SAMARA UNIVERSITY

POST-GRADUATE MANUAL

JANUARY, 2022
SAMARA UNIVERSITY
SAMARA, ETHIOPIA

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Table of Contents
List of abbreviations ................................................................................. 5
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 6
2. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF SGS.................................. 7
2.1. Mandate, duties and responsibilities of CGS ............................................................. 7
2.2. Mandate, Duties and Responsibilities of SGS ........................................................... 8
2.2.1. Mandates of SGS Director .................................................................................. 8
2.2.2. Duties and Responsibilities SGS Director .......................................................... 8
2.3. Duties and Responsibilities of Department/School Graduate Committee ................. 9
2.4. Duties and Responsibilities of Postgraduate Coordinators ...................................... 10
2.5. Duties and Responsibilities of Head of College/Continuing Education .................. 12
2.6. Duties and Responsibilities of Department Graduate Program Coordinator ........... 13
3. CURRICULUM DESIGN .................................................................. 13
3.1 Process of Curriculum Development ..................................................................... 13
3.1.1 Program inception/Initiation .............................................................................. 14
3.1.2 Need analysis ..................................................................................................... 14
3.1.3 Preparing Draft curriculum ................................................................................ 15
3.1.4. Validation .......................................................................................................... 15
3.1.5 Approval ............................................................................................................. 15
4. MASTER PROGRAMS ..................................................................... 16
4.1. Launching master programs ............................................................................... 16
4.2. Application ......................................................................................................... 17
4.3. Admission procedures ........................................................................................ 17
4.4. Coursework and Grading System ....................................................................... 21
4.5. Semester Load and Duration of the Study .......................................................... 23
4.6. Lecturing Master Studies .................................................................................... 24
4.7. Thesis Advisement and Payment ........................................................................ 25
4.8. Thesis Submission and Oral Defense ................................................................. 26
4.9. Examining Master Thesis ................................................................................... 29
4.9.1. External Examiner......................................................................................... 29
4.9.3. Chairperson ................................................................................................... 31
4.10. Thesis defense procedures .................................................................................. 31
5. GRADUATE RESEARCH PROPOSAL WRITING ............. 32
5.1. The Cover Page ........................................................................................................ 33
5.2. The Tittle .................................................................................................................. 33
5.3. Formatting issues ..................................................................................................... 33

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 5.3.1. Font ................................................................................................................... 33
5.3.2. Margins ............................................................................................................. 34
5.3.3. Headings and Subheadings ............................................................................... 34
5.3.4. Line Spacing and Paragraph Format ................................................................. 35
5.3.5. Page Numbering and Set Up ............................................................................. 35
5.3.6. Other Style and Formatting Issues .................................................................... 35
5.4. Tables and Figures ................................................................................................... 36
5.5. Acknowledgements (optional) ................................................................................. 36
5.6. Abbreviations/Acronyms ......................................................................................... 37
5.7. Table of Contents ..................................................................................................... 37
5.8. List of Tables (if any) ............................................................................................... 37
5.9. List of Figures (if any) ............................................................................................. 37
5.10. List of Appendices ................................................................................................. 38
5.11. Summary (optional) ............................................................................................... 38
5.12. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 38
5.13. Literature Review ................................................................................................... 39
5.14. Materials and Methods /Research Methods ........................................................... 41
5.15. Work Plan .............................................................................................................. 43
5.16. Budget .................................................................................................................... 43
5.17. References .............................................................................................................. 44
5.18. Appendix (if any) ................................................................................................... 44
5.19. Approval Sheet ....................................................................................................... 44
6. GRADUATE THESIS WRITING .................................................... 44
6.1. Preliminary Sections of the Thesis ........................................................................... 44
6.2. The Body/Text of the thesis ..................................................................................... 45
6.2.1. Cover page ........................................................................................................ 45
6.2.2. Title page........................................................................................................... 46
6.2.3. Approval sheet .................................................................................................. 46
6.2.4. Dedication (if any) ............................................................................................ 46
6.2.5. Statement of the author ..................................................................................... 46
6.2.6. Biographical sketch ........................................................................................... 47
6.2.7. Acknowledgements ........................................................................................... 47
6.2.8. Acronyms/Abbreviations .................................................................................. 47
6.2.9. Table of contents ............................................................................................... 47
6.2.10. List of Tables................................................................................................... 48
6.2.11. List of Figures ................................................................................................. 49
6.2.13. List of Figures in the Appendix ...................................................................... 50

