C typ.
to an accuracy of 0.2%. Temp. Range 0-35°C
Very low power consumption enables the Supply 7.5 - 15 V
instrument to operate for several hundred Supply Current 1 mA typ.
hours from batteries. Alternatively it can Max d.c. input Voltage T 20 V
be operated from the AC line adaptor Lascar Electronics Limited,
supplied with it. The CM 200 is housed Module House,
in a rugged bench/portable case with Whiteparish, Salisbury,
built-in tilt stand and is lightweight and Wiltshire, SP5 2SJ
fully portable for field use. Telephone: 079 48 567 (2831 MI
A special input socket arrangement allows,
for the direct connection of a wide variety
of capacitors, or for the connection of
standard test leads. A zero calibration
control enables the user to null out up Windspeed sensor
to 25 pF of test lead capacitance. The windspeed sensor from Enterprise
Thurlby ELectronics Ltd., A/V Productions has a polyester resin -
New Road, moulded stator with integral reed switch.
St.lves, The rotor is a two-part device. The spinner
is a black polyester resin moulding ma-
Cambridgeshire,
Telephone: 0480 63570 (2838 MI chined to accept a sealed stainless steel
roller bearing. The magnet is of isotropic
ferrite press -fitted into the rotor. The
4Y2 Digit LCD DPM wind cups are black plastic mouldings electronics in avionics, telecommunications
A new LCD DPM now available from and are a press -fit in the rotator. The and electro-medical etc., including primary
Lascar Electronics is claimed to offer windspeed sensor gives 1 pulse per revol- to secondary winding insulation to Class
levels of performance never previously ution with a 50 per cent duty cycle, and E (120°C); winding wire to Class A
available in a compact module. will operate in winds from '0.5 MPH to (105°C) and P.V.C. high temperature
The DPM 60 features auto -zero, auto 100 MPH. The unit has been wind -tunnel grade Class A (105°C). The construction
polarity, and a logic switched 200 mV tested at 100 MPH. Mounting is by means enables these toroids to be operated for
or 2 V f.s.d., giving a resolution of 10µV. of a single 0 BA brass stud. The price is short periods at 120°C without deterio-
Other features include programmable £ 14.95 (exl. VAT) plus p & p. tration. The transformers can also be
decimal points. digital hold, 'low battery' Enrerpise A/V Productions, operated in a "derated" condition at
indication, 'continuity' indication and a Manor Farm 'C', lower temperature rise and improved
10 mm 4% digit high contrast LCD read Grendon Underwood, regulation. The nominal frequency is
out. Aylesbury, 50 to 60 Hz with an operating range of
Bucks, 47 to 400 Hz and the secondary voltage
HP18 OSU tolerance is within 3% at nominal input
Telephone: 029 677503 (2832 M) and full load.
Cotswold Electronics Ltd.,
Unit T. 1.,
Kingsville Road,
Toroids from STC Kingsditch Trading Estate,
Twenty-one toroidal transformers from Cheltenham, GL51 9NX
the "Budget Range" manufactured by Telephone: 0242 41313 (2836 M)

