CHAPTER 1

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Introduction

Waste was associated with human society from prehistory to today and no doubt
will continue for the future. People have to manage the produced waste. Disposal of
waste into the surrounding locality has to date been the usual practice with little concern
for the environment. Waste has to be managed properly to preserve the planet for the
coming generations.
The situation that we chose in our topic is the problem of proper waste disposal.
Based on our interview/survey, most of the residents in Barangay San Roque incinerate,
this way of disposal is not eco-friendly and can affect the Barangay itself and the people
can inhale the emission of smoke. This way of waste disposal can also lead to a number
of diseases especially respiratory diseases, such as asthma, bronchitis, and
emphysema. Burning trash can be also dangerous if not been supervised, fire can
spread and burn nearby trees, wood houses and can harm animals. This way of disposal
contributes so much to worldwide known global warming as burning waste leads to air
pollution since greenhouse gases have been released. This situation is currently evident
in the whole world, these problems should be managed because they cause global
warming and climate change that can harm the people of future generations.
According to Bernard & Mildred (2015), solid waste management is a growing
concern and to effectively manage solid waste is a major challenge for any country. It
remains inadequate in most of the cities of developing countries, where a significant
portion of the population do not have access to a waste collection service and only a
fraction of the generated waste is collected.
Management of solid waste in the Philippines has long been a responsibility of
the Local Government Units (LGUs) in the country since the enactment of Republic Act
9003, also known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2002. Yet, there
are still barangays that fail to comply with the mandate of the government regarding
proper waste disposal. In the absence of effective and efficient solid waste management
systems, residents in barangays resort to bad environmental practices to get rid of their
waste. The waste generated from various human activities can result to health hazards
and have a negative impact to the environment. Thus, it is expected that damage to the

1
environment and adverse health effects would persist, and even more risks shall arise,
unless appropriate measures are immediately implemented by the local government.
On a side note, there are also factors influencing improper waste disposal among
households. Solid waste management is not solely the responsibility of the government
in developing countries; but, it is also the responsibility of the residents (Igbinomwanhia
& Ohwovoriole, 2012). The low level of environmental consciousness of the residents is
partly responsible for the difficulties encountered in implementing and enforcing
environmental laws and policy, particularly, laws on cleanliness and sanitation. The
common observation is that people are apathetic and indifferent toward waste issues
(Bennagen, Nepomuceno, & Covar, 2002).
The related issue on the project is the worldwide problem in the pollution in air
and land. In where the problems in air pollution are burning of trashes that can result in
releasing too much greenhouse gases in the air that can easily destroy the layers of the
atmosphere, second is the problem inland pollution if we don’t have healthy soil that can
be used for planting plants or trees due to the chemicals that already killed the fertility of
the soil due to the harmful chemicals that comes from the garbage’s the world will suffer
from lacking filtered soil. With these two related issues that might happen in the
community of Barangay San Roque, the people in the community will suffer in terms of
the primary source of their income which is farming. Because if atmosphere total broken
the grains or plants the farmers are growing will die easily because of too much
concentration of heat from the plants. While in the lacking of live soil or fertile soil the
farmers in the community will have problems to grow their plants because there are no
more soils to be plant on due to harmful chemicals that killed the soil.
The general objective of our study is simple, it is for the barangay to know how to
properly dispose of their garbage, to find alternative ways in eliminating their garbage,
and to ensure that the community will maintain the cleanliness in Barangay San Roque.
This study mainly focuses on how the practices of the people in the community can
deeply affect, not just our nature but also their health. Our proposed project, which is the
compost pit with a shredder, will help reduce the carbon footprint and smoke pollution
present in the barangay. This is to guarantee that the community will bring an end to
incinerating their garbage.
The specific objectives of the project are to obtain the cleanliness and orderliness
of the barangay, to promote ecological awareness to the residences in the barangay, to
provide the compost pit in order to solve the problem of uncollected waste, to enhance

2
proper waste disposal and segregation as a key to preventing the problem on where to
put their waste, to promote cooperation among Barangay San Roque residents for
community development and improvement, to teach the residents to observe proper
waste segregation and removal and to enrich the soil condition which can also help on
their main source of income which is farm or agricultural.

Statements of the Problem

The objective of this study is to let the residents of Barangay San Roque know
how to properly dispose their garbage. Some factors affect the residents’ way on
garbage disposal, these factors are lack of knowledge on proper waste disposal, lack of
garbage trucks that may collect their garbage and the residents were accustomed on
incinerating their own garbage.

1. What are the current community issues of the residents in the barangay?
2. What are the methods used by the residents in disposing their wastes?
3. What are the factors that causes these problems?

Significance of the Study

This study is designed to provide the following sector opportunities and a

participative implementation of Building a waste-free community through composting in
Barangay San Roque, Sto. tomas, Batangas. As observed by the researchers, the
problem of the community is they don’t have a place where to throw their garbage
properly. To help this problem, the researchers came up with this project proposal, the
residents of the said place is expected to have a compost pit that will help them
segregate their waste properly.
The compost pit that will be constructed will have a shredder to make the waste
decompose faster than the usual compost pit. With the assistance of the barangay
officials the project will be maintained and will help to convince people to support the
said project. With this proposal, the study will not only benefit the people living in
Barangay San Roque but also the environment itself. One of a possible effect of the
project is it can enrich the fertility of the soil that can result to other positive outcomes.

3
Scopes and Limitations of the Study

The main concern of the study is to find a solution to the problems in Barangay
San Roque, specifically the improper waste disposal which is the most evident. This
includes the study of different ways of waste disposal observed in the barangay, the
analysis of why the residents in Barangay San Roque do this that causes the problem
and what could be the effects of their lack in proper waste disposal to the environment
and to their health.
It also covers the suggested project that the researchers have proposed an
answer to the problem. Additionally, risk management and planning, project work plan,
and detailed budget requirement of the project is discussed.
To sum it up, this study will solely focus on the improper waste disposal and the
solution to the problem which is the compost pit with a movable shredder and mixer
attached to the cover of the compost pit. It will not discuss and/or elaborate the other
problems in the barangay - aside from the improper waste disposal - nor discuss a
different way to deal with the said problem of the study. Although these factors may
affect the study, the researchers opted to exclude these factors from the study because
they chose to focus on the simplest way to deal with the most evident problem in the
barangay.

Theoretical Framework

Figure 1.1

4
 This study employs E. Pongrácz, P. S. Phillips, and R. L. Keiski’s Theory on
Waste Management (2004) which discusses the conceptual analysis of waste, activity
upon waste, and a holistic view of the goals of waste management. The Theory of Waste
Management is a unified body of knowledge about waste and waste management, and it
is founded on the expectation that waste management is to prevent waste to cause harm
to human health and the environment and promote resource use optimization.
Waste management is affected by two main reasons which are waste disposal
and waste segregation. Without these two, we cannot properly manage or control the
pile of waste in the community. Waste disposal is affected by application of the self-
sufficient principle and discipline. Waste segregation is also affected by discipline and
waste control. These two are affected by discipline because without discipline the people
cannot manage things successfully and properly.

