Volume 2

The Comprehensive and Use Plan of the Municipality of Sta. Barbara

Sectoral Studies

4.0 ECONOMIC SECTOR

4.1 Agriculture

4.1.1 SITUATIONER

Agriculture Production

Sta. Barbara had an approximate agricultural production area of 4,510.68 hectares in 2010. Most
(92.22%) of these were with crops such as rice, corn and vegetables. Other areas were devoted to
orchard farming and aquaculture production. Barangay Leet had the largest area for the production
of crops (631.5 has.) while Minien West had the largest area devoted to fishponds (3.51 has.) Table
4.1 shows the agricultural production area per barangay.

Table 4.2 Agricultural Production Area by Barangay, 2010

Area
Barangay Total (has.)
Cropland (has.) Orchard (has.) Fishpond (has.)
Alibago 46 3.5 0.03 49.53
Balingueo 202.5 25.0   227.5
Banaoang 179 11.0 0.02 190.2
Banzal 111.7 15.0   126.7
Botao 178.5 18.0   196.5
Cablong 112 10.0   122
Carusocan 108 6.0   114
Dalongue 109 8.0 0.01 117.01
Erfe 63.3 5.0   74.3
Gueguesangen 151 13.0   164
Leet 631.5 22.0 0.01 653.31
Malanay 121.5 3.0   124.5
Maningding 148.4 15.0 0.03 163.43
Maronong 210 12.0 0.04 212.04
Maticmatic 128 20.0 0.03 148.03
Minien West 111 20.0 3.51  134.51
Minien East 153.7 15.0 168.7
Nilombot 130.7 13.0   143.7
Patayac 171.7 21.0   192.2
Payas 212.7 21.5 0.05 234.25
Poblacion Sur 11.3 1.0   12.3
Poblacion Norte 20.7 1.0   21.7
Primicias 49.3 6.0   55.3
Sapang 108 10.0   118
Sonquil 291.1 18.0   209.1
Tebag East 33.5 5.0   38.5
Tebag West 18 11.0   29
Tuliao 304.5 10.0 0.05 314.55
Ventinilla 48 8.0   56
Total 4,159.9 347.00 3.78 4,510.68
Source: Municipal Socio-Economic and Physical Profile, 2004
 Rice Production

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Rice is the major agricultural crop produced in Sta. Barbara with a total production of 34,528 metric
tons in 2004. Areas which are fully irrigated (about 45 percent of the total production area) were
utilized for two cropping seasons.

Barangay Leet had largest rice production area and largest volume of rice produces every year.
Data on area and volume of rice production per barangay are presented in Table 4.2

Table 4.2 Rice Production per Barangay, 2004

Land Area (has.) Volume of Production (metric tons)
Barangay
Main Crop Second Crop Main Crop Second Crop
Alibago 46 46 230.30 253.80
Balingueo 202.5 15.0 1,175.60 78.75
Banaoang 179 47.0 960.75 293.75
Banzal 111.7   548.70  
Botao 178.5 50.0 1,009.80 267.50
Cablong 112   592.50  
Carusocan 108 20.0 572.25 110.00
Dalongue 109 109 540.00 590.50
Erfe 69.3   373.45  
Gueguesangen 151 100.0 846.00 555.00
Leet 631.3 200.0 3,123.75 1,050.00
Malanay 121.5 121.5 729.00 769.50
Maningding 148.4 148.4 908.25 994.75
Maronong 200 200.0 1,050.00 1,100.00
Maticmatic 128   645.05  
Minien West 111 28.5 598.95 149.60
Minien East 153.7 50.0 745.75 270.00
Nilombot 130.7 10.0 701.50 50.00
Patayac 171.2   1,270.10  
Payas 212.7 10.0 1,222.95 54.00
Poblacion Sur 11.3 11.3 59.40 62.50
Poblacion Norte 20.7 20.7 111.50 117.30
Primicias 49.3 5.0 326.70 27.50
Sapang 108 108 630.00 660.00
Sonquil 291.1 287.0 1,578.25 1,865.50
Tebag East 33.5   168.00  
Tebag West 18   142.50  
Tuliao 304.5 304.5 1,699.50 1,782.00
Ventinilla 48 48 411.95 454.30
Total 4,604.00 2,058.00 22,972.45 11,556.25
Source: Municipal Socio-Economic and Physical Profile, 2004
 Corn Production

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Corn was cultivated in 11 barangays and a yield of 3,305 metric tons was recorded in 2007.
Barangay Leet still had the largest area planted and yield the highest volume of production for corn.