1-71
 elektor january 1984

State-of-the-art 16 -bit micro disk drives will be out soon and Duet - Security light
16 will accept three of these without any
The Duet -16 an advanced new 16 -bit
additional interface. Securilite - a new home safety plug-
microcomputer with a wealth of benefits The package also includes a detachable, in security light - is being launched
for the technical and scientific user. on to the UK electrical market by
low-level keyboard incorporating a 19 -
Independent benchmark tests show its key numeric pad and several progammable
Smiths Industries Evironmental Controls
price/performance ratio to be better than keys. All 98 keys are self repeating. The
Company.
any other micro in its class.
CPU has two communications ports, a
Heart of the system is a powerful 16 -bit
parallel printer port and an IEEEE-48
8086 processor (which runs at a fast port and will communicate with other
8 MHz+) with a facility for an 8087 maths computers up to and including main-
code processor. The operating system is
frames, thanks to readily available TSS
MS-DOS, with CP/M-86 coming soon. software.
Languages curently available are Basic -86
There is a basic 96 K of colour graphics
(supplied with the system), Advanced
RAM giving eight colours. Characters may
Basic and Cobol. Fortran 77 and Pascal are
be superimposed on the graphics screen.
due out shortly.
Colour word processing software will also
Other developments are in the pipeline: come onto the market shortly. Duet -16
a Unix facility will enable up to seven is eminently suitable for office or home
people to plug into the Duet -16 pro- use. The footprint of the CPU is only the inexpensive plu -in security right
cessor - all the multi-user, multi -tasking you can use an round your house
16" x 13" and Lambert are currently
circuitry is built in. A Database, Project whether you
developing a carry case. The basic unit
Control System and 1-3270 Emulator will are at home
includes CPU with 128 K RAM and
be available within weeks. or away.
2 x 720 K floppy drives, 12" amber VDU
Duet -16 has a user -expandible memory
and keyboard. rum.
to 512 Kb and 728064 bytes of disk .hiyensWalks
hilkvats..paraw,
space. The file storage in the CPU employs Lambert Micro Computers Ltd., ttf ixt.,Atervv,-
52 Moorbridge Road, there$ socie.
two of the new Shugart slim -line 5:1" ffserrorornk
floppy drives, double density, double Maidenhead, 'maw could
tracking and with a total of 1.44 Mb Berks SL6 88N. run both of those
Secortiitcs for
(formatted) on -board storage. Telephone: 0628 72037/74916 12 hours e.tly
Ten and 16 Mb 5'4" Winchester mini (2802 M day for aorear fur

new appliance looks similar to a

The new
standard 13 amp plug, but contains four
neon bulbs which give a soft light as soon
as the unit is plugged into a conventional
three pin socket. It has been developed as
a multi -purpose and economic household
safety aid, and has a wide variety of
lighting uses.
SI ECC are positioning the Securilite as a
cost-effective addition to the home
safety market, and believe its versatility
and competitive pricing will find favour
with consumers. It can be used in a variety
of settings, including children's bedrooms,
garages and dark hallways - in the home
and in the office. The product is ex-
.1,14mo.id mmoomomm tremely economical to run, and can
operate for 12 hours a day for less than
. . "Asheai:i_ a penny a week.
Sold on a twin pack blister card the prod-
uct is the latest addition to the Company's
range of plug-in controllers, and SI ECC
are anticipating a strong demand for
Securilite from both trade and consumer
in the winter sales period.
Smiths Industries
(2800 M)

1-72
advertisement elektor january 1984

THE MPF1 PLUS

Just look at the specification: -

Technical Specification
CPU: Z80A -158 instructions
Software:
Z80/8080/8085 machine code
Z80 Assemblei, line and 2 pass.
8K BASIC interpreter (Extra)
8K FORTH (Extra)
ROM: 8K Monitor (full listing and
comments)
RAM: 4K CMOS (2 x 6116)
Input Ouput: 48 system I/O lines
Speaker: 2.25- coned linear
Display: 20 character 14 segment green
phosphorescent
Expansion:
Socket for 8K ROM
Cassette interface
Connectors 40 way, complete CPU bus
Keyboard: 49 key. Full "OWERTY- real
movement good tactile feedback
Batteries: 4 x UI 1 for memory back-up
(batteries not included)
Serial Interface: 165 baud for read/write
via audio cassette

Manuals
1. User's Manual. 8 chapters.
1. Over view and Installation.
2. Specification (hardware and
software). 3. Description of
Operation. 4. Operating the MPF-1
Plus. 5. 44 Useful Sub -Routines.
6. The Text Editor.
7. Assembler and Disassembler.
8. System Hardware Configuration.
2. Experiment Manual. 16 experiments.
3. Monitor Program Source Listing with
full commenting.
4. Also available the MPF-1 Plus Student
Work Book (self -learning text).

Accessories
PRT-MPF-1P: 20 character printer.
Ready to plug in. Memory dump.
--41r -
EPB-MPF-1P: Copy/list/verify
...7 HE LOWEST COST 1K/2K/4K/8K ROMS. Ready to plug in.
280 SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER SSB-MPF-1P: Speech Synthesizer.
Inc. 20 words and clock program.
AVAILABLE WITH ALL THESE FEATURES! 1200 words available.
SGB-MPF-1P: Sound Synthesizer
Board.
I 0 -MPF-1P: Input/output board
Psi Yes! I now realise that l need an MPF1 '
PLUS and that it is the lowestcost Z80 I
The MPF1 PLUS Teaching you in a step-by- SBC available with all these features.
incorporates the Z80 - the most step method the MPF1 PLUS I enclose £165.00 (£140.00 ± £21 VAT I
widely used 8 -bit microprocessor helps the user fully understand plus £4 carriage). Overseas P.O.A.
in the world. to form a Single the Software and Hardware of a ' Cheques payable to
Board Computer (SBC). microprocessor easily and FLIGHT ELECTRONICS LTD.
Packed in a plastic bookcase conveniently - as opposed to I Please debIt my MEM -
together with three micro -computers that aim to
11