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 6.2.14. Abstract ........................................................................................................... 51
6.3. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 51
6.4. Literature Review ..................................................................................................... 52
6.5. Materials and Methods ............................................................................................. 52
6.6. Results and Discussion............................................................................................. 52
6.7. Conclusions and Recommendations ........................................................................ 53
6.8. References ................................................................................................................ 54
6.8.1. References List in References Chapter....................................... 54
6.9. APPENDICES ......................................................................................................... 59
7. APPENDIXES SAMPLES ................................................................. 60
Appendix I (Sample cover page for MSc proposal) ............................ 60
Appendix III ............................................................................................ 63
(Sample Research Proposal Approval Sheet) ...................................... 63
Samara University .................................................................................. 63
Post- Graduate Studies ........................................................................... 63
Approved by ............................................................................................ 63
Appendix IV- Title Page for thesis ................................................................................. 64
Appendix V- Cover Page for thesis ............................................................................. 65
Appendix VI .................................................................................................................... 66
Appendix VII .................................................................................................................. 68
Appendix VIII- Dedication ........................................................................................... 69
Appendix VIIII ................................................................................................................ 70
Appendix X ..................................................................................................................... 71
Appendix XI .................................................................................................................... 72
Appendix IX- List of Figures in the Appendix .............................................................. 75
7. REFERENCES ................................................................................... 75

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 List of abbreviations

AC Academic Council, College

ASC Academic Standard Committee
BoE Board of Examiners
CED Continue Education Directorate
CGPA Cumulative Grade Point Average
CGS Council of Graduate Studies
DGC/SGC Department Graduate Council/School Graduate Council
DC Department Committee
DCRC Department Curriculum Review Committee
DCT Department Curriculum Team
EC Ethiopian Calendar
IQA Institutional Quality Assurance
MA Masters of Arts
MoE Ministry of Education
MoSHE Ministry of Science and Higher Education
MPH Masters of Public Health
MSc Masters of Science
PhD Philosophy of Doctor Degree
SC School Commission
SGS School of Graduate Studies
SU Samara University
VPAA Vice President for Academic Affairs

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 1. INTRODUCTION

Ethiopia is registering development in several sectors. In order to enhance further

development in the sectors, the country is in dire need of highly trained human resources.
To end this, the government of Ethiopia has launched higher education institutions with
the establishment of forty four (44) universities. Among these, Samara University (SU) is
established with a mission and vision to contribute its share to train human resources.
Thus, access to higher education to all, appropriate health and sanitation to the people, and
producing competitive and skilled manpower in the country are among the major concerns
of Samara University.

Within the university, School of Graduate Studies (SGS) is committed to contribute a lot
for better achievement of the university‟s mission by making the graduate study well
integrated program with research and community services. As a result, SGS works
towards making graduate programs to be well organized with clear accountability and
better communication system. To make the graduate program effective and pertinent, the
school is trying its best to observe all parameters of quality and relevance by establishing
uniform system (guideline) across all concerned departments/schools/colleges/institutes.

The guideline helps to keep graduate students, their supervisors, the academic community
in the university and the public at large to be informed better about the opportunities for
graduate education. It contains information on the minimum qualifications for admission;
outline of the graduate programs, duration of the courses; guidelines to be used by
prospective students who plan to enroll for higher degrees by thesis/dissertation,
assessment procedures and guidelines for graduate supervision. The purpose of the
guideline is therefore to:
 Determine ways where graduate studies can be integrated and run smoothly at SU.
 Establish uniform working procedures pertaining to the school of graduate studies
across academic departments/schools/colleges/institutes in the university.
 Establish a sense of accountability, responsibility and transparency at all levels, on
issues related to school of graduate studies.
 Provide quick reference to academic unit heads, staff, students and other
stakeholders in general so that issues related to school of graduate studies can be
easily accessed.

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2. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF SGS

CGS
(Council of Graduate Studies) Chaired by Vice-
President for Academic Affairs

SGS Samara University Registrar

(School of Graduate Studies)

Head, DGC/SG
(Department/School
College/continuing education

Graduate Council)

(DGPC)
Department Graduate Program Coordinator

2.1. Mandate, duties and responsibilities of CGS

Council of Graduate Studies (CGS) is the supreme body of all graduate programs of the
university. The chairperson of the CGS is Vice President for Academic Affairs (VPAA)
and the director of SGS is secretary of the council. The members of the CGS include deans
of faculties/colleges/schools where the graduate program is being offered, and the
dean/coordinator of weekend/continuing education program where graduate program is
offered.

