Addis Ababa University, EIABC

Chair of Urban Design

Urban Design & Development
Studio-I
2017/18 Academic year

KIFLE TADESSE

ID – GSR/6962/10

Urban Design Final

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Part one

Introduction

Urban design is about Place making. It’s about much more than the buildings themselves. It’s
about the place and culture and opportunity and vision. It’s our chance to shift the center of
gravity in a city and provide a far reaching vision that can grow and change and mold a
destination’s future.

Site Selection and location of the site

As urban designers, site selection is a process that is analytical and factual, but at the end of the
day, it has to feel right. I have developed the following criteria that allow for an inclusive and
objective process.

1. Location: - by considering the location criteria, it needs to identify and more known to
identify the existing condition of the site and the proximity towards the access of the
transportation is the first points. Next to this does the site have good transport
connections to other areas and developments?
2. Zoning: - which is valuable points for the selection of the site and in this section I tried to
check the site permits for the development or not. According to the Addis Ababa City
Structural plan, the site is permitted for development and there is no preserved area
which has not allowed for new development.
3. Surrounding development:- as we know that the surrounding development can
influence the rate of development and situational characteristics of the site regarding
with an urban design project. By considering this for this project, it is trying to identify
the rate of the development in the surrounding. Due to this case, unbalanced rate was
existed on the site towards the surrounding development.
4. Existing Condition: - related to time and cost it needs to identify the existing condition of
the site. Due to this case the site is slum and most of the parcel does not have title deed
and administrated by kebele administration through rent.

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Based on those conditions the site is selecting for an urban design project for academical
purpose, which has taken for course called urban Design studio I.

Location of the site

Legibility of the Site

According to Lynch there are at list five elements, which indicate more the place to remind
easily by Paths, Edges, Districts, Nodes and Landmarks however, in this project site it is better
to observe the legibility of the site to easily understand the site. Graphically, it is shows in figure
below.

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Part Two

Existing condition the project site

Existing Street

In this section, the existing street network analysis is being present and the existing street
network deal with Street pattern, street surface materials, street hierarchy and space syntax of
the existing condition.

I. Street pattern

Street is the tree dimensional space that can be analyzed in terms of a number of qualities,
combinations and its visual dynamics. In addition to this street are the Streets are primary
structuring elements of cities, and determine movement and circulation. Due to the nature of
topography and settlement patterns, radial and irregular street pattern are common. Grid,
loop or ring road patterns have been developed subsequently to curb the difficulties of the
radial pattern. In addition to this, an important quality of street that is formed by cadastral
pattern is its permeability, which is the extent to which an urban fabric permits people a choice
of routes, through and within it.

There are two types of permeability, visual

and physical permeability. As visual
permeability refers the ability to see the
routes through an environment while
physical, permeability is the ability to move
(Carmona et el, 2010). Due to this case, in the
project site the street pattern is lack of both
visual permeability and physical permeability
problem, which shows in figure 1.2. From
this, the street pattern it need intervention by
the planner and designers to create those
two concepts is the project area.

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 II. Street Hierarchy

Actually, there is no fixed standard to classify street in different urban area. According to the
Ethiopia ministry of urban development and construction manual for preparation of the Local
Development Plan classifies street hierarchy by its width and function and function.

 Express way: It provides for expeditious movement large volumes of through traffic b/n
area and across the city not intending to provide land access
 Arterial street It provides for the through traffic movement b/n areas and across the
city and divert access to the abutting property subject to necessary control of entrance
exit and curbs.
 Collector Street It provides traffic movement between major arterial and local street
system and direct access to the abutting property.
 Local Street It provides direct access to the abutting property.

In the project site, there the total length of

the existing street in the site is 4877.66 in
meter. From this,

 Local street is 3649.02 meter which

accounts 74.81% and
 Collector = 1228.63 meter which
accounts 25.19%

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 III. Surface Materials

In the site, the street material is coldness of the area. Due to this case, it is
cobblestone, which dominates, on the suitable for warming the area during high
other hand there are street that covers by sunny time.
CARE (Cooperative for Assistance and Relief
Everywhere) project. Which does stone
cover and we call it ‘Bazola’ and there is
only one street that is earthen in material.
From this, it is useful to prevent soil
erosion, warming the area rather than
asphalt because absorption and reflecting
the ultra violet determine the hotness and