Barclaycard/Access mom -- -
comprehensive manuals and ' Account No.
teach high-level languages
power supply (to BS3651 instead of microprocessor II I

standard). the MPF1 PLUS is a systems fundamentals. I An invoice will automaticalty be sent
microprocessor learning tool for Not only is the MPF1 PLUS I Name
every application. a teaching tool but with the Address
available accessories it can
FLIGHT also be used as a low-cost
development tool or simply for Signature
Electronics Ltd. OEMs. : Date
Ouays!de Rd Southampton. Hants S02 4AD Tefax 477793. Tel. (0703) 34003/27721.
, Z2 3...' 26 :1 a

1 -7 3
elektor january 1984 advertisement

This list represents a fraction of our stock. Please

GEMOTRONIK ask for our catalogues and our special offers. Orders
from Government Depts. d Colleges etc. welcome.
U.K. Agent: H.A. Moulton How to order: Mail order with cheque, P.O.. Please
12 Holly Road St. Mary's Bay Romney Marsh add 60 P&P (core for heavy goods) and In VAT or pay
Kent TN 29 OXB Phone 03031872228 by delivery. Governments Depts. etc.: send official
order, send large SAE for list. B/card orders accepted.
GEMOTRCNIK KITS
All kits are designed and developed using the latest technology.
The fully kit journal is available upon request and has full tech=
nical specification on each kit.
1. Railway model kits: 3074 Motorcycle -noise generator w. speaker 5.42
3096 Mice -compressor 6.04
3002 Traffic light signal, 14-16V AC/DC 6.50
3080 Playback maker 13.02
3003 Intermittent light, 14-1611 AC/DC 3.24
3087 Car LED Voltage meter 5.39
3042 Steam locomotive sound generator 0-12V DC with loud= 4.91
3090 Audioscope for TV
speaker 6.50
3180 Sensor switch 4.91
3020 Feedback for two magnetic systems with 4 LEDs (two 10.76
3163 Walkman booster 4 -Watt
points or two signals) 14-16V AC/DC 5.42
3141 ditto for four magnetic systems with 8 LEDs 9.76 5. Music kits:
3142 ditto especially for three -way -point 6.37
3061 Echo amplifier (with spring) mono 5.42
3143 Control for two occupied tracks 14-16 V AC/DC 4.33
3062 ditto stereo 9.78
3144 ditto for four tracks 7.61
3065 ditto electronic echo 21.73
3150 Electronic signal -switch for two functions 5.33
3112 Phasing rotor 28.22
3151 ditto for three functions 6.47
3152 ditto for four functions 7.65 Synthesiser polyphone:
4701 VCO 20.65
2. Amplifier systems: 18.48
4702 VCF/VCA
3023 Universal pre...mplifier mono 9-24V DC 2.80 4703 ADSR 22.83
3033 ditto stereo 9-24V DC 5.33 4704 LFO/NOISE 12.93
3025 Pre -amplifier phono mono 9-24V DC 2.80 4705 COM 11.63
3084 ditto stereo 9-24V DC 5.33 4706 TUNE SH. 8.48
3029 Mice pre -amplifier mono 9-2417 DC 2.80 4707 INPUT 24.46
3131 ditto stereo 5.33 4703 DEBOUNCE 4.78
3037 4 -W -Audio -IC -Amplifier mono 9-18V DC 3.15 4709 BUS 19.35
3091 4 -W -Audio -Amplifier mono 10-15V DC 3.43 4710 CPU 32.50
3092 ditto stereo 10-15V DC 6.35 This set compl. with 1x4701-4707, 4709
3119 i-W-Audio-Amplifier mono 18-2211 3.67 8x4708 (1 -chorus)
3120 ditto stereo 15-22V 6.96 5 -octave -keyboard 293.48
3051 20 -W -Audio -Amplifier mono 28-30V DC 8.17
ditto (5 chorus) 619.56
3027 ditto stereo 18-30 V DC 15.11
3022 Complete pre -amplifier, tone control and 40 -W - Sound -synthesiser: 4 -octaves, VCO-VCF-VCA-