Table 4.3 Corn Production per Barangay, 2007

Area
Volume of Production
Barangay
Hectare % Total (metric tons)
Balingueo 20 0.85% 100
Banzal 80 3.41% 400
Botao 30 1.28% 150
Cablong 36 1.53% 150
Carusocan 70 2.98% 350
Erfe 28 1.19% 140
Leet 280 11.94% 1,440
Maticmatic 60 2.56% 300
Minien East 40 1.71% 200
Patayac 10 0.43% 50
Tebag East 5 0.21% 25
Total 659   3,305
Source: Municipal Agriculture Office

 Vegetable Production

Vegetables such as mongo, beans, tomatoes, garlic, peanuts, ampalaya, okra, and eggplants are
generally grown in 19 barangays. These have a total production yield of 4,135 metric tons in 2004.
The largest volume of vegetables came from barangays Leet, Minien West, Maticmatic, Botao, and
Carosucan. Table 4.4 presents the vegetable production per barangay.

Irrigated Areas

Approximately seventy eight percent (78%) of the 4,604 hectares of cropland in Sta. Barbara were
fully irrigated while 22 percent were partially irrigated (refer to Table 4.5 and Figure 4.1). Majority of
the irrigated areas were being served by irrigation dams operated by NIA. The rest were being
irrigated by either surface or ground water through pumps which were mostly individually-owned.

The irrigated land in the municipality is 3,159.5 hectares (Table 4.5). The yield per hectare (Table
4.2) is 4.9 and 5.6 metric ton per hectare for main crop and second crop respectively. With these
areas devoted to rice and are considered as non-negotiable for conversion, the municipality will be
sufficient in rice during the planning period (2009-2018).

Table 4.4 Vegetable Production per Barangay, 2004

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Barangay Area (has.) Production (MT)

Balingueo 58 580.0
Banaoang 56 243.2
Banzal 25 30.0
Botao 63 433.0
Cablong 51 61.2
Carusocan 59 190.8
Erfe 40 48.0
Leet 171 595.0
Maningding 20 200.0
Maronong 10 100.0
Maticmatic 68 83.3
Minien West 55 550.0
Minien East 80 448.0
Nilombot 50 100.0
Patayac 51 61.2
Payas 52 62.4
Primicias 35 42.0
Tebag East 12 116.9
Tebag West 19 190.0
Total 975 4,135.0
Source: Municipal Socio-Economic and Physical Profile, 2004

Table 4.5 Irrigated Areas and Source by Barangay, 2010

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Irrigated Area
Barangays Total Cropland Rainfed Area
NIA Service Area STW Irrigated Area

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Alibago 46 27 10 9
Balingueo 202.5 100 102.5
Banaoang 179 143 36
Banzal 111.7 55 56.7
Botao 178.5 168 10.5
Cablong 112 107 5
Carusocan 108 100 8
Dalongue 109 100 9
Erfe 69.3 69.3
Gueguesangen 151 50 66 35
Leet 631.3 210 5 416.3
Malanay 121.5 121.5
Maningding 148.4 77 71.4
Maronong 200 100 100
Maticmatic 128 46 82
Minien West 111 62 49
Minien East 153.7 124 29.7
Nilombot 130.7 35 95.7
Patayac 171.2 100 50 21.2
Payas 212.7 100 60 52.7
Poblacion Sur 11.3 11.3
Poblacion Norte 20.7 20.7
Primicias 49.3 49.3
Sapang 108 108
Sonquil 291.1 255 36.1
Tebag East 33.5 20 13.5
Tebag West 18 10 8
Tuliao 304.5 105 199.5
Ventinilla 48 48
TOTAL 4,159.9 1,968.8 1,085.5 1,105.6

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Source: Municipal Socio-Economic and Physical Profile, 2004

Agricultural croplands which are fully irrigated and have high productivities are considered prime
agricultural lands. These lands are mostly located in Barangays Leet, Tuliao, Sonquil, Maronong,
Maningding, Malanay, Sapang, Dalongue, Gueguesangen, Botao and Minien West (Figure 4.5).