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It is finally the CGS that approves research proposals, theses/dissertations and all
decisions pertinent to graduate programs of the university and graduation of
master/doctoral programs. The director of SGS is directly appointed by the VPAA on the
basis of open competition and is accountable to VPAA. The term of office for the director
of SGS shall be three years. However, the director shall be eligible for re-election.
Eventually his/her appointment should be endorsed by the CGS. The director of SGS
should have at least an academic rank of assistant professor or PhD.

2.2. Mandate, Duties and Responsibilities of SGS

2.2.1. Mandates of SGS Director

The SGS is mandated to oversee all the graduate programs of the university. School of
Graduate Studies supervises all activities pertinent to graduate programs such as students‟
enrolment, conduct of entrance examinations, academic registration, offering all approved
courses, arrange manpower for different courses in consultation with the respective
faculties/departments/schools/colleges, prepare time table for proposal and thesis defense,
approval of board of examiners for thesis/dissertation defense, approval of all defended
proposals and theses/dissertations, recommend the graduate students for the award of
master/doctoral degree in their respective fields of study and any other activity that is
pertinent to graduate studies of the university.
In addition, SGS has the mandate to check graduation requirements in addition to the
requirements already set by the respective departments.
 No D or F grade in any graduate course
 Not more than one C or two C+ grade in graduate courses
 Grades of all courses and deficiency courses are available for each student before
he/she defends his/her proposal
 The minimum Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) is 3.00 for graduation
 DGC supports/minutes for all pertinent graduate program activities
 Full payment of all prescribed fees by graduate students

2.2.2. Duties and Responsibilities SGS Director

The director of SGS has the following duties and responsibilities:

 Present the annual budget of the school to the VPAA, and administers such funds
as may be placed at its disposal/removal

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  Be responsible for the implementation of the policies lay down by the Senate for
proper administration of the programs of graduate studies and the welfare of
students
 Work strongly with other universities (within the country and abroad) to foster
academic exchanges and experience sharing. In doing so, SGS helps the university
nationally and internationally known for academic excellence.
 Take appropriate actions, in consultation with the respective institutes/colleges/
faculties/schools/departments.
 In cooperation with the registrar, issues and directives pertaining to registration,
record keeping, etc, for programs of graduate studies and their implementation.
 Make recommendations for the strengthening and development of existing
programs or for initiating new ones and carry out any other tasks that foster the
development of graduate studies in the university.
 Promote the initiation of inter-disciplinary and multi-disciplinary graduate
programs,
Perform many other duties as may be assigned by the VPAA

2.3. Duties and Responsibilities of Department/School Graduate Committee

The DGC/School Graduate committee (SGC) shall be composed of the department head as
chairperson and at least three staff members but not exceeding seven with the rank of
assistant professor or above to be elected by the department commission. The term of
service of elected members of the committee shall be three years. However, a member
shall be eligible for re-election.
Generally, DGC/SGC is accountable to head of the department/school and has the
following duties and responsibilities:
 Supervise all activities of the graduate programs in the departments/schools;
 Approve review and endorse grades and status of students;
 Prepare periodic reports on its activities and submit the same to the
department/school ;
 Recommend and/or approve a research advisor for each graduate student;
 Recommend members of BoE for thesis/dissertation, and other qualifying
examinations for approval
 Review and approve thesis research proposals submitted by graduate students
under the supervision of their academic advisors;

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  Screen and assign graduate students eligible for teaching assistantship;
 Attend to all academic problems that concern the academic unit at graduate studies
level;
 Formulate, revise and amend policies, rules and regulations governing graduate
studies in the academic unit,
 Lay down general policy for the welfare of graduate students, the award of
graduate studentships and other awards for the purpose of training graduate
students
 Approve graduate program course offerings and thesis/dissertation research
proposals of graduate students;
 Endorse proposals concerning new graduate programs for subsequent approval by
the Senate and periodically assess and evaluate existing ones;
 Submit annual report to the SGS through the respective departments/schools.
 Undertake periodic evaluation and assessment of graduate programs formulate
appropriate recommendations and supervise implementation of the decision.
 Ensure that the rules governing assignment/appointment of advisors/BoE members
as well as those governing their functions are uniformly implemented;
 Review and propose graduate program;
 Accomplish all other duties assigned by the School Council (SC)/Department
Council (DC) and the SGS
 Consider any matter delegated to it by the department/school or the SGS;
 Oversee setting of entrance examinations and screen candidates and approve for
admission.
 Solve students complaints in time, if any