Conceptual Framework
Input
• Lack of garbage disposal
• Absence of garbage trucks

Process
• Observing the problems in the Barangay
• Analyzing
• Searching for possible solutions

Output
• Application of the Project Proposal
• Compost pit

Figure 1.2

5
 The issue that is currently evident in Barangay San Roque was their waste
disposal and the absence of a garbage truck. So the researchers came up with a project
proposal that can help in eliminating their waste disposal and the absence of garbage
trucks by building a compost pit with a shredder to help them dispose of their waste
easily and properly. To make that possible, the researchers first interviewed 15 of the
residents of Barangay San Roque to get the information that they needed to make a
simple solution to the problem. In line with this they also evaluate the cleanliness of the
barangay to think of what is needed to be done and what actions should they do. After
getting the details they needed, the researchers already have the input or the proposed
plan/project. They have the idea of a compost pit with a shredder to help it decompose
easily and help the environment to have healthy soil for a living.
After creating the proposal of the project, the group needs to coordinate with the
barangay officials for them to know if the project will be approved and be supported. If
the said project proposal is approved by the barangay officials, then the group will start
the steps/methods from the timetable that is included in the proposal. With the use of the
seminar for the people in the community of San Roque, they will have a deeper
understanding of the project which is the compost pit with a shredder, and what are the
benefits of this project to the environment.
In the first box which is input, it is indicated that the main problem to be solved is
lack of garbage disposal and absence of garbage trucks. In the second box which is a
process, it is indicated that the researchers observed and analyzed the problem before
searching for possible solutions. In the third box which is output, it is indicated that
proposals will be done, in this case, the compost pit.
According to E. Pongrácz, P. S. Phillips, and R. L. Keiski’s Theory on Waste
Management (2004), the sustainable waste management depends greatly upon how
waste is defined. Definition is the most obvious, and adequate method of characterizing
a scientific concept. Definitions are offered to state or describe the accepted meaning, or
meanings, of a term already in use are called descriptive definitions. Descriptive
definitions are of the form: Definiendum has the same meaning as defines.

Definitions of Terms

Asthma- a chronic lung disorder that is marked by recurring episodes of airway

obstruction manifested by labored breathing accompanied especially by wheezing and

6
coughing and by a sense of constriction in the chest, and that is triggered by
hyperactivity to various stimuli
Bronchitis- acute or chronic inflammation of the bronchial tubes
Climate change- significant and long-lasting change in the Earth's climate and
weather patterns
Compost- a mixture that consists largely of decayed organic matter and is used for
fertilizing and conditioning land
Decompose- to separate into constituent parts or elements or into simpler compounds
Disease- an illness that affects a person, animal, or plant: a condition that prevents
the body or mind from working normally
Disposal- the power or authority to make use of as one chooses : the power or
authority to dispose of something
Eco-friendly- not environmentally harmful
Emphysema- a condition characterized by air-filled expansions of body tissues
Environment- the conditions and influences that affect the growth, health, progress,
etc., of someone or something
Global warming- an increase in the earth's atmospheric and oceanic temperatures
widely predicted to occur due to an increase in the greenhouse effect resulting
especially from pollution
Greenhouse gases- any of various gaseous compounds that absorb infrared
radiation, trapeat in the atmosphere, and contribute to the greenhouse effect
Incinerate- to cause to burn to ashes
Organic- grown or made without the use of artificial chemicals
Residents- living in a place for some length of time
Segregation- the practice or policy of keeping people of different races, religions, etc.,
separate from each other

7
 CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter present an overview of some related literature and studies that are

Conceptual Literature

This research shows the related concepts, definitions and classifications about
solid waste management and composting.
Solid Waste Management
According to Iyyanki Muralikrishna and Valli Manickam from ResearchGate
(December, 2017), “Without an effective and efficient waste management program, the
waste generated from various human activities, both industrial and domestic, can result
in health hazards and have a negative impact on the environment.”. An effective and
efficient waste management program is a way for an area to have a clean and safe
environment. The researchers have formulated a way to accomplish the aim of Iyyanki
Muralikrishna and Valli Manickam.
Treatments and disposal methods depends on the type of problem that any
community has. Residents or any responsible citizen of the community are able to
conduct an appropriate solution for the sake of their environment. Based on their
research, it is also said that various human activity can result a negative impact that can
also cause health hazards to the residents. Proper discipline and awareness of residents
is needed. Nowadays, the main problem of everybody about solid waste management is
the lack of discipline of some people, that causes growing rate of garbage problems that
also affects air pollution, water and soil contamination, floods and excessive breeding of
rodents and vermin.
However, Taguti, Francoso, Viera (2017) claimed that, “Biodegradable materials
are substituting the conventional materials in many different applications. Among these,
an important class is the biodegradable polymers, also known as eco-friendly polymers
mainly due to their ability to erode fast by composting without any toxic effect.” Solid
waste management can be done in different eco-friendly ways. Some of these are:
Creating less waste through reusing, re-homing for waste removal and refining footprint
example is using plastic bags from mall and using it again instead of throwing it away, as

8
well as plastic cups that can be use as pot of plants or people could try and sell the
reusable products. Another way is composting as waste removal, where in waste can be
put in compost pit, will decompose, and eventually turn into fertilizer. Also, food waste
can be fed to farm animals like cows, pigs and goats rather than throwing it.
Composting
Composting and vermicomposting are examples of ecofriendly ways of solid
waste management that can turn biodegradable wastes into fertilizer, that nourishes the
soil condition (Barthod, Rumpel, Dignac 2017). Composting is valuable as potting media
and soil conditioner as they increase plant available nutrient contents from the wastes,
while decreasing leaching, and heavy metal mobility. It can also reduce the carbon
footprint from the human activities that produce greenhouse gases emissions during
waste degradation.
Organic household waste containing food remnants (citrus fruit and vegetable
peels, fat, dairy products, etc.) can determine what can be composted in home gardens
(Neugebauer, Sołowiej, April 2017). Compost pit can be done into different ways, in a pit
dug in the ground and in a container and can be placed in the backyard and a vacant lot.
It can also be beneficial to everyone in the area.
Benefits and Long-Term Effects of Composting
Compost is one of the important organic amendments that can be use in
attaining sustainability in soil and in the environment. The analysis made by US
Environmental Protection Agency of the impact of compost production and use in
greenhouse gas (GHG) makes use of modeling programs that are currently used for
understanding soil carbon balances. The study reveals that compost can have minimal
effect on some emissions related to compost manufacture and some potential
sequestration associated with end use (Brown 2017). Compost pit can control the
carbon footprint that an area can produce. It can also limit the negative ways on
disposing garbage that can pollute the environment like burning of the garbage.
Human activities contribute significantly in waste management. In the local
context, there had been negative traditional and temporary approaches in dealing with
wastes. It is common to see clouds of smoke rising in fields due to leaves being burned
(Ong, 2015). Although burning trash is illegal, hundreds of thousands of people with no
garbage pickup have no other choice for disposal of their waste (Narayana, 2009).
Additionally, solid wastes are disposed in low-lying areas outside the city without
following the principles of sanitary land filling that make this disposal method

9
unsustainable (McAllister, 2015). Other times, people become accustomed to throwing
their waste in streets and other inappropriate places, as there had been no formal
system for sorting and disposal in their community (Ng, 2011). Open dumping remains
the general practice of waste disposal in the country as controlled dumpsites and
sanitary landfills are very limited. As of 2016, there are still 403 open dumpsites and 108
controlled dumpsites in operation (National Solid Waste Management Commission,
2017).
Consequently, improperly managed solid waste poses a risk to human health
and the environment. Uncontrolled dumping and poor household solid waste
management leads to contamination of water, attraction of insects and rodents and
increases flooding due to blockage of drainage canals or gullies (Alam & Ahmade,
2013). Permitting to Environmental Protection Department (2017), the introduction of an
effective waste management program at least for densely populated urban and rural
areas of a country will be vital for the sustainable development of a country.
In the Philippines, there are more solid waste management legislations as
tackled by Uriarte, Jr. (2007). One of which is the Presidential Decree No. 1151 or the
Philippine Environment Policy (1978) that acknowledges the people’s rights towards a
healthy environment and their duties to maintain its enhancements. Another, there is
Commonwealth Act No. 383 or the Anti-Dumping Law (1938) which prohibits dumping of
refuse, waste matter, or other substances into rivers, leads to imprisonment and/or the
collection of fine not more than ₱200. In addition, Presidential Decree No. 825 or the
Garbage Disposal Law (1975) provides penalties for improper disposal of trash and all
other sort of uncleanliness. If violated, the violator/s may be imprisoned for five days to
one year with or without the addition of fines ranging between ₱100 and ₱200. Further,
Presidential Decree no. 856 or Sanitation Code (1975) requires the local government to
provide sufficient system for collection, transportation, and disposal of waste in their
areas of authority. On that account, the Department Administrative Order (DAO) Nos.
98-49 and 98-50 delivers the technical guidelines in accordance to the municipal solid
waste disposal and adopts the landfill site identification for municipal solid waste
disposal facilities. These
legal bases suggest different laws, codes and policies indicating their objectives needed
to maintain a healthy environment and to help the community adopt a community-based
approach in authorizing waste deviation through composting and recycling.