Livestock and Poultry

Swine and goat are the major livestock raised in Sta. Barbara. All livestock and poultry raisers in 11
barangays were engaged in backyard farming with a total annual production of 621 heads.
Barangay Botao had the highest production in 2007 with 172 heads of goat.

Poultry farms in six barangays were all classified as commercial farms with a total production of
22,000 heads of poultry. A farm in Barangay Patayac was reported raising chicken and produced
2,000 eggs per week. Maningding is also the sire of four commercial poultry farms owned by Mr.
Juan Cardozo.

Livestock and poultry produced were mainly sold to the local market though some are also sold to
the nearby towns of Calasiao and Dagupan City. Table 4.6 shows the classification and production
of existing livestock and poultry and their locations are presented in Figure 4.3.

Table 4.6 Existing Livestock and Poultry Farms, 2007

Barangay Classification Production (heads) Production Market
Livestock   621  
Swine
1. Banaoang Backyard 60 Local
2. Nilombot Backyard 50 Local
3. Maningding Backyard 30 Local
Goat
1. Alibago Backyard 12 Local
2. Banzal Backyard 42 Local
3. Botao Backyard 172 Local
4. Carusocan Backyard 13 Local
5. Erfe Backyard 67 Local
6. Malanay Backyard 15 Local
7. Maningding Backyard 71 Local
8. Maticmatic Backyard 89 Local
Poultry   222,000  
1. Banzal commercial 20,000 Local
2. Leet commercial 45,000 Local
3. Nilombot commercial 35,000 Local
4. Ventinilla commercial 115,000 Local
5. Patayac commercial 7,000 Local
6. Patayac (egg) commercial 2,000 eggs/wk Local
Source: Municipal Agriculture Office

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Fishery

There are ten freshwater fishponds found in the municipality covering a total of 3.78 hectares/ the
biggest fishpond was found in Barangay Minien West totalling35,100 square meter or more than 90
percent of the total area allotted for fishpond. The average yield of all fishponds was estimated at
1.6 kilograms per square meter.

Table 4.7 Location, Area, Yield of Small Fishponds in Sta. Barbara, 2004
Location Area (sq.m.) Yield (kgs.)
Alibago 300 60
Banaoang 200 40
Dalongue 100 20
Leet 100 20
Maningding 300 60
Maronong 400 80
Maticmatic 300 60
Minien West 35,100 5,616
Payas 500 100
Tuliao 500 100
Total 37,800 6.14
Source: Municipal Socio-Economic and Physical Profile, 2004

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Agricultural Support Facilities and Services

Post harvest facilities and services available in Sta. Barbara include mills, multipurpose drying
pavements, and warehouses. These are distributed in several barangays and are all operational.
The milling facilities in eight barangays can accommodate around seven to ten cavans per day
while 12 warehouses have storage capacities ranging from 700 to 1,000 sacks. There are 18 multi-
purpose drying pavement located in barangays Minien East, Sonquil, Maronong and Maningding.
Each has an average drying area of 400 square meters.

The public market in Poblacion Sur serves as the trade center of all agricultural products in Sta.
Barbara. There are three fish processing facilities (for fish deboning) found in barangays Tuliao and
Botao that can accommodate the processing of five “banyeras” per day.

The municipality of Sta. Barbara is very lucky to have the Office of the Provincial Agriculturist
(OPAG) who is responsible in providing support services to farmers. They also conduct research
and development which may be the source of new technologies in agriculture. We are also lucky to
have its Rice Processing Center of the Province which provides support services to the farmers.
The presence of the center will boost the economic activities in the municipality

Table 4.8 presents in detail the agricultural support facilities and services available in Sta. Barbara
while their locations are shown in Figure 4.4.