Amplifier mono 24-3017 DC 12.93 ADSR-Keyboard, power supply, transf.
3059 ditto stereo 24-30V DC 26.07 excl. case 130.22
3072 90 -W -Audio -Amplifier mono 1,35-1517 DC 15.00
Oni-synthesiser: adding to your organ or
3071 160 -W -Audio -power -Amplifier mono + 42VDC 19.35
other instruments incl. power,
3115 100 -W -Audio -Amplifier mono 2x 35-38V DC 12.83
exl. case 60.43
3124 ditto stereo 2x 35-38V DC 26.15
3026 Tone control to all amplifiers mono 18-24V DC 5.63 Joy -organ: Kit 25.87
3117 ditto stereo 5.65 Keyboard 43.04
3028 LED -VU -Meter using 12 LEDs mono 9-18V DC 6.46 Filter 14.78
1054 ditto stereo using 24 LEDs 9-18V DC 12.39
SSC: Since 1980 the hit of our production.
3081 Power supply for no. 3072 and 3115 2x 24V AC/5A 6.50
The SSC-organ (Sensor -Sound -Computer) with
Transformer for no. 3081 2x 24V/2x I.5A 8.65
sensor -switches and electronic feedback by
3082 Power supply for no. 3071 and 3124 2x 339 AC/7A 10.28
LEDs.
Transformer for no. 3052 2x 28/30V/2x 2A 10.65
We offer to you a cheap possibility to build
3077 Four -Channel mixer 6-18V DC 10.39
up your indWidual organ. The first set may
3075 ditto 10 -Channel 6-18V DC 21.70
be completed just to a great organ.
3089 LED -VU -Meter using 5 LEDs 9-18V DC 4.02
1. Set
3. Power supplies: Noise generator 17.17
Power supply ith transformer 15.00
3005 1A/5 -24V DC; steps: 5-6-8-9-10-12-15-18-24 V; 58.70
Keyboard (4 octaves)
order f.e.: 1005-8 = la/8V 3.67
8 register 21.30
3160 0-30V/2A 10.80 15.00
Front panel with sensor switches and LEDs
3041 0-30V/5A 13.00
cpl. 126.17
3055 2x 0-30V/5A 25.65 108.48
For readers of ELEKTOR
. Light effects and amusing kits: 2. Set
Keyboard 58.70
3016 Complex sound generator incl. speaker 10.83
16 registers 29,35
3001 Three -tone -door chime with speaker 5.98
Front panel with sensor switches and LEDs 21.30
3031 10 -Channel running light with LEDs 12V- 8.65
cpl. 109.35
3068 ditto 220V max. 6000 Watt 12.96 97.83
For readers of ELEKTOR
3032 UFO -noise generator with speaker 4.33
3. Set
3039 Kojak-noise generator with speaker 4.33 43.04
Piano electronic
3050 Navy -noise generator with speaker 4.33
Piano filter 15.00
3105 Police -siren -noise generator with speaker 5.59 12.83
Front panel with sensor switches and LEDs
3101 Fog -horn -noise generator with speaker 5.63 70.87
cpl.
3033 Timer for 22017, timing from 0 to 30 mins. 6.50 65.00
For readers of ELEKTOR
3040 Twilight -switch 5.42
3073 Light -barrier -switch 5.42
3044 Starwars-noise generator with speaker 4.33 4. Set (only piano)
keyboard 5 Octaves 56.03
3043 Mini organ, 1 1/2 octaves with speaker 10.85
noise generator 17.17
3067 HF-Amplifier 2.11
power supply and transformer 15.00
3140 Intermittent light 2.15
plus set no. 3 70.87
3043 Thermal switch 220V/600W 5.42
cpl. 159.12
3004 Electronic power speed control 220V/ 1000W -.3=
For readers of ELEKTOR 141.30
3066 Power dimmer 220V/1000Watc 4.34
3017 4 -Channel light organ max. 2400 -Watt 9.67
Please order our special catalogue (1.09)1
3019 ditto 3 -Channel max 1800Watt
3118 6 -Channel running light organ 9.74
3069 ditto 10 -Channel 15.16
3107 3 -Channel -Video amplifier 21.73
3048 Electronic die 4.29
5.35