IV. Space Syntax

the number of nodes in the network. A

higher connectivity index reflects a greater
number of street segments entering each
intersection and thus a higher level of
connectivity for the network. In this case, it
shows more that there may be traffic jam
towards the junction and shows the level of
permeably rate of the street connectivity.
Most of the time minimum standards for
connectivity index typically fall in to the
In the study of space syntax, there are
range of 1.2 to 1.4 (Frederick R, 155). Due
twenty-seven nodes and the total paths
to this case, the connectivity index of the
starting from each node are forty-one.
project is 1.51. It is almost more than the
When we see the connectivity index, which
minimum standard however; there are
is the ratio of the number of links (path) to
impermeable street and dead streets

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Existing Block

The characterstics of the block is

determined by the integration of the street.
Inaddition to this the situation of the the
block affect visual and physical permeability
due to this case in the site there are large
block. Compendiium I and resposive
environment recommend that the block
length with 80 to 120m suitable for urban
fabric. In addition to this Jane Jacobe also
suggested that small block create more
vibrant and comfortable place for the
people. So that,…..

From this point of view there are visual and

physical permeability problem in the site
which need planning intervetion.

Existing Land Use

Land use plan is the spatial interpretation of the land activity. Here the land use is catagorized
based on the standard of the structrure plan of Addis Ababa City which is shown in figure ___.
From the perspective of different planner in this senarion they believe that most of the
functiion and activities of city land use is more caracterized by mixed use. Based on this in final
draft of the structure plan of Addis Ababa City the planninig commission point out the mixity
issue and as the description there are situations where ‘mixity’ could occur without residences.

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8
Building Height

Accoding to the Structure plan of Addis

Ababa the zoning building height is
maximim of 70 meter on road with grater or
equal to collector street and 35 meter on
local street. There are also another zone
which is allowed to build building with
maximum of 35 meter height. When we
see the building height from the Structure
plan it is highly dominated by the first zone
as discribed above.

The existing condition of the building height in the project site which is dominated highly by
G+0 which is one story building. However there are other stories building in the site which is
shown figure 1.10 below.

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Figure Ground

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Surface analysis

In the surface analysis part there are the following concepts which is analyzed slope and aspect
of the site

Slope
A site’s suitability for roads, walkways, building and other structures is, in part based on the
existing slope on the site as well as the planning area. Based on this the classification of slope is
shown table 1.2 and the slope of the planning as well as the site is more dominated by gentle
slope which best for settlement condition.

Table 1.2 slope Classification of of the site

So studing the slope is more necessary to proposing based on the difference of elevation and
the detail information is shown below. Based on the given percentage of slope classification it is
necessary to consider during proposal stage of the existing slope condition. So

 0-2% for street, stadium, Public realm, walk ways

 4-7% best of settlement area and with low cost (no Fill and Cut)
 7-10% good for settlement area with minimum cost and preferable by middle income
group.
 10-15% it needs fill and cut surveying stage and mostly difficult for settlement.
 >15% so steeply and settlement is not allowed in the area. Best for greenery and green
park and forest.

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Aspect

It is called slope’s orientation which is the

compass direction that slope faces.
Variation in slope and aspect influence the
daily and seasonal solar radiation received
by the site. More over aspect influences
microclimate by affecting the amount of
solar radiation striking the site.

Microclimate Analysis

Microclimate analysis is differ from regional climate study and it focuses on the given study
area or project area which get information in the given urban site. Most of the time
microclimate analysis of the project site focuses on the following points. Those are sun, wind,
temperature, precipitation, temperature and humidity.

A. Sun
According to Brown (2001), the situational analysis of the site concerned about sun is
encompassed sundial, sun path and solar radiation.
Sundial
It is used to stimulate the changing of position of sun and shade over the day time throughout
the year. In addition to this the sundial is used to evaluate the exiting condition of the site,
impacts of buildings alternative, the tendency of sun penetration on building and finally the
effect of shading device. In different places with reference of the latitude and longitude, the
coldest and hottest month is different and the formation of shadow is differing. Generally, if the
sun angle is low, the shadow becomes long and if the sun angle is higher, the shadow becomes
shorter with reference of the object or buildings (Brown & De kay 2001:5).
The Sun Path
When the sun is available on a particular site the time and the year can be determined due to
this case sun path is a path of the sun along the sky. The sun path diagram shows the path of

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the sun in the sky dome as projected on horizontal surface. As Brown and De kay (2001) wrote
and cited Libbey Ford (1974) description from the sun path diagram for given latitude used to
determine the sun position in terms of altitude and azimuth for any hour of the year.
By plotting objects like buildings on the sun path diagram, we can tell about obstruction period
that means when the object obstruct and shade the reference point of the building. Because
during hot season and period creating different mechanism and considering the situation is one
of the necessary skill of designer of built environment.