Table 4.8 Existing Agricultural Support Facilities and Services, 2008

Post harvest Type/
%
facilities and Location No. Capacity per Remarks
Utilization
support service Facility
Minien East,
Banaoang, Tuliao,
7-10
1. Rice mill Gueguesangen, 14 100 operational
cavans/day
Sonquil, Maronong,
Sapang, Payas, Erfe
2. Multi-purpose Minien East, Sonquil,
18 400 sq.m. 100 operational
drying pavement Maronong, Maningding
3. Market center Poblacion Sur 1 public market 100 operational
Tuliao, Erfe, Dalongue,
Leet, Nilombot,
700 to 1,000
4. Warehouse Malanay, Minien West, 12 100 operational
sacks
Patayac, Payas,
Balingueo, Botao
5
5. Fish processing Tuliao, Botao 3 100 operational
banyera/day
Source: Municipal Agriculture Office

 Slaughterhouse

The municipality’s slaughterhouse is located in Barangay Ventinilla, about one and a half kilometer
from the Public Market. The facility caters to local livestock raisers and the slaughtering of pigs is
done on a daily basis.

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Agrarian Tenurial Status

The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) in the municipality of Sta. Barbara,
Pangasinan accomplished 987.17 hectares under land transfer and leasehold operation of its
proper scope of 987.39 hectares or accomplishment of 100 percent. Table 4.9 will show the
agrarian status as of 2011 of the municipality

Table 4.9 Status of CARP Implementation in the Municipality of Sta. Barbara

Program Scope Accomplishment Percent

Land Transfer
VLT/DPS 164.43 164.43 100
VOS 19.52 19.52 100
GRT 0.95 0.95 100
CA 15.23 15.23 100
GOL 1.12 1.12 100
OLT 365.56 365.56 100
LES 422.36 422.36 100
TOTAL 989.17 989.17 100

It is worthwhile to mention that after Land Distribution Aspect of CARP, DAR is already
implementing support services to the beneficiaries. The municipality has two ARC wherein support
services are channeled in the form infrastructure and beneficiaries development projects. As of now
foreign assisted project in BANERELE (Banzal, Erfe and Leet) ARC were implemented under
Agrarian Infrastructure Support Program (ARISP). The other ARC in Minien West also supported in
term of irrigation facilities and post harvest facilities.

Table 4.10 Location of Agrarian Reform Communities, 2008

Agrarian Reform Communities Location
Minien West Expanded ARC Minien West, Botao, Cablong, Carusocan, Patayac
BANERELE ARC Banzal, Erfe, Leet
Source: Municipal Agrarian Reform Office

Existing Priority Projects

In order to increase rice production, the Municipal Agriculture Office spearheaded the
establishment of nine Techno Demo Farms located in Barangays Minien East, Ventinilla, Banzal,
Sonquil, Patayac, Erfe, Dalongue, Maronong and Leet. A workshop regarding different techniques
in rice culture was also held. The office also granted inorganic fertilizer subsidies to farmers who
wished to avail of such assistance. The office provides two fertilizer coupons at P250.00 each per
hectare of agricultural land being farmed.
4.1.2 PROJECTED NEEDS

The municipality has to strengthen its role as one of the main producers of rice and mangoes in the
province. Flooding and incomplete farm facilities are some of the hindrances to farm productivity in
the municipality. Although the sufficiency level for rice production is already high, it can still be

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improved with the establishment of proper drainage systems, irrigation canals and other farm
facilities such as solar dryers and rice mills. Continuous institution of demo farms and conduct of
workshops on new farming technologies are necessary to further improve agricultural productivity in
the municipality. The following table presents the projected food demand –supply analysis of the
municipality.

Table 4.11 Food Demand-Supply Analysis, 2008

Total
Per Capital Surplus/
Food Current Production Nutritional Sufficienc
Consumptio (Deficit)
Commodity (MT) Requirement y Level
n (MT)1 (MT)
(MT)
Rice 34,528.70 0.121 10,798.4 23,730.3 687.87
Corn 3,305.00 0.056246031 5,019.56 (1,714.56) 65.84
Vegetable 4,135.00 0.017690284 1,578.73 2,556.27 261.92
Swine 5.84 0.01031026 920.12 (914.28) 0.63
Goat 3.27 0.000140615 12.55 (9.28) 26.08
Fish 2.79 0.016390728 1,462.76 (1,459.97) 0.19
Source: Author’s Computation

Recognizing that Sta. Barbara as a crop zone in the provincial physical framework, one of the
thrusts is the establishment of Sustainable Agriculture Program. Production and promotion of
organically produce crops will be advocated in order to address the environmental issues and food
security. Portions of Barangay Leet will be piloted and allocated as Sustainable Agriculture and
Fisheries Development Zone (SAFDZ).The Sustainable Agriculture Program will also encourage
the households to segregate their wastes and convert the bio-degradable to organic fertilizers. It is
also envisioned that Sta. Barbara will become the organic crops center in the province of
Pangasinan. However,additional agricultural programs and projects must be implemented to
support the agriculture industry in achieving its vision. The following Table below represents the
Programs and its Expected impact and the major Activities involve.