2.4. Duties and Responsibilities of Postgraduate Coordinators

I. Ensures a system for proper and timely advertisement and Registration of

postgraduate Programs in college/faculty/Institute

 Keep log of (register) the PG programs in their respective colleges

 Make a call to PG candidates in collaboration with the register and the department
 Work to know both the demand and the capacity from the department

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  Discuss with the registrar and the PR office of the university on which media to
use to arrive at the right public
 Register-(have full information about who has come for registration)
 Supervise while the department administers the entrance
 help the department to notify and submit the result within 12 hours
 Resolve disputes and disagreements by discussing with the body concerned
 Report students who are registered, failed, and under waiting lists

II. Ensuring the assignment of the right teacher to courses by Departments

 Make a follow-up and checks if the right person (in terms of profession, research,
and experience) is assigned to the course
 Check if classrooms are identified and communicated to teachers properly
 Follow-up if students have received all the necessary materials from the instructors
assigned
 Receive follow up reports from teachers concerning courses
III. Ensuring the assignment of appropriate advisors and follow-up of students by
advisers

 Relevance in terms of level should be checked for all activities

o Assistants plus above should be assigned for masters students
 The PG coordinators will have up to date lists and current status for the second
year and above students
 Make a clear follow-up asking to fill the template (the log-book) prepared for this
purpose
 Make a monthly report to the school of graduate studies about the advisees
progress
IV. Ensures the allocation of research budget for staff and post graduate students

 Facilitates the ethical review of proposals as appropriate

 Allocates budget for proposals on time
 Aligns MSc researches with staff mega projects (serious attention and
follow up from the school of graduate studies will be made)

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  Settles any disputes that arise with regard to the operation of postgraduate
and staff research
V. Ensures selection of appropriate Internal and External Examiners in
collaboration with the Departments (this is to protect personal relationship between
professionals-create institutional links)

 Supervise the selection and assignment of both internal and external examiners by
working with the graduate committee of the college.
 Assigns and arranges classes for defenses in collaboration with departments
 Facilitates all the necessary mattering‟s in collaboration with the department
 Makes the submission of grades to register and helps the register in a day or so.
 Facilitates payments for examiners in collaboration with the departments.
VI. Work with the School of Graduate Studies closely to:

 Organize institutional curriculum reviews

 Participate in development and revision of different guidelines and procedures
 Facilitates the development and review of new need-based curriculum and follow-
up if curricula are revised within two years
 Support the director in planning the quality of post graduate programs
 Facilitate seminars in their own colleges and/or institutes

2.5. Duties and Responsibilities of Head of College/Continuing Education

Program

 Review and approve graduate programs forwarded by DGC/SGC

 Monitor overall progress of the graduate programs under it
 Participate in CGS for matters pertaining graduate studies
 Solves and get solved the compliances of students of the colleges in time, if any
 Undertake periodic evaluation and assessment of graduate programs, formulate
appropriate recommendations and supervise implementation of the decision.
 Screen and assign graduate students eligible for teaching assistantship;
 Formulate, revise and amend policies, rules and regulations governing graduate
studies in the academic unit

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2.6. Duties and Responsibilities of Department Graduate Program Coordinator

The chairperson of the department where there is graduate program is the chair of DGC.
Regular staff members who teach at graduate program(s) of the department are members
of the DGC. However, the chairperson can nominate a senior staff of the department to be
the chair of DGC and in that case the department chairperson becomes the member of the
DGC. In special cases, the senior members of the department who has put in a minimum
of two years of service after post-graduation can be the members of the DGC although
they may not teach at the graduate program currently. The DGC will elect its secretary and
the DGC minutes are the basic document for any decision/activity at graduate level
programs. Each department where the graduate program is offered will send the list of
DGC members and their responsibilities to the SGS before the commencement of the
graduate program. DGC is a permanent body although the members may change in due
course.