10
 Likewise, the government mandated Republic Act No. 9003 (RA 9003), otherwise
known as the “Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000”, which aims to address
the growing problem on solid wastes (EMB, 2015). It provides the legal framework for
the country’s systematic, comprehensive, and ecological solid waste management
program that shall guarantee the protection of public health and the environment.
According to Article 2, Section 21(a), the local government unit shall "provide for the
residents a designated area and containers in which to accumulate source separated
recyclable materials to be collected by the municipality or private center.” Furthermore,
Article 2, Section 22(b) requires that “the solid waste container depending on its use
shall be properly marked or identified for on-site collection as compostable, non-
recyclable, recyclable or special waste, or any other classification as may be determined
by the Commission.”.
However, records of the NSWMC (2017) show that the implementation of these
acts are behind schedule. More than 15 years after the passing of RA 9003,
enforcement and compliance with the law remains a problem due to technical, political
and financial limitations of concerned agencies and LGUs. Majority of LGUs have yet to
comply with the provisions of RA 9003, particularly on the establishment of local solid
waste management boards, submission of solid waste management plans,
establishment of materials-recovery facilities, and closure of all open and controlled
dumpsites. Thus, although RA 9003 seems to be a very comprehensive act in
addressing solid waste management in the country, records show that there is a weak
compliance in the law and there are still a lot of issues and concerns that need to be
addressed.
Solid waste management has been the responsibility of local authorities; but, it is
now changing with the realization that they are not fully liable in managing the waste in
their community. With the waste management system in the Philippines and the status of
compliance, it shows that the local people are also an important stakeholder in the
implementation of the waste management programs. The attitude or behavior of these
sectors towards their waste significantly affects the success of environmental sanitation.
McAllister (2015) narrowed down the things that influence an individual’s
behavior regarding his/her actions and intentions towards the environment based on
Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior. It incorporates political, institutional, social,
environmental, and economic aspects that may serve as constraints that contribute to
mismanagement of waste.

11
Some of these include:
1. Culture, knowledge, and microeconomics. The social norms and attitudes that play in
shaping the behaviors towards waste management.
2. Infrastructure, social provisions, and technology. The infrastructural and technological
challenges that have crippled the capability of national and municipal governments to
provide responsible environmental means even when individuals are willing and
determined to do so.
3. Policy, institutions, and macroeconomics. The operational and management
capabilities of individuals and institutions involved in solid waste management at the
local level.
4. Integrated solid waste management systems. The involvement of all stakeholders at
every stage of the waste management process as well as the consideration of multiple
dimensions in the decision-making concerning solid waste management.
In 2015, the United Nations (UN) General Assembly adopted the new
development agenda “Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development”. The distribution of a comprehensive, and broad, guide of targets and
indicators supporting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) was a breakthrough
for adjusting not only developing countries but also developed ones on the way to
sustainable development (United Nations General Assembly, 2015). The SDGs have set
to change the world by ensuring human prosperity, financial success, and ecological
protection. Containing 17 objectives and 169 targets, SDGs aim for handling numerous
and complex difficulties faced by mankind (Nilsson, Griggs, & Visbeck, 2016).
Lenkiewicz (2016) recognized that waste management is vital for global
sustainable development. Accordingly, at least 12 SDGs and their pertinent targets have
a direct link to solid waste management (Rodic & Wilson, 2017). These targets include
good health and well-being (SDG 3), clean water and sanitation (SDG 6), affordable and
clean energy (SDG 7), responsible consumption and production (SDG 12), climate
action (SDG 13), life below water (SDG 14), and life on land (SDG 15). Environmental
determinants of health also have a bearing on a number of other SDGs. For example,
they are an important consideration in no poverty (SDG 1) and zero hunger (SDG 2)
goals, given that 1% of the global urban population make their living from recovering
recyclable materials from waste.
Additionally, those already vulnerable to food insecurity will be at increased risk
of reduced crop yields due to climate change. The link between quality education (SDG

12
4) and decent work and economic growth (SDG 8) is another example. Attracting
millennials, entrepreneurs and industry heavyweights, waste management provides
excellent educational opportunities in science, technology and engineering, humanities,
business studies and information technology, making this a powerful catalyst for
economic development. Finally, SDG 11 thrives in attaining sustainable cities and
communities by improving resource use and reducing pollution. Tackling this global
waste crisis would constitute a major contribution to sustainable development as defined
by the UN SDGs.

Related Studies
Improper waste disposal is one of the existing problems that the Philippines is
facing right now with difficulty as humans are the root of this problem. There are several
studies conducted throughout the past years that deduced the importance of proper
waste disposal in the community and the effects of improper disposal of the waste to the
community, environment, and the health of the residents. All of these are introduced in
this section.
According to Khylle Tumala (January 2015) from her study in the effects of
improper waste disposal in the Philippines, “Improper waste disposal is one of the
biggest environmental issues here in the Philippines. It caused bigger problems that
affect not only the environment but also the health and life of the people. This problem
may be resolve or it will remain problem to the country in the next few years”. A law in
the Philippines approved by the Office on the President on January 26, 2001 was
created in response to the rapidly growing rate of garbage problems in the country
caused by improper waste disposal. Unfortunately, even though there is a law, improper
waste disposal in the Philippines was ranked 3rd as top source of water contamination in
a study on February 2015.
Waste disposal is different from waste management. Proper waste disposal is
needed to properly execute waste management. Waste Management refers to the
recycling, processing, transport, assortment, and monitoring of waste products. The
waste products are mainly of three types: solid, liquid or in gas state. Solid waste
commonly is known as non-biodegradable waste (UKEssays, 2015). Their study
centered on the waste hierarchy or 3R’s – reduce, reuse, recycle – and explored waste
management as a concept and effect of waste disposal. Without properly executing
waste disposal, difficulty in waste management also emerge. It is also proven that

13
human activities and lack of discipline are the main reason of improper waste disposal
that makes the problem difficult to resolve.
One of the significant studies that can also be applied to this research is the
“Environmental Impacts of Improper Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries:
A Case Study of Rawalpindi City” (Ejaz, Akhtar, Nisar & Ali Naeem, 2010), which
discussed and highlighted the main causes of improper solid waste management in
developing countries like improper ways of waste disposal. An inefficient municipal solid
waste management system may create serious negative environmental impacts like
infectious diseases, land and water pollution, obstruction of drains and loss of
biodiversity.
Furthermore, Marianne and Fred Sandford (2015) also claimed that improper
hazardous waste disposal doesn’t just contaminate soil and the local water supply, but it
can also pollute the air. An area with a reputation for a toxic environment can also be
susceptible to lower property values, so not following proper disposal procedures can
even affect the cost of houses' properties. Long term execution of improper waste
disposal of municipal wastes can affect soil and water properties and productivity. It also
produces lethal gases such as carbon monoxide and methane gas.
Disposal of refuse without proper supervision often amounts damage to the
environment and ultimately to the human body system. A public health physician,
Professor Akin Osibogun, justified that improperly disposed refuse has both direct and
indirect health effects to humans which were observed in the study of how improper
waste disposal damages health (Obama, 2015). Excessive breeding of rodents and
vermin like rats, cockroaches, mosquitoes, and flies are the direct health effects caused
by improper disposal as those vermin transmit diseases like leptospirosis, lassa fever
and salmonellosis from rats; malaria from mosquitoes, shigellosis and diarrheal diseases
from flies. Indirect health effects, on the other hand, include the contamination of water
and soil from leachate – a very harmful liquid mixture of chemicals that forms as water
flows from a contaminated area.
Another study, which is about effects of improper garbage disposal (Boehlke,
2017), also implied that humans are not the only ones who are affected but also animals.
As water can be contaminated, marine life is also in danger. When wastes cluster and
form algal bloom, it can suffocate and contaminate everything near it – may it be a
habitat which includes corals or an organism like fishes, mollusks, etc.