Table 4.12 The Proposed Agricultural Programs and Its Expected Impact and Major Activities
PROGRAM/ EXPECTED IMPACT MAJOR ACTIVITIES INVOLVE
Rice Seed Subsidy -Distribution of subsidized certified and hybrid palay seeds
Expected Impact: Increase in yield per to small farmers to reduce production costs and raise
hectare can be produced in the municipality productivity
Increasing the use of modern varieties
/technologies
__________________________
1
The estimate per capital consumption of the different food commodities were taken from the Bureau of Agriculture
Statistics

Rice farmers trainings -training of farmers on the use of “key checks” as

(Palay Check Field School) guide towards increased harvest
Expected impact: increased harvest and
income thru efficient farming techniques
Free Fingerlings Dispersal Distribution of free fingerlings to backyard fish

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Impact: increased income and food growers and communal irrigation systems to increase
supply food supply and income
Backyard Vegetable Production -Distribution of small amts. of vegetable seeds to
Impact: Enhanced backyard vegetable students, families and individuals
gardening for food and income
Free Drilling Operation -free drilling service/use of drilling machine for the
Impact: enhanced supply of water installation of water pumps potable water supply
potable water in households

Subsidized Tractor Operation -provision of farm tractor service at discounted fee for
Impact : increased area planted with vegetable farmers
HVCC
Piglet production and construction of -provision of low-cost piglets to help raisers have a
Artificial Breeding Center source of good quality breeders and finishers
Impact: Propped up the dwindling hog
raising industry in the municipality
Artificial Insemination -provision of Artificial Insemination services
Impact: Produced genetically improved
livestock for increased income ;
increased supply of milk
Hog Raisers’ skills development -training on hog raising
Meat Hygiene Preservation and Public -strict implementation and monitoring of policies on
Health: Meat Inspection/Bantay Karne meat hygiene (swine, large cattle, goat)
Impact : availability of clean, safe and
high quality meat supply for consumers
Animal Health Program -promote animal health thru vaccination, diagnosis
Impact: decreased animal mortality and and treatment of diseases, deworming, vitamin and
morbidity mineral supplementation, castration, preventive
medication, fluid therapy and hair grooming

4.2 Commerce and Trade

4.2.1 SITUATIONER

Commercial Areas

The major commercial facility in Sta. Barbara is the Public Market which also serves as its center of
trade and commerce. It occupies around 9,071 sq.m. of land in Poblacion Sur. The two-storey
public market has a capacity of 326 stalls catering to the local market.

Table 4.13 Inventory of Commercial Areas, 2008

Type of Market Catered
Area (in
Commercial Location
sq.m.) Local Outside (export)
Areas
Public Market Poblacion Sur 10,043 x  
Source: Municipal Treasurer’s Office

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 Business Permits

At present, around 50 percent of business permits issued by the LGU are for renewal while the
other half are for new businesses. However, in the last two years, the number of newly issued
business permits has increased. The most number of business permits was issued in 2008 with
1,276 issuances as of the third quarter.

Table 4.14List of Business Permits Issued by Type, 2004-2008

Types of Number of Business Permits Issued
Business
Permits Issued 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Renewal 574 537 557 533 625
New 260 264 268 448 651
Total 834 801 825 981 1,276
Source: Municipal Treasurer’s Office

 Commercial Establishments

A total of 1,276 commercial establishments were registered in 2008. Most of these are engaged in
wholesale and retail trade. Commercial establishments generated around 1,395 jobs in Sta.
Barbara.

In 2008, an eight percent increase was observed in the number of establishments and employment
generated over the previous year. The number of registered establishments by type of economic
activity is presented in Table 4.14.