Addis Ababa Sun path

Solar Radiation
Solar radiation is occurred in each hour and it’s determined the comfort of the human in the
built environment and also determine hottest and coldest of the environment.
The hourly solar radiation on a horizontal surface can be used along with temperature, relative
humidity and wind speed on the bioclimatic chart. Bioclimatic chart is a chart which shows.
There is radiation square chart to show hourly solar radiation on horizontal surface of the cities
or study area which tells that used to identify the time of low solar radiation and time of high
solar radiation. Based on this collecting of data of solar radiation determines for designer of
urban environment for building glazing and opaque’s. Generally, in low solar radiation, shading
of building’s glazing is unnecessary whereas during high solar radiation, shading of the opaque’s
surface of building might be considering.

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 Addis Ababa solar radiation
B. Wind
During studying of the wind, there are two concepts. Wind rose and wind square
Wind Rose, which tells (focuses) on the wind direction, speed and frequency in a particular
study area by monthly or yearly. Actually, most of the world cities have their own data, which is
collecting and used in the airport by accessing from International Metrology station. In addition
to this, the Figure 3 in Appendix 3 shows the wind rose of Addis Ababa which is accessing from
the site for this academically purpose. The wind rose of Addis Ababa shows how many hours
per year the wind blows from the indicated direction. For example, SW wind is blowing from
South West to North East. (Wind Rose of Addis Ababa is shown in Appendix-A figure 3)
https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/forecast/modelclimate/addisababa_ethiopia_34499
Wind square which represent the patterns
of wind direction and speed by time and
month of the year for a particular location
in addition to this; the wind square gives
more times at specific location than the
wind rose.

Addis Ababa wind rose

C. Precipitation: - In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of
Atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity. The main forms of precipitation include
drizzle, rain, sleet, snow.

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A wet day is one with at least 1 millimeter alone, or a mixture of the two. Based on
of liquid or liquid-equivalent precipitation. this categorization, the most common form
The chance of wet days in Addis Ababa of precipitation throughout the year is rain
varies very significantly throughout the alone, with a peak probability of 87% on
year. The wetter season lasts 3.3 months, August 4.
from June 9 to September 20, with a
greater than 45% chance of a given day
being a wet day. The chance of a wet day
peaks at 87% on August 4. The drier season
lasts 8.7 months, from September 20 to
June 9. The smallest chance of a wet day is Figure 1.16 Addis Ababa Daily Precipitations
3% on November 19.
Among wet days, we distinguish between
those that experience rain alone, snow
D. Temperature: - it is the amount of hotness or coldness of the area.
When we see the temperature of Addis Ababa the warm season lasts for 4.0 months, from
February 7 to June 6, with an average daily high temperature above 23°C. The hottest day of
the year is May 15, with an average high of 24°C and low of 13°C. The cool season lasts for 2.0
months, from July 7 to September 6, with an average daily high temperature below 20°C. The
coldest day of the year is December 23, with an average low of 9°C and high of 22°C.
E. Clouds
In Addis Ababa, the average percentage of the sky covered by clouds experiences significant
seasonal variation over the course of the year.
The clearer part of the year in Addis Ababa begins around August 30 and lasts for 6.7 months,
ending around March 20. On November 2, the clearest day of the year, the sky is clear, mostly
clear, or partly cloudy 62% of the time, and overcast or mostly cloudy 38% of the time.

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Figure 1.17 Addis Ababa cloud categories
The cloudier part of the year begins around
March 20 and lasts for 5.3 months, ending
around August 30. On July 25, the cloudiest
day of the year, the sky is overcast or
mostly cloudy 76% of the time, and clear,
mostly clear, or partly cloudy 24% of the
time.