3. CURRICULUM DESIGN

Curriculum Development process (procedure for submission of program document): The

process of curriculum development is a complex process consisting of three macro stages
namely: curriculum design/construction, implementation and evaluation.

3.1 Process of Curriculum Development

Higher education level is the peak stage of education that a person takes. It will equip
learners with all the skills to be able to compete and help them in the global life arena.
Therefore, a solid curriculum which is certainly produced by a good curriculum
development process is needed. The stages for developing curriculum therefore are as
follows:

 Program inception/imitation
 Draft curriculum design
 Validation and Approval
 Implementation
 Monitoring and Evaluation
 Updating /Revision

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3.1.1 Program inception/Initiation

a) A new program can be initiated by the Client, or SU based on research or needs

analysis. The imitator shall discuss with college dean if there is no concerned
department otherwise with the department head concerned, if accepted.

 The college dean/department head where appropriate prepares a concept

note
 The concept note shall be approved by DC, college dean and Vice
President for Academic Affairs in that order
 Upon authorization of the vice president, Quality Assurance Director
checks whether there is the concern and Duplication of program in other
departments
b) The Concept note can provide the following information:
 Brief overview of the proposed academic program
 The need for the program in the region and/or country
 Does the program fits with mission, vision, and strategic plan of the
university
 Availability of related programmers in the university, national, and
international
 .Job opportunity for graduates
 Staff required (new and existing)
 Facilities and space requirement, etc

NB: Following the approval of the concept note, the proposal will move to need
analysis.

3.1.2 Need analysis

Firstly, the Department Curriculum Team (DCT) identifies demand/gap of the program
through need assessment and anticipating the future need of customer against the supply of
the program in question from other universities.

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Needs analysis is done with the aim to obtain: (a) Needs of the expected learners in terms
of physical, social, and economic accessibilities to the study program, (b) Feedback from
the alumni, community and employers,(c) Characteristics and diversity of courses
Then, gap/need identification will follow research procedures.
Finally, handling programs which have a direct request from clients/customers

a) Customers‟ requests (organizations and individuals) should be handled in line

with certain specified criteria that help to identify the kind of response they need
and other stakeholders, program budget, facilities and human resource.
b) Agreement in designing the program should be attained through discussion and
negotiation

3.1.3 Preparing Draft curriculum

When the demand analysis reveals the need to develop a program:

 The curriculum committee established by the department/or college will prepare

draft curriculum.
 Preparation of the intended draft curriculum should follow the curriculum
contents.
 For PG, where the program is not in the harmonized programs, the whole curricula
shall be prepared by CDT including course catalogue.

3.1.4. Validation
After the draft curriculum is developed, the draft shall be validated by scholars and
industry representative. To do so, the following activities shall be carried out:

 Conduct Workshop involving pedagogical experts and scholars in the

field of study.
 Conduct workshop involving external scholars outside the university

3.1.5 Approval
After due process of validation, the IQA shall check whether due processes prescribed in
this guideline undertook.

 The college/school/institute present the draft curriculum to ASC for approval

 The curriculum approved by the ASC, should then be endorsed by the university
Senate and MoSHE

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Approvals at each level of the university shall consider:

a) Consideration of national long term and short term plans, and job market
b) appropriateness of the program to the mission, vision and strategic plan of
the university
c) Curriculum development due quality process from initiation to ASC
approval, (i.e. uniqueness of the program in the university, needs
assessment, stakeholders‟ involvement, recommendations of DC,AC,ASC,
and professional comments)
d) Availability of resources: Academic staff, facilities and financial resources
In the event of ASC, if the Senate or MoSHE didn‟t approve the curriculum, it will be
returned back to the relevant college/school with recommendation and resubmission.
Upon approval by MoSHE and accreditation of concerned organization or professional
bodies as appropriate, the vice president shall forward the curricular together with the
minute to concerned college/school for appropriate action.

4. MASTER PROGRAMS
4.1. Launching master programs

Attempts were made to prepare an effective, modern and demand driven master program
curricula by experts from within and outside the university. Passing through various
evaluation steps, the curricula finally were put for critical evaluation during workshop by
participants from national universities, and reputed non-governmental organizations. Upon
incorporation of suggestions and modifications given by participants, the curricula had
been approved by SU senate. Consequently, master programs in the faculty of agriculture,
faculty of health, faculty of business and economics, faculty of Engineering and Social
Science were started. Under these faculties, eleven (11) master programs were functional
(Table 1). Since then, the number of master programs being opened in the university has
been increasing. Due to this, the university management is undertaking efforts to meet the
demands of the programs such a classrooms, graduate library, internet facility and student-
centered educational facilities.