14
 However, a study in Ecuador which centered around the development of organic
fertilizers from food market waste and urban gardening by composting (Jara-Samaniego,
Pérez-Murcia, Bustamante, Paredes, & Pérez-Espinosa, 2017) can reduce the effects of
improper waste disposal and even prevent the pile up of wastes. Biodegradable wastes
can be used for agricultural purposes because of the high concentration that can be
found on organic matters and nutrients contents of the wastes like in food market and
urban gardening wastes that can be managed and recycled through composting
obtaining end products like compost or fertilizer.
Various studies on solid waste management which includes waste segregation in
each household have been given emphasis and presented in this section. Moreover,
studies about the local government's perceptions and attitudes towards attaining
sustainable solid waste management initiatives were likewise discussed. A study by
Bernardo (2008) regarding solid waste management practices of households in
Barangay 487, Sampaloc, Manila, stated that the types of wastes commonly generated
are food/kitchen wastes, papers, PET bottles, metals, and cans, boxes/cartons, glass
bottles, cellophane/plastics, and yard/garden wastes. The dumped garbage then
becomes a breeding ground for disease-causing organisms. The outcome of the study
showed that RA 9003, also known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of
2000, is not fully implemented in Metro Manila. However, improving other waste disposal
approaches such as composting and recycling have immense potential of alleviating
waste count since the remaining wastes are made up of paper, cardboard, plastics, and
metals.
Another study by Azuelo, Barbado, & Reyes (2016) states that in terms of the
waste management plan and checking of solid waste management techniques in the
barangay of concerned municipalities in Camarines Norte, Philippines, they still have a
lot of things to assess. Laws and policies are essential for the arranging, planning and
operating of the solid waste management programs. Their absence can hamper and limit
enhancements in the accumulation and disposal of garbage. Thus, the execution of
efficient waste segregation strategies can be attributed to the performance and political
will of the local authorities. Without the help of these local authorities, projects such as
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act won't go any further than the current strategy
for mixed collection and open dumping of wastes. Subsequently, on the study made by
Bernard & Mildred (2015), there are plenty of respondents in Baraton Centre in Nandi
County who do not separate their trashes. This may be attributed to the disposal site not

15
separating the solid waste; therefore, the respondents find that there’s no need of
separating their own household waste. In addition, a large portion of the respondents
said that poor disposal techniques are the main challenge they deal with when managing
their household solid waste. This is followed by lack of proper disposal equipment and
low-income level. Furthermore, some respondents said that ignorance and negligence of
the residents also play a big role in the improper waste disposal of the community. Not
surprisingly, various household related factors influenced the solid waste management
of the area, disposal method used, source reduction, reuse and recycling measures, and
frequency of waste accumulation.
Moreover, the study of Macawile & Sia (2009) about local government officials’
perceptions and attitudes towards solid waste management in Dasmariñas, Cavite
revealed that that government officials' respective communities need solid waste
management plans for their respective community, which include, among others, waste
reduction strategies that involves segregation, reusing, and recycling to safeguard public
health and the environment. It is found that both men and women have equal roles and
responsibilities in the management of their community’s solid waste. Respondents
recognized that attaining a sustainable waste management to mitigate the possible
disease occurrences and preserve cleanliness is a joint responsibility of the government
and its community members.

Synthesis

The related literature presented has provided an overview about improper waste
disposal as well as the different factors that influence this looming problem. Although
different people have published various theories and perspectives about these variables,
there is definitely enough common ground to come into a clear understanding of what
initiates this problem to occur and the possible impacts that it might bring if not solved.
In this study, the proponents intend to use the literature gathered as a guide in
analyzing the results of the study by comparing the findings with the generally accepted
principles and theories about improper waste disposal and factors affecting them.

16
 CHAPTER III
Research Methodology

This chapter presents and clarifies all the details of the procedures followed in
conducting the study. This chapter includes the discussions of the design of the
research, description of research instrument to be use, description of the locale of the
study, steps in collecting data and methods of analyzing and interpreting the data.
Searching for valid reliable sources of data and information for this study was a
challenge for the researchers. The researchers looked for several articles, theses and
research works in order to gather information and conducted sampling in order to
acquire the data required for this study.

Research Design

This research utilized a case study, a type of qualitative research that determines the
problems of Barangay San Roque in regards to proper waste disposal. In this study,
some of the residents was interviewed about their current lifestyle and the problems that
they are encountering. A case study is a process that focuses on people’s specific
problems that they are currently experiencing. Through these experiences, the
researchers would provide an innovative and a convenient solution to resolve or address
the problem being targeted.

Sources of Data
The researchers gather data by the means of a survey, that served as a guide for
conducting an interview, that was given to the residents. The survey includes the basic
question that includes the information, lifestyle, source of income, and family background
in line with this the given questionnaire holds the confidentiality of the respondents, it
also included in the questionnaires about their problem with their barangay. This data
that has been gathered contributes to the researchers coming up with possible solutions
to solve the problem. Second is that some of the gathered information from the
community of San Roque from some reliable online sites that give more information from
the said community like the land area and the number of population, and on finding ways
on how to have some solution on the problems that the interviewees told to the
interviewers from the questions to the survey.

17
Respondents of the Study

Most of the interviewees were already living in San Roque ever since they were
born, but some of the interviewees in the community was born or raised in different
places like Bicol, Pampanga, Laguna, and different locations in Batangas. Most of the
interviewee’s age ranges are 25 to 63 years old. Age affects the study as the older
respondents are more experienced and more exposed to the culture and lifestyle in San
Roque. All of the interviewees are all women and this data can affect the result because
women stay at their household more often and they are more aware of the changes that
occur on the community.

Research Locale

Barangay San Roque is located in Sto. Tomas, Batangas. According to

Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), as of 2020, there are Nine thousand seven hundred
forty-five (9,745) people living in one of the rural areas. Its Latitude is 14.0983⁰ N and its
longitude is 121.1510° E. The common livelihood on San Roque are mainly poultry and
agricultural. The place is observed with a clean and green environment, a rural place.
However, there are also some problems observed in the barangay that the
researchers wanted to point out. The barangay has limited lampposts that could make
the place a bit unsafe at nights. According to the respondents, there were no proper
ways in the barangay to dispose their wastes as there were no garbage truck in the
area. A large number of young people that is out school youth are also noted.

Research Tools and Instruments

The researchers conducted an interview last October 26, 2021 to the residents
in San Roque to know the issues or problems present in the community. In this
interview, the group was divided into two with 2 members each, and they were asked to
document the answers of the residents on some common questions when it comes on
how they dispose their trashes. Some of the question listed in the survey questionnaire
were about their weekly budget, their expenses, family background, knowledge about
waste disposal and the appliances that they are using. The researcher approached the
people by saying some simple introduction and explaining the purpose of the research.

18
The respondents welcomed the researcher with a smile and answer the questions
honestly.

Data Gathering Procedure

On the 26th day of October 2021, the researchers went to Barangay San Roque
which is located in Sto. Tomas, Batangas. Students approached the residents with
respect and kindness. Students are about to choose 10 houses and interview every
resident that is living there. First, the students started to tell them the purpose for
conducting the interview. The Interview/Survey Questions include their names,
occupation, salary, educational attainment and family members, including their age,
marital status, educational attainment and occupation. It is followed by questions about
Barangay San Roque’s residents about proper waste segregation and disposal. After
answering the survey form, students asked them if it's okay to take pictures with them
because it is needed in the documentation. Students ended the interview with the words
of thanksgiving for the opportunity to conduct an interview to them. The interview per
house lasted for about 5-15 minutes.

Ethical Consideration

In conducting this study, the researchers made sure that they observed some
proper ways of communicating with the respondents. The researchers made sure that
the residents were properly informed and participated willingly in the study. This study
showed no harm to the environment and to the locals, the researchers also value the
security and confidentiality of the respondents. The gathered data will be used and
applied in the research, without exposing any gathered data outside the project, and are
reasonable, credible, and valid. The researchers will make sure to maintain relationship
with the respondents for the updates in the project.