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Socio economy study of the site

Actually, it is difficult to study the socio economic situation in the project site however the
information taken from CSA information from the sub city documentation hence it is trying to
describe based on the statistics of worda and using simple mathematical analytics. Regarding
this the sex ration of male and female in bole woreda 04 is 85.31 and the total number of male
is 13737 and the female is 16102, totally there are 29839 are the sum. The Population
Distribution in Woreda total population distribution of 29839 and which is 9.67 percentage of
the total Bole sub city. Population density in woreda is 153.84 populations per hectare. From
this, it is expecting that there might be 1292.256 in the project area because the site coverage
is 8.4 hectare.
Major Finding
The major finding based on the analysis are described in the following list
 Lack of street connectivity based on standard
 There are many dead roads
 Lack of impermeability, accessibility
 Street surface material, cobble stone is good for soil erosion
 Large block affect the cadastral situation of street
 High and low mixed land uses are available in the site
 Activity in the site is not vibrant, mostly happened around the administration office
 Gentle slope which is best for settlement patter and use of land
 There is land use incompatibility (open space Vs Dust Deposition)
SWOT
Based on the findings as well as the entire analysis of the site the SWOT is describing in the
following two tables.

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18
Vision of the project

The vision of the project is to develop the site in the concept of riverside development.

To accomplish the vision of the project, it needs to establish both the goals and objective with
the interlinked situation between the existing problems, concepts, goals and objectives, which
describes as follows.

Goal 1: - providing physical infrastructure to increase the mobility rate of the site
 Objective 1: - propose well connected street to avoid dead ends;
 Objective 2: - Proposed pedestrian path at the edge of the river
Goal 2: - Providing a sense of resident and attract the other to the river side
 Objective 3: - Proposed different function by using green space along the river side
 Objective 4: - Proposed functional open space and square on the project site
Goal 3: - Providing good morphological appearance
 Objective 5: - Propose compatible land use in the site
 Objective 6: - Proposed block based on the recommendation size from different
practice.
Program of the project
Actually, there are two main programs in the urban fabric to develop the given site, which is
known as Upgrading and redevelopment system. Upgrading is towards some modification of
the existing situation by maintenance, site on service program without demolishing the entire
existing situation and without relocating the residence at all, Whereas the second is so difficult
to perform in action simply because it has great impact on social aspect and economically. In
addition to this, it has social, economic and political impacts.
Beyond the project site is better to implement both the upgrading and redevelopment scheme
simultaneously.
i. Upgrading - the first two blocks in the projects site, namely the Plaza hotel block and
the place where Bole Woreda 04 Administration office is located are going to
develop by the upgrading scheme to keep its existence.

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 ii. Redevelopment scheme: - out of the two blocks, there will be redevelopment
scheme. In this system the new street proposal will be prepare based on the finding
of the existing situation as well as the slope condition of the site. In addition to this
the new block will be generate base on propose street condition because the
arrangement of block is depend on the street network.
Concept of the projects
There are two basic concept plans, which describe in the following way with that of their
advantages and disadvantages.
Alternative one
Advantage
 Allocate mixed use
 Create green in the riverside
 Good street network
Disadvantage
 Lack of pedestrian path along the riverside
 There is no green and open space network
 Not connected to the nearby site
Alternative Two
Advantage
 Mixed land use with based on the AASP
 Green and pedestrian path along the riverside
 Appropriate block length and width
 Primary activities propose (school)
 Allocating of open space and green
 Interconnected to the nearby site
 Proposed also the building height based on the guideline
river side from different practice (case study)
Disadvantage
 There might be problem with irregular block

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Part Three

Proposal

Proposed Street  It needs traffic flow control method

like at entrance of T-junction,
Advantage speed limit method.

 Best connectivity and continuity
than the existing
 Hierarchical complexity is good
 Access street from the arterial street
 Local Street from the Access Street
 Pedestrian path beside the kebena
buffering side and run up to the
main street
 Try to follow the contour situation
 Street parking beside the footpath
around the river buffer area.
 Integration with the surrounding
 Street network create proportional
block arrangement
Disadvantage

 The T-junction might be difficult for

traffic movements during turning
time

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Proposed land uses

Based on the alternative concept two, the proposed land use map is shown in figure…… that
shows the detail allocation of different function of land use in the area. Actually, there is
guideline to show the ration of land use classification in small neighborhood design, which
prepares by the ministry of urban development.

LU Function Sum Area PERCENTAGE

Administration 2054.91 1.81
Green 31503.08 27.72
Mixed 15709.93 13.82
Commerce
Mixed 23829.37 20.97
Residential
Open Space 2825.15 2.49
Pedestrian 2645.84 2.33
Service 1379.11 1.21
Street 33708.09 29.66

In the land use above the bold green is the buffer zone of Kebena River, which is directly taken
from AASP by 15m distance from the center of the river. In this area, it is not permitting to do
any development.