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Table1. Current master programs started in the university

No. College Nomenclature of the Program

1 Agriculture Natural Resource Management (NRM)
MPH General
2 Health and Medicine Nutrition
Reproductive Health (RH)
Master of Business Administration (MBA)
3 Business and Economics Project planning and management (PPM)
Accounting and Finance
Developmental Economics
Marketing management
4 Social Science and Humanities Disaster Risk Management (DRM)
5 Engineering and Technology Computer Science

4.2. Application

All applications for master studies at SU should be submitted to the respective

department/faculty/school/college with a copy to director of SGS. A standard application
form should subsequently be filled and submitted, accompanied by
referees/recommendation. Applicants are responsible for sending official academic
documents from previous university and for soliciting at least two referees from referees
regarding their suitability for master studies. The feedbacks from referees should be
confidentially sent by the referees to the respective department/school. Students can get
application forms from either the registrar office or from their respective department. All
applicants are required to pay a nonrefundable application fee of birr 100.00 (one hundred
birr). The application fee should be paid before receiving the application forms from the
relevant offices. The fees will be revised from time to time, as the need arises. Information
on the fees applicable for any given year should be obtainable from
department/school/registrar/director of SGS.

4.3. Admission procedures

Once the department/school received the completed application form, the DGC/SGC
prepares entrance examination. Entrance exams should be prepared and corrected in a
committee of at least 3 members. One instructor shall correct a maximum of 20 exam
papers. The result should be announced within 12 hours. Each department/school is
required to send DGC/SGC minutes with clear notification of the names of instructors

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involved in administering, correcting and declaring result for entrance examination to
SGS. A lump sum of birr 2,000.00 (two thousand birr) would be paid to those instructors
who participate in administering, correcting and declaring entrance examination in all
modalities (for regular, weekend, continuing education, distance learning and summer
program). Then eligibility of admission shall consider the academic talent, passing on
entrance examination, motivation and financial capacity.

The admission candidates from Ministry of Education (MoE) shall be jointly planned,
negotiated and decided between SU and MoSHE. Thus, as per MoSHE‟s guideline, a male
candidate who scores over 50% and a female candidate who scores 45% and above are
basically eligible for admission.

Nevertheless, considering the intake capability of the department (determined by suitable

staff members) that could teach at master level and thesis research advisors, the
department would select the required candidates based on the overall marks scored.
However, admission to master program should also pay attention to equity and diversity
(there will be greater emphasis on gender equity and on attracting talented students from
historically disadvantaged communities).

In line with the national priority accorded to expansion of higher education, SGS plans and
carries out admission to master programs in conjunction with MoSHE. Thus
 SGS accordingly will communicate data on intake capacity as received from
concerned departments to the MoSHE six months before the time of formal
enrolment.
 The MoSHE submits the list of recommended candidates to the SGS office at least
three months ahead to formal enrollment.
 Based on the data from SGS, the office of admission announces and invites the
students for registration two months in advance of formal enrollment for diagnostic
testing in order to select the best candidates in case of large number of students
have been assigned by MoSHE. If the number of assigned candidates is within the
intake capacity, the students assigned by MoSHE will not sit for entrance
examination.

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 Table 2. Fee Components for Master Programs

No Fee components Payment per time (Birr) Total (Birr)

1 Application fee For one Student 100.00
2 Late registration fee For one Student 1,2,3,4 and 5 days 100,150, and
200, 250 and 300, respectively and
more 5 days one year penalty
3 Tuition fee for non-lab course Credit hour 650 Birr/cr but it depends on the
program
4 Tuition fee for lab course contact hour 750.00 Birr/cr
5 Tuition fee for Master thesis 15,600.00
6 Advisory fee Major advisor 3500+30% desert allowance
7 Co advisor 2500 +30% desert allowance
8 External 3500+30% desert allowance
9 Thesis examining board Internal 2500 +30% desert allowance
10 Chairperson 1000+30% desert allowance
11 