19
 CHAPTER IV
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS AND FINDINGS

There were questions asked during the interview which mainly focuses on the
current state of waste disposal in the area, the participants’ recognition and reaction
towards the issue at hand, and the possible measures taken to improve the waste
disposal’s status quo. The interviewees’ reactions and responses were transcribed.

Situation of waste disposal as perceived by residents

Based from the answers of the participants regarding the situation of waste
disposal, only one common answer emerged. The residents reported that trash is
abundant and scattered along the vicinity of the barangay. One clear statement was
“Marami kang makikitang bote ng mountain dew, bote ng coke mismo.” This is
supported by the study of Bernardo (2008) stating that the types of waste that commonly
contribute to the average 3.2 kg of solid waste per day includes PET bottles.
Listed on the table below are the responses of the participants to the questions
presented by the researchers about the situation of waste disposal in the community and
its corresponding open codes.

Table 1. Open coding for situation of waste disposal as perceived by residents.

Open code Examples of Participant’s Words

Trash is abundant “Sobra naman nga dito ang basura.”

and scattered “Sa umaga pag labas mo diyan, ang kalat. Ang pinagkainan,
lalo na pag may basketball, nako!”
“Marami kang makikitang bote ng mountain dew, bote ng
coke mismo.”
“Yun namang chapel namin dine ay makikita mo’y may
basura sa harap. Mga pinagkainan, eh chapel iyon.”

Current state of waste disposal in Barangay San Roque

20
 The researchers also interviewed the residents on how they handle and dispose
their trash. Although some recycling methods are being practiced, most practices are
done inappropriately. One of the critical statements was “Yung plastic [na sinunog]
iniipon ko at gagamitin kong pang dikit. Kasi hindi rin naman pwede iyong [plastic] ibaon
kasi kahit umulan ng umulan hindi rin naman matutunaw. Kaya ayon, sinusunog ko na.”
With this, it can be observed that burning is still the primary method on disposing their
waste. Due to the restriction of incinerating trashes, alternative approaches such as
open dumping has been implied.
Further, composting may also be done, however, there are certain types of waste
that may not be composted, such as plastics and plastic bottles, which then again leads
to illegal burning. In addition, the range of recyclable materials that are bought by
garbage traders are limited to metal cans, resulting to stockpile of wastes. These
inappropriate behaviors and practices of residents towards their waste influences how
environmental care in Barangay San Roque is shown and embodied.
Listed on the table below are the responses of participants to questions of
researchers regarding their way of disposing waste and its corresponding open codes.

Table 2. Open coding for waste disposal methods

21
 Open code Examples of Participant’s Words

Recyclable materials are sold, “Isinesegregate namin yung mga plastic, yung lata,
practice of waste segregation tsaka bakal. Tapos may dumaraan ditong bumibili
[ng lata].”
“Yung mga basura [plastic], sinusunog na namin
dyan sa loob.”
“Meron kaming hukay na may panaklob na yerong
luma. Doon namin dinadala ang mga plastic tapos
Burning of wastes doon sisindihan.”
“Lupa siya. Magbubuhos lang at magbubuhos
doon ng basura, pag hapon ay sisilaban. Yan
tapos bumababaw ulit iyon ng bumababaw ano?
Maghuhukay ulit.”
“Yung plastic [na sinunog] iniipon ko at gagamitin
Recycling plastics through kong pang dikit. Kasi hindi rin naman pwede iyong
burning [plastic] ibaon kasi kahit umulan ng umulan hindi
rin naman matutunaw. Kaya ayon, sinusunog ko
na.”
“Hindi naman lahat nabibili at lata lamang ang
binibili ng mga nangangalakal, edi iyan [piled
Waste is being stockpiled plastic bottles] nakatambak lamang doon sa likod
namin. Wala kaming mapaglagyan, puno na nga
ang paligid ng aming bahay ng mga kinolektang
mga ganyan.”
“Dati pwedeng magsunog, ngayon ‘di na pwede
Garbage is thrown in landfills magsunog, ibaon na lamang daw. Bawal na daw
talagang magsunog dito.”

Factors that contribute to improper waste disposal

The behavior shown by the residents of Barangay San Roque is deemed

counterproductive in terms of achieving cleanliness in the area. One of the statements

22
were “Maraming nagkakalat. Pati kalsadang pinalilinis ko tinatapunan din.”. Considering
the statement of the resident, it can be interpreted that the residents do not care for the
environment nor do they seem to care about the efforts of the other residents who aim to
help the environment. Moreover, they exhibit improper waste disposal behavior which
shows lack of discipline in maintaining the cleanliness of their barangay. This includes
inconsistent garbage disposal practices, toleration of littering, and the neglection of
environmental ordinances. The aforementioned can be identified as the factors that
contribute to improper waste disposal based from the statement of the residents. In the
study by Owusu (2010), poor sanitation in the community is partly blamed on the lack of
discipline among youths with regard to their non‐participation in the communal cleaning
exercise. Factors that come into play when considering lack of discipline include
unavailability of options when it comes to waste disposal or laziness itself.
Listed on the table below are the responses of participants to questions of
researchers concerning their behavior towards trash and its corresponding open codes.

Open code Examples of Participant’s Words

“Maraming nagkakalat. Pati kalsadang pinalilinis ko
tinatapunan din.”
Improper waste “Ang isa pang pampadumi dito ay may madaming
disposal behavior establishments dine. Yung mga basura kung saan lang
tinatapon.”
“Laging ako ang nagwawalis ng chapel, walang
nangyayari. Maglalagay ako dyan ng basurahan, wala
namang maglagay.”
“Ang pagtatapon ng basura namin dito ay kanya-kanya.”
Inconsistent garbage “Dati minsan naglagay sa kanyang-kanyang tapat ay may
disposal practices basurahan ano? Ay nawawala rin. Nagagawang
minsan.Eh sa sunod, kapag napuno, wala na. Nasira na.”
“May mga kalat lamang diyan na mga plastic. Lalo na yung
Tolerating littering galing sa mga dumadaan. Hindi sila napapagsabihan kaya
basta na lang tapon ng tapon.”
“Inuutay-utay ko lamang iyan mga tuyong dahon at basura
Neglection of anti na sunugin ng kaunti kasi baka ang malaking usok ay
burning ordinance makaahon at mahuli pa ako. Edi ako’y magmumulta pa.
Sabi sa city hall, pag unang huli ay pagsasabihan muna.
Sabi sakin ng tiyahin ko ay kapag padalawa ay 1,000 23

pesos. Kapag patatlo daw ay isasama na sa pangulo sa

bayan.”
Table 3. Open coding for factors that contribute to improper waste disposal

Ineffective role of community officials in addressing improper waste disposal

Environmental governance integrates the different elements of solid waste

management such as the policy regulators, the different organizations, the community,
and the required technology towards the implementation of sound solid waste
management in developing countries, particularly in the Philippines (Atienza, 2008).
However, the role of the barangay officials is insufficient when it concerns the trash
problem in their community. A participant noted that there are still people who resort to
open-air burning because environmental policies are not being strictly implemented.
Likewise, the previous programs initiated by the barangay were on-hold or even
discontinued as said by the disappointed residents. Garbage collectors, trash
paraphernalia/equipments, and permanent disposal sites are also not present in the
barangay, unlike in urban areas of the locality, as it has been observed that there is
unequal treatment in rural areas. The concern comes from both poor policies and
solutions proposed by all associated authorities of the government for the management
of solid waste and a perception that many solid waste management facilities use poor
operating procedures. Lack of support from the authorities has led to negative impacts
on people’s health as well as the environment.
Listed on the table below are the responses of participants to questions of
researchers on the strategies of the local government in particular to waste management
and its corresponding open codes.