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Open space

Open Space and Square

In the proposed land-use, it shows in broad category about the open space and it accounts
27.72 percent of the total coverage area. In the specific manner, there are three categories of
green space based on the coverage area. Those are Primary, secondary and tertiary green. In
addition to this function of the green is categorizing for different uses.
1. Primary 2. Secondary 3.Tertiary

Combining all in one and with open space it

forms green and open space network,
which is showing at the right.

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Function of the green and open space

In the project site, the green space along

the edge of the river is providing for the
following functions.

 Urban agriculture
 Small park
 Recreational activities

Graphically the locations of those activities

are show.

Square and plaza

According to Carmona 2010 square is usually refers an area formed by building and in his book
emphasize the idea of Sitte and Zuckers on the visual and aesthetical effects. According to Sitte’s
derived a series of artistic principles, there are four types, which are enclosure, positive space,
shape and monuments. On the other hand, Paul Zucker’s ideas emphasize and believed that
square rarely represent only one pure type and frequently bear the characteristics of two or more.
According to him, there are five types of square, which are listed below.
1. The closed square
2. The dominate square
3. The nuclear square
4. Grouped square and
5. The amorphous square
In the project site, there are space, which is used as square and plaza. In detail manner, the
square, which is created in front of Woreda administration, is show below.

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Land Block and Plot Design

During arrangement of block, there is no more vibrant which is called small block and
fixed guideline in the urban fabric. mostly 80-120 block size is more significant
According to Carmona (2010) for small for visual and physical permeability
block, it is necessary to remember (environment responsive, 1985).
pedestrian permeability, walkability and
Based on this condition and local context
social use of space and for large blocks
small block size in the proposal is 80-130
based on the optimum distribution of built
and the others are considered as large block
form and open space. In addition to this it is
size, which is shown in the figure below.
pointed out that rather than a single
repeated block size, a range of block size
(including small and large block) is
encourage and facilitate greater diversity of
building types and land use and this block
size can be determined by the local context
(M. Carmona et al, 2010, 98).

According to responsive environment block

size with 80-90 is for most purpose and

Building Block and parcelation

In the proposal, building mass most of the buildings are common building which provide for
condominium house and at two-block level, it is planned to allocate for real estate
development function. In addition to create mixed purpose, it is necessary to create
segregation system for all income groups as well as the existing residence in the form of
cooperative housing project by creating legal framework.

On the other hand based on the development scheme of the project there is upgrading are in
their parcel and some minor problems like by making standard street size to adjust parcel size.

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In this case, the existing residence may develop based on the appropriate typology in
cooperative way or individual or by create business-oriented system with the high-income
groups. For this matter, the following guideline is used for percolation process.

Land Preparation and City Development Manual (June 2009) suggest three types of parcel
standard. From the three the first is with ration of 1:2. For instance if the frontage is 10meter in
length the width become 20 meter in length. This is more recommended and for this project.
On the other hand, there is 1:3, which is not recommended but if there is no alternative, it is
better to use it for efficiency of land. In this ratio if the frontage is 8 meter in length the width
become 250 meter, which is not common during design and planning period.

Thirdly 1:1 ratio is not for efficiency of

allocation of land like that of 1:3 but it is
used for high-income group provide by
lease system. In this case, if the frontage is
13.8 meter in length the width of the parcel
become 14 meter in length. All the three-
parcel ration method is illustrated by
graphical representation in below.
Based on this the preferable system in the project site is 1:3 ratio for parcel the block for
individual group to create diversity in the site.

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Building Height
Based on the practice of other countries and lesson from the case study and guideline, the
building height line step down towards the riverside. Due to this case the building height along
river front low rising building of maximum G+4 and along access street Maximum of G+9 or 35
meter. Here it is trying to encompass the standard of Addis Ababa Structure plan. More over
the building height is show below in figure. The maximum building height for building height is
35m and Floor Area Ratio (FAR): the minimum floor area ratio (FAR) building height is 0.5,
which is 0.5 times the size of the plot. The building height cannot exceed the maximum height
of the zone is 35m. The FAR for buildings facing a local street (street width less than 15m)
however is restricted to FAR 3. It is just use the city rule and regulation based on AASP manual
from planning commission.
Set back
Setback of buildings is proposed by this urban design project to ensure a pleasant urban life and
street to building relation.
Accordingly, the following setback are proposed
 A setback of 5 meter is proposed for building along the sub collector Street and for
services
 Optional and Null setback for parcel based buildings.