Table 4.15 Inventory of Commercial Establishment by Economic Activities, 2007-2008

% Inc/(Dec.) Over
2,007 2008 (as of July)
Previous Year
Economic No. of
No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of
Activities Establis
Employmen Establish Employmen Establish Employmen
h-
t -ments t -ments t
ments
Wholesale and
1,040 922 1,110 984 6.73 7.70
Retail Trade
Hotel and
Restaurants,
60 184 70 206 16.67 1.96
Transport &
Storage
Communication 15 10 20 16 33.33 60.00
Financial
8 16 8 16 0.00 0.00
Intermediation
Real Estate
Renting and
25 85 30 103 20.00 21.18
Business
Activities
Education 3 33 3 30 0.00 (9.00)

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Health and
10 10 10 10 0.00 0.00
Social Work
Other
Community,
Social and 20 22 25 30 25.00 20.00
Personal Service
Activities
Total 1,181 1,282 1,276 1,395 8.04 8.81
Source: Municipal Treasurer’s Office

 Business and Trade

Business establishments contributed almost Two Million Pesos in local revenues. Wholesale and
retail trade business had the highest revenue and accounted for about 86 percent of the total. All
types of business and trade establishments cater to the local market except for real estate and
construction which also catered to markets in other towns.

Table 4.16 Employment by Type/Classification/ of Business and Trade, as of July 2008

Population served
Type/Classification Kind of No. of Revenue (in Markets catered
Business and Trade Employment pesos) Outside
Local
(Export)
Wholesale and Retail Trade 984 1,630,039.67 x  
Banking and Finances 16 33,752.40 x  
Real Estate and Construction 103 80,364.40 x x
Service 30 54,328.00 x  
Others 262 104,678.55 x  
Source: Municipal Treasurer’s Office

4.2.2 PROJECTED NEEDS

In order to develop an active business atmosphere, the municipal government must facilitate the
establishment of commercial facilities in strategic locations as well as enact appropriate business
incentives. This will not only act as a catalyst for private investor participation in the commercial
sector but could also mobilize other types of investment.

As an initiative, the current administration legislated the Investment Promotion Program (IPP) with
Investment Incentive Scheme and Suggested Investment Priority areas to attract more investors.
(See Annex 1)
4.3 Industry

4.3.1 SITUATIONER

Industrial Establishments

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The largest establishment is the wine distillation plant of Ginebra San Miguel, Inc. in Tebag West
which occupies an area of about eight hectares. GSMI is classified as pollutive/hazardous due to its
large scale.

Table 4.17 Inventory of Existing Industrial Establishments by Intensity and Capitalization, 2007
Land
Name of Industrial Intensity Employmen
Barangay Area Capitalization
Establishment Classification t
(has.)
Ginebra San Miguel Pollutive/
Tebag West 8.071 Large-scale 98
Inc. Hazardous
Source: Municipal Treasurer’s Office

GSMI is a distillation plant using alcohol sourced from Bulacan. The product, distilled alcohol or
“gin”, is being exported outside Sta. Barbara for distribution to their target markets.

Table 4.18 Inventory of Existing Industrial Establishment by Manufacturing/Industrial Process: Raw

Material Input, Production and Markets, 2007
Name of Raw Material Production Public Market
Manufacturing
Industrial
Industrial
Establishmen Material Source Product Value (Pesos) Local Export
Process
t
Ginebra San chemical Distilled
Alcohol Bulacan 4,457,118,087.51 X X
Miguel Inc. processing alcohol
Source: Municipal Treasurer’s Office

Other industries in the municipality include construction companies, brick factories, slaughterhouse
and ice plant.

 Industrial Local Revenue

Local revenue generated by industrial establishments for the last five years has averaged to around
16 Million Pesos per year. This revenue has generation increased for the entire period except in
2005 when a decline in local revenue establishments showed a decline from 199 employments
generated since 2003 to 98 in 2007.

Table 4.19 Local Revenue and Industrial Establishment, 2003-2007

Increase/
Year Revenue (Pesos) Increase/Decrease Employment
Decrease
2003 15,686,150.45   119  
2004 16,297,099.38 increase 119 maintained
2005 15,264,608.75 decrease 119 maintained
2006 15,866,898.75 increase 119 maintained
2007 16,996,217.83 increase 98 decrease
Source: Municipal Treasurer’s Office

4.3.2 PROJECTED NEEDS

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Industries are considered as one of the economic drivers for economic growth. Given that the
municipality has the capacity to accommodate other warehousing and industrial facilities, the
municipal government should facilitate the entry to other types of industries in order to further
diversify the local economy.

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