Table 4. Open coding for ineffective role of community officials in addressing improper
waste disposal

Open code Examples of Participant’s Words

Policies regarding waste “Hindi masyadong mahigpit ang pamamalakad ng
are not being strictly mga patakaran tungkol po sa pagtatapon ng basura.
implemented Bawal na daw, kaso kahit naman mayroong hindi
nasunod ay hindi naman nahuhuli.”
“Naglilinis yun mga 4Ps. Minsan ay hindi buwan -
buwan, parang madalang din. Pero maganda sila.

24
 Nililinis nila. Sako-sako at tapon. Eh hindi naman
lagi.”
Discontinued waste “Alam namin na project Basura ang Pagkukunan
management programs yun ng mayor, pero di naman natuloy.”
“Hindi na nga nabebenta ngayon ang basura sa
barangay. Edi are basura ay waiting.”
“Minsan ang mga barangay official ay nagpapatabas.
May sadyang tao si kapitan na magtatabas. Tapos
hinahakot nila. Kinakarga sa sasakyan ang basura.
Napakadalang naman. Minsan hindi lang isang buwan
bago mag tapon. Nakakalipas ang matagal.”
Absence of garbage “Hindi masyadong nakakapangolekta ng basura laging
collectors naghahanap ng bagong magbabasura”
Lack of garbage collection “May sariling garbage truck ang alam ko. Yung
equipment ginagamit na kargahan ang kaso hinihiram din ng
ibang barangay at sa dami ng mga establishments”
“Yung iba naman ay doon saking harapan, aywan ko
ga kung bakit maraming kalat. Paano nga ay walang
mapagtapunan.”
Unavailability of waste “Walang basurahan dyan sa mga kalsada, pati doon
disposal sites sa school.”
“Ayaw naman namin magsunog. Wala kasi talagang
choice. Wala naman kasi kaming lugar na pwedeng
pagbaunan ng basura.”

Possible measures to improve the situation of waste disposal in the barangay as

perceived by residents

The participants also expressed their insights to improve the community’s waste
disposal methods and situation. There are suggestions addressed to the barangay
officials such as initiating barangay meetings and adding more waste cleaning
ordinance. These meetings will help make discussions and decisions that will have a
lasting impact on the community and its residents. The residents also confirmed that
people are violating illegal burning, so it is suggested that those violators should be

25
restrained or apprehended. Aside from these, most of the responses provided revolve on
prioritizing technological equipment such as own garbage vehicles for garbage collection
and waste bins for convenient waste disposal in order for them to not resort to burning
and in order for the community to maintain its clean appearance. It is in accord with
research done on solid waste transportation, which reported that many households will
want a communal bin outside their houses and the location of the communal bin or pit
done in conjunction with the residents (Mabel, 2008). Additionally, the participants
shared that pointing out the people who practice littering will help in achieving a cleaner
environment. Furthermore, people in the area suggested that learning and applying
recycling, will be a beneficial method to deal with waste because the idea behind this is
that it will reduce air pollution and reduce the volume of landfills. In addition to this,
residents believe that recycling may reduce the appearance of waste in the area.
Considering the type of waste generated in the barangay and the existing
conditions and available resources, it seems that the use of low-cost and low-tech
technology through recycling is more effective in addressing the problems on waste.
This approach does not only reduce the volume of waste generated but also it offers
more income opportunities, which means that it is also related to poverty reduction. This
kind of solid waste management strategy is seen to be more sustainable as it is simple,
cheap, and environmentally and socially acceptable (Atienza, 2008). Thus, it can be
interpreted that combined efforts by community leaders and residents would help
address the waste problem in the barangay. The participants’ recommendations can be
of help as it is substantiated by World Health Organization (2018) saying that strategies
for waste reduction, separation, processing, management, and recycling are feasible,
low-cost alternatives to the open incineration of solid waste common in developing cities.
Listed on the table below are the responses of participants to questions of
researchers concerning the possible measures that needs to be taken to improve their
current situation and its corresponding open codes.

Table 5. Open coding for possible measures to improve the situation of waste disposal in
the barangay as perceived by residents

Open code Examples of Participant’s Words

Barangay captain initiate “Ang kapitan ay may hawak. Wala naman ibang
barangay meetings, add makakapakialam doon. ‘Di siya’y magpameeting at

26
waste cleaning ordinance ang
tapat na mayroong basura ay may penalty na siya ang
maglinis.”
Restrain people from “Kapag may nakita kang nagtatapon ng plastic kung
littering plastics saan-saan, sasawayin mo.”
Accost violators of illegal “Maninita kami ng mga kapitbahay kapag nagsusunog
burning dahil nga bawal.”
“Yung ang basura kung baga’y may tapunang sarili.
Kahit kanya-kanyang tapon. Maganda na iyon sa ilang
barangay.”
“Maglagay ka ng basurahan. Sabihin mong diyan sa
tabing kalsada, o kaya naman ay nakasabit. Pwedeng
Prioritize needs in the ganoon. Para ang basura ay hindi kalat.”
technological aspect “Dapat mayroong nangongolekta ng basura kung ayaw
nilang magsunog kami.”
“Dapat magkaroon nung mga polisher. Yung mga
polisher na magwawalis sa kalsada para malinis. Mas
maganda kung may mga ganun eh. ”

“Kung matututo mag-recycle, syempre maganda. Kasi

Will in learning recycling sa halip na tinatapon ang basura katulad namin ay
marami kaming plastic na bote hindi ko alam saan
ilalagay yon, nakatambak lamang diyan.”
Reduction of waste by “Kung iyang mga plastic na iyan ay magkakaron man
plastic recycling ng panibagong gagamitan, edi maganda para
mabawasan ang nalikom naming basura.”

27
 CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the research work done, the conclusions
drawn, and the recommendations made for the barangay, and future researchers.
Summary of Findings
The group has 15 participants from Barangay San Roque, Sto. Tomas, Batangas
ranging at ages 35 to 65 years old. Looking at the transcription of data provided by the
research group, the results of the phenomenological study has presented that there is a
current problem with the solid waste management in the said community.
The phenomenological study proceeds to discover the perceptions of the
residents at Barangay San Roque, Sto. Tomas, Batangas regarding the situation of
waste disposal. The residents of the community see the situation of waste disposal as
revolting because according to them, trashes are abundant and scattered throughout
their locality. The residents of the community have different ways of dealing with these
trashes such as open-air burning, disposing of trashes in landfills, and commercial
exchange of recycled materials. Although some recycling methods are being done, most
of these are inappropriately practiced and still result to stockpile of wastes.
The possible factors that could have led to this phenomenon are improper waste
disposal methods, lack of discipline, and the ineffective role of barangay officials in
addressing the improper waste disposal in their community. The lack of discipline is also
present as the behavior shown by the community is believed ineffective in terms of
claiming cleanliness in their locality.

28
 The participants had agreed that combined efforts by community leaders and
residents are needed to fully improve their current situation. Suggestions made by some
participants such as starting barangay meetings and providing more waste cleaning
ordinances could be of help. Local barangay officials can have the authority in adding a
waste cleaning ordinance that can aid the situation of wastes in the barangay.
Additionally, giving priority to technological equipment such as garbage vehicles for
waste collection and trash bins for convenient waste disposal are also put forward by the
participants. The participants also added that restraining people from littering and
incinerating their wastes could help in attaining a cleaner community. Moreover, people
in the area proposed that applying and practicing recycling is a beneficial technique to
deal with trashes in the barangay.
Conclusions

The following were derived from the yielded findings of the study based from the
responses of the participants:

1. The participants’ perception regarding the waste disposal in Barangay San Roque is
that garbage is abundant and littered in the vicinity.

2. The disposal methods practiced by the community, improper waste disposal behavior
exercised by the residents, and the ineffective environmental role fulfilled by barangay
officials affect the situation of waste disposal in Barangay San Roque.

3. The perceived measures of the participants to improve the state of waste disposal in
the community includes reduction of waste through recycling, efficient exertion of
authority by the barangay officials regarding waste management, and development of
environmental discipline among residents.