GEMOTRONIK
3049 Car -burglar -alarm
3051 Strobe -flash -light kit 5.61
3057 Digital thermometer LCD 15.17
3056 Panel meter LCD 15.17
3064 3-funct. generator with XR 2206 17.12
3079 FM -transmitter 3.00
3078 FM -receiver 5.61

1 -7 4
 THE MEW ANTEX TCSUND
At last -a digital soldering unit
for 2_..67a1
THE NEVANTEX TCSMgives you total control
over production soldering temperatures
Again Antex research and development Temperature range - ambient to 495°C.
pays off - with this new high -value high- Working temperature reached in under 1 minute.
performance unit. It's simple design Detachable sponge -tray - no drips or spillage.
incorporates an LED display and a unique Includes the world-famous Antex iron.
ULA integrated circuit, specially designed Bit temperature maintained to ±5°C.
and produced for Antex by Ferranti. Tight Conforms to BS 3456 and CEE 11. "
temperature control can be maintained by Zero crossing switching.
setting the station - then removing the knob,
preventing any further alteration.
For laboratory, for workshop, for
, roduction-line - TCSU-D is the station.
Let it figure in your soldering
specifications.
Look into the future of soldering
0 (44- technology - send for the TCSU-D
fact -pack now.

.0111.

ANTEX (Electronics) Ltd.,

Mayflower House, Plymouth, Devon. Telephone: 0752 667377 Telex: 45296
 THEN'
[NAL ) (11

L.)
/ / /
.J

More data, more circuits, more

pictures, in the brand new 480 page Maplin
catalogue. Take a look at the completely
revised Semiconductor section or the new
Heathkit section with descriptions and
pictures of dozens of kits and educational
products from digital clocks to 16 -bit business
computers. The much expanded computer
section itself, gives details of hundreds of
pieces of software for Atari, BBC, Commodore
64, Dragon, Spectrum and VIC20. In
addition to all this you'll find hundreds of
fascinating new items spread through the rest
of the catalogue.
As always, the Maplin catalogue is
tremendous value for money and now has
prices on the page!
Pick up a copy at any branch of
W.H.Smith or in one of our shops for just
£1.35 or send £1.65 including postage to our
Rayleigh address. On sale from 1st Nov 1983

PROJECTS FOR THE HOME CONSTRUCTOR

Choose from our huge
range of value- for - MAPLLi:
PP: --;11.77' MOST -CIS, Maiix-r-,
money projects. Projects
like our Modem, Mosfet "rr-
Stereo Amplifier, Home - )40,
aw ,ok 4
Security System, Fre-
quencv Counter and Sr.: t
Home Computer add- Opening on 1st November 1983, our new
on kits. Full construction details in our Project Books and brief south coast store is at 46-48 Bevois Valley
specifications in our new catalogue. Dozens of fascinating new Road, Southampton (Tel: 0703 25831). You
projects coming soon including a Keyboard for the ZX will find our full range of components.
Spectrum with electronics to make all shifts, single- key projects and computers on sale. We are within
operations. Full details in Project Book 9 on sale 11th November easy reach of the city centre with good parking
1983. Order As XAO9K. Price 70p. close by. Call in and see us soon.
Ir
Post this coupon now for your copy of the 1984 catalogue.
Price £1.35 + 30p post and packing. If you live outside the
U.K. send £2.20 or 11 International Reply Coupons.
I enclose £1.65.
-1

mown ELECTRONIC
SUPPLIES LTD
Mail Order: P.O. Box 3. Rayleigh, Essex SS6 SLR. Tel: SouthenJ
(0702) 552911 Shops at: 159-161 King Street, Hammersmith,
London W6. Tel: 01-748-0926 8 Oxford Road. Manchester.
Name Tel: 061-236-0281 Lynton Square. Perry Barr, Birmingham.
Tel: 021 - 356 -7292 282-284 London Road. Westrliff -on-Sea
Address Essex. Tel: 0702 554000 '46 -48 Bevels Valley Road.
Southampton. Tel: 0703 25831.
'Opens 1st November 1983. All shops closed hfondays.
51:84
All prices include VAT and carriage. Please add 50p handling
charge to orders under £5 total value (except catalogue).