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Part
Landscape

(Myrtaceae)
Rubber Tree
(Moraceae)

Blue Gum
Dragon Tree

Types of plants in the site that are collected

In addition to this, there are no hardscape elements in the site like that of street furniture,

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 1. Clearance to streets and sidewalks

Source: - Ethiopia National Urban Green Infrastructure Standard, p-27

 Street trees and planters should generally be located within the Green scape /
Furnishing zone. Trees shall be offset by at least 0.35 m from the curb (to center of the
tree). Therefore, no street tree planting is allowed on sidewalks with a total width less
than 2 m, in order to ensure the minimum Pedestrian / Through zone width as well as a
healthy environment for the tree:

Source: - Ethiopia National Urban Green Infrastructure Standard, p-28

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  The minimum distance between tree stem and an intersection shall be 8 m on sidewalks
on the near side of intersections and 1.5 m on sidewalks at the far side of intersections.

Source: - Ethiopia National Urban Green Infrastructure Standard, p-29

2. Planting spacing
 Street tree spacing shall be determined by the expected mature size of the tree. A tree
should fit in the available growing space without major pruning since frequent pruning
increases maintenance costs. Generally, trees should be planted with the following
spacing:-
 small trees (< 7 m crown diameter at maturity) should be planted 6m on center;

 Medium trees (5-11 m crown diameter at maturity) should be planted 8m on center;

 Large trees (> 11 m crown diameter at maturity) should be planted 10m on center.

 Wherever opportunities are available (e.g. Within roundabouts), competent authorities

should encourage planting trees in small groups.

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DESIGN ELEMENTS
o Plants
o Inert Materials
o Landforms
o Site Amenities
o Circulation
o Water Feature

Trees Provide Shade and Reduce Glare Trees Used to Define Space

Shrubs Used to Define Ground plane Shrubs Used as Foundation Planting

Functional uses of plant

 Wind Control

Plants can modify wind speed on the ground for distances up to thirty times their height. Dense
masses of large evergreen trees planted to intercept prevailing winter and summer winds can
influence energy efficiency of facilities and increase the livability of outside spaces.

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  Noise Abatement

Trees, shrubs, groundcovers, and turf buffer noise. That is, plants diffract and break up sound
waves, changing their direction and reducing their intensity when sufficiently massed. To be
truly effective in controlling noise, plants should be used in concert with masonry walls or
similar noise buffering structures.

 Glare Control

Trees, shrubs, and other vegetation can effectively reduce glare and reflection when placed
between the light source and the observer.

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Streets

The use of street trees is an effective way to visually soften, complement, and define the road
system hierarchy. Large trees provide a canopy and give emphasis to the major corridors. Trees
are the main component of a streetscape corridor plan. Two styles of tree planting are
commonly used: formal and informal.

Formally planted street trees generally are equally spaced, equally sized, on both sides, and
follow the alignment of the street. This style is ideal along a street with limited planting space.
On most Air Force installations, formal tree planting should be considered for the main
roadways, primary housing area streets, unique pedestrian or bicycle paths, historical areas, or
entry to a headquarters or command facility.

A formal street tree arrangement conveys a disciplined, organized, and ceremonial image with
strong directional emphasis. The drawback to the formal style occurs when a mature tree dies
or is removed from the symmetrical alignment. Finding a replacement of the appropriate size is
extremely difficult or impossible.

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  Intersections

Intersections benefit aesthetically from the addition of planting. At intersections where

buildings dominate the landscape, plant masses can screen and soften the image. Special
paving materials can be utilized in crosswalks to increase both safety and aesthetics.

Site distance triangles should be utilized to enhance safety for pedestrians and vehicle operators.
Generally, what this means is that no planting or other site improvements between 0.6 and 1.2
meter tall that will inhibit vehicle operator views of opposing traffic should occupy the triangular
space 9 meter in each direction from the intersection corner.

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Soft and hard landscape
Soft Landscape
Soft landscape is areas where plant and soil dominate which is implemented by the green land
scape design approach with composing of plants in different manner. The advantage of designing
a mixed planting is that there are so many plant types from which to choose. A mixed planting
can include small trees, shrubs, evergreens, grasses, perennials, bulbs, climbers, annuals, tropical
and even cacti and succulents.
Hard landscape
Hard landscape are area in which plants don’t dominate and usually compromise paved or hard
surfaced area, walkways, landscape furniture and street lights.
Selected plants for the project area

Based on those elements of the plant the following out puts are done in simple lmanner.

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