Recommendation

To put forward a grounded and more comprehensive situation of waste

management in Barangay San Roque, it is necessary for future researchers to carry out
and explore more people in a larger area so that the necessary number of respondents
and the set criteria for the respondents are followed. Nevertheless, while the reliability of

29
this research project may be disputed, it could serve as a basis in formulating a more
reliable conclusion and recommendation. Modifications in the research design may also
originate from the gaps in the current data that has been collected. Having said that, the
researchers have determined several initial proposals for the improvement of the current
waste situation in the barangay, which include:

● Providing equipment for waste agenda. This study has revealed that there are
insufficient resources in the technological aspect which affects the capability of providing
the promised services to the residents in terms of barangay activities and programs
needed to address the current situation. Consequently, the government should provide
its own garbage truck which is needed for garbage collection in their area instead of
having the barangay captain’s private vehicle collect the garbage otherwise. The
barangay should also provide a variety of bespoke equipment to help maximize recycling
and garbage collection in a cost-effective way. One example is to place garbage bins,
preferably innovative ones, in strategic places to ensure that the residents would not
resort to throwing their trashes everywhere and to improve the appearance of the
barangay in terms of sanitation.

● Adding a monitoring aspect to the environmental policies. One-on-one interviews may

be done with the residents to determine if they are following the steps conducted by the
government concerning the waste problem properly. Residents found out to be violating
the said anti-burning policy and no littering policy must be put on probation, and then
press proper charges after repeated offenses. This strict monitoring would help in
gathering and analyzing the needs to be taken care of using a systematic way.

● Offering benefits other than medicines. While medicines may be easily distributed and
utilized, not all people would be needing them at some point in time. There is always a
tendency that if they do not have to get medicine, they would also stop collecting and
exchanging their trash in the barangay. Even if a portion of the benefits would still be
given in medicine, providing the other portion in-kind or through a voucher would allow
the government to make the “Basura and Pagkukunan” program more effective and
inclusive for all.

30
● Institutionalizing a work component. At present, there are only few people assigned in
cleaning the side roads, which primarily includes private contractors and the 4Ps
beneficiaries. This kind of cleaning service refrains the residents from helping, knowing
that there are already beneficiaries performing a variety of community service activities.
A clean-up drive should instead be institutionalized since it would bring together a multi-
sectoral task force, including residents, to work together for a common cause which is to
promote cleanliness in the community.

● Supporting the waste programs with other initiatives. Evidently, the current waste
management plans of the barangay do not fully address all the different cases of waste
problems that are present. To be specific, the barangay fails to emphasize and address
the root cause which is discipline. More significant and comprehensive actions are
needed in this area, including not only holding meetings and seminars, but also
conducting recycling skills development training and waste bins building so that a larger
number of the residents would be knowledgeable and have their own contribution for the
environment.

31
APPENDICES

32
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Books
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and
Human Decision Processes, 50: 179-211.
Alam, P, & Ahmed, K. (2013). Impact of solid waste on health and the
environment. Special Issue of International Journal of Sustainable Development and
Green Economics (IJSDGE), Vol. 2, Issue 1, No. 2.
Anschütz, J., Ijgosse, J., & Scheinberg, A. (2004). Putting integrated sustainable
waste management to practice. WASTE, Gouda, The Netherlands.
Aquino, A., Deriquito J., & Festejo, M. (2013, December 9). Ecological solid
waste
management act: Environmental protection through proper solid waste practices.
Atienza, V. (2008). Breakthroughs in solid waste management: Lessons from
selected municipality and barangay in the Philippines. Asian Review of Public
Administration, XX (1-2): 82-98 (January-December).
Azuelo, M., Barbado, L., & Reyes, L. (2016, September 5). Assessment of solid
waste management strategies in Camarines Norte, Philippines.
Bennagen, M.E., Nepomuceno, G., & Covar, R. (2002). Solid waste segregation
and recycling in Metro Manila: Household attitudes and behavior. Economy and
Environment Program for Southeast Asia (EEPSEA).
Bernard, O., & Mildred, O.A. (2015). Assessing household solid waste
management systems in baraton centre.

33
 Bernardo, E.C. (2008, October 23). Solid waste management practices of
households in Manila, Philippines.
California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle).
(2017, March 30). Waste prevention terms.
Castillo, A.L., & Otoma, S. (2013). Status of solid waste management in the
Philippines.
Castro Valley Sanitary District (CVSan). (2009). The 4Rs: Reduce, reuse,
recycle, & rot. Retrieved from http://www.cvsan.org/4Rs
Cogut, A. (2016). Open burning of waste: A global health disaster.
DOH-BIN. (2014). What is segregation of waste?
EcoChem. (2014). Composting process.
Environmental Management Bureau (EMB). (2013). The ecological solid
management act of 2000 (RA 9003). Implications to local government units, women and
small business establishments. EMB Great Women Project.
Environmental Protection Department. (2017, August 1). Sustainable waste
management in Hong Kong.
European Union. (2016, September 6). Directive 2008/98/EC on waste (waste
framework directive).
Gibson, K., & Tierney, J.,K. (2006). Electronic waste management and disposal
issues and alternatives.
Guerrero, L.A., Maas, G., & Hogland, W. (2012, October 23). Solid waste
management challenges for cities in developing countries.
Hoornweg, D., & Bhada-Tata, P. (2012). What a waste: A global review of solid
waste management. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank.
Igbinomwanhia, D.I., & Ohwovoriole, E.N. (2012). A study of the constraints to
residential solid waste management in Benin Metropolis, Nigeria.
Khanka, S.S. (2006). Organisational behaviour. S. Chand Publishing.
Kreith, F. (2008). Handbook of solid waste management (2nd ed). Europe:
McGraw-Hill Professional.
Lenkiewicz, Z. (2016, May 11). Waste and the sustainable development goals.
Macawile, J. & Sia, G. (2009, February 23). Local government officials
perceptionsand attitudes towards solid waste management in Dasmariñas, Cavite,
Philippines.

34
 McAllister, J. (2015). Factors influencing solid-waste management in the
developing world. All Graduate Plan B and other Reports. 528.
Mobbs, C. (2016, November 23). The 5R’s in waste management.
Montaño, Kasprzyk, Glanz, Rimer, & Viswanath. (2015). Health behavior:
Theory, research, and practice.
Narayana, T. (2009). Municipal solid waste management in India: From waste
disposal to recovery of resources.
National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC). (2017, November).
Philippine solid wastes at a glance.
Ng, C.H. (2011). Environmental problem issues of garbage in the Philippines.
Nilsson, M., Griggs, D., & Visbeck, M. (2016). Policy: Map the interactions
between sustainable development goals. Nature, 534, 320–322.

Ong, W.T. (2015, July 21). Leaf burning pollutes the air and causes illness.
Owusu, G. (2010). Social effects of poor sanitation and waste management on
poor urban communities: A neighborhood‐specific study of Sabon Zongo, Accra.
Rodic, L., & Wilson, D.C. (2017, March 9). Resolving governance issues to
achieve priority sustainable development goals related to solid waste management in
developing countries.
Smith, J.W., Positano, S., Stocks, N., & Shearman, D. (2009) A new way of
thinking about our climate crisis: The rational-comprehensive approach. Lewsiton, New
York: Edwin Mellen Press.
United Nations General Assembly. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030
agenda for sustainable development.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2017). Recycling basics.
Uriarte Jr., F.A. (2007). Solid waste management principles and practices.
Introduction and Basic Principles. National Academy of Science and Technology,
Waiten, W., Hammer, E., Dunn, D. (2012). Psychology Applied to Modern Life:
Adjustment in the 21st Century.
WASTE. (2004). Creating sustainable waste systems.
World Health Organization. (2018). Improved urban waste management.

B. Electronic References

35
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2ae9/675a58adb025fb799703750cd477ca838bab.pdf
http://www.eawag.ch/fileadmin/Domain1/Abteilungen/sandec/schwerpunkte/sesp/
CLUES/Toolbox/t12/D12_1_Anschuetz_et_al_2004.pdf
http://ap.fftc.agnet.org/ap_db.php?id=153&print=1
https://ideas.repec.org/p/eep/report/rr2002062.html
http://ueab.ac.ke/BIRJ/download/birj_articles_2015/2015_CONFERENCE_17.pdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1196/annals.1454.016/full
http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/reducewaste/define.htm#Composting
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsmcwm/24/0/24_677/_pdf
http://www.dohbin.com/Waste-segregation.html
http://www.ecochem.com/t_compost_faq2.html
https://regions20.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/OPEN-BURNING-OF-WASTE-
AGLOBAL-HEALTH-DISASTER_R20-Research-Paper_Final_29.05.2017.pdf
http://www.pcw.gov.ph/sites/default/files/documents/resources/ESWM_act_2000_R
A_9003_primer.pdf
http://www.pcw.gov.ph/sites/default/files/documents/resources/ESWM_act_2000_R
A_9003_primer.pdf
http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/msw_consult/file/MSW_ENG_ch1.pdf
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/framework/
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/citedby/10.1080/10406020600880592?scroll=top&
needAccess=true
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23098815
https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/33638
7-1334852610766/What_a_Waste2012_Final.pdf
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.300.6717&rep=rep1&type=pdf
https://books.google.com.ph/books?
id=KEhLAgAAQBAJ&dq=perception+udai+pareek&source=gbs_navlinks_s
https://wasteaid.org.uk/waste-sustainable-development-goals/
https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/gradreports/528
http://www.innovationforgrowth.co.uk/the-5rs-in-waste-management/
https://books.google.com.ph/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=9BQWCgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA95&dq=social+psychology+behavior+th
eory&ots=edIb9fzL64&sig=5Wh566FuTbSv3RfRlKxOshQOtY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage
&q=social%20psychology%20behavio%20theory&f=false

36
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/61dd/12d30ef80e1aa000f335108a81d0d888e273.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
331702185_A_Case_Study_about_the_Improper_Waste_Disposal_in_Barangay_Mojon
_Tampoy
http://cng0268.blogspot.com/2011/07/environmental-problem-issues-ofgarbage.html
https://www.nature.com/polopoly_fs/1.20075!/menu/main/topColumns/topLeftColum
n/pdf/534320a.pdf
https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/the-philippinestar/20150721/282626031372364
https://doi.org/10.1080/17549175.2010.502001
www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/3/404/pdf
http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E
https://www.epa.gov/recycle/recycling-basics
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
328187425_The_Situation_of_Waste_Disposal_in_Barangay_Lalayat_San_Jose_Batan
gas_A_Phenomenological_Approach
http://www.who.int/sustainable-development/cities/strategies/urban-waste/en/

37
 Questionnaire

Name (optional): ____________________________________

Barangay: _______________
Age: ________

1. How do the residents of Barangay San Roque perceive the situation of waste disposal
in their locality?

● How would you describe the process of waste disposal in your locality?
● What are the strengths and weaknesses of the community’s waste disposal situation?

2. What are the factors that contribute to the current state of waste disposal in Barangay
San Roque?

● How would you describe the manner in which the different stakeholders (e.g.
households, community leaders, barangay officials) fulfill their responsibilities regarding
waste disposal?
● What are the external factors (e.g. political, economic, socio-cultural, technological,
and environmental) that contribute to the state of waste disposal in
the community?

38
3. What are the possible measures that can be done to improve the situation of waste
disposal in Barangay San Roque?

● How can individuals and households contribute in improving the state of waste
disposal in the community?
● How can community leaders and barangay officials contribute in improving the state of
waste disposal in the community?
● How can external sectors and the broader society contribute in improving the state of
waste disposal in the community?

Caraan, John Kenneth Reyes

Brgy. San Roque, City of Sto. Tomas, Batangas
0927-367-3977
johannkennethcaraan@gmail.com

Personal Informations:
Age : 27 years old
Gender : Male
Birthday : May 18, 1994
Birthplace : San Antonio, Nueva Ecija
Nationality : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Weight : 65 kg
Height : 5’6”
Religion : Roman Catholic
Mother’s Name : Roda R. Caraan
Occupation : Businesswoman
Father’s Name : Rodel S. Caraan
Occupation : Businessman

Educational Background:

39
 Tertiary
Batcheler of Secondary Education major in Mathematics
Tanauan Institute, Inc.
Tanauan, Batangas
2019 up to present
Secondary
Sta. Anastacia – San Rafael National High School
City of Sto. Tomas, Batangas
2010-2011
Primary
Tanauan North Central School
Tanauan City, Batangas
2006-2007

Character References:
Nida D. Vargas Isidro D. Enriquez
Public School Teacher OIC-Principal
Tanauan City Batangas Senior High School

40
De Chavez, Rose Ann Mae Yazon
Brgy. San Pedro, City of Sto. Tomas, Batangas
0951-560-9101
maemaeramdc@gamil.com

Personal Informations:
Age : 20 years old
Gender : Female
Birthday : May 28, 2001
Birthplace : City of Sto. Tomas, Batangas
Nationality : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Weight : 57 kg
Height : 5’3”
Religion : Roman Catholic
Mother’s Name : Mercedes Y. De Chavez
Occupation : Housewife
Father’s Name : Arturo A. De Chavez
Occupation : Worker

Educational Background:

41
 Tertiary
Batcheler of Secondary Education major in Mathematics
Tanauan Institute, Inc.
Tanauan, Batangas
2019 up to present
Secondary
Senior High School
Humanities and Social Sciences
Tanauan Institute, Inc.
Tanauan, Batangas
2017 - 2019
Junior High School
San Pedro National High School
San Pedro, City of Sto. Tomas, Batangas
2013 - 2017
Primary
Sto. Tomas South Central School
San, Pedro, City of Sto Tomas, Batangas
2007-2013

Character References:
Nida D. Vargas Isidro D. Enriquez
Public School Teacher OIC-Principal
Tanauan City Batangas Senior High School

42
Gallivo, Jessrael Trinidad
Brgy. Bagumbayan, Tanauan City, Batangas
0915-877-0930
jessrael.gallivopogito@gmail.com

Personal Informations:
Age : 28 years old
Gender : Male
Birthday : August 01,1993
Birthplace : Alaminos, Laguna
Nationality : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Weight : 79 kg
Height : 5’7”
Religion : Roman Catholic
Mother’s Name : Josephine T. Gallivo
Occupation : Housewife
Father’s Name : Rolly M. Gallivo
Occupation : Farmer

Educational Background:

43
 Tertiary
Batcheler of Secondary Education major in Mathematics
Tanauan Institute, Inc.
Tanauan, Batangas
2019 up to present
Secondary
Alaminos National High School
Alaminos, Laguna
2009-2010
Primary
Tamlong Elementary School
Calauan, Laguna
2005-2006

Character References:
Nida D. Vargas Isidro D. Enriquez
Public School Teacher OIC-Principal
Tanauan City Batangas Senior High School

44
Marcelino, Jomar Malleon
Brgy. San Pedro, City of Sto. Tomas, Batangas
0946-036-0866
marcelinojomar08@gmail.com

Personal Informations:
Age : 20 years old
Gender : Male
Birthplace : City of Sto. Tomas, Batangas
Nationality : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Weight : 89 kg
Height : 5’4”
Religion : Roman Catholic
Mother’s Name : Ma. Victoria M. Marcelino
Occupation : Housewife
Father’s Name : Macario O. Marcelino
Occupation : Vegetable Vendor

Educational Background:
Tertiary

45
 Batcheler of Secondary Education major in Mathematics
Tanauan Institute, Inc.
Tanauan, Batangas
2019 up to present
Secondary
Senior High School
Accountancy, Business, and Management
Tanauan Institute, Inc.
Tanauan, Batangas
2017 - 2019
Junior High School
San Pedro National High School
San Pedro, City of Sto. Tomas, Batangas
2013 - 2017
Primary
Sto. Tomas South Central School
San, Pedro, City of Sto Tomas, Batangas
2007-2013

Character References:
Nida D. Vargas Isidro D. Enriquez
Public School Teacher OIC-Principal
Tanauan City Batangas Senior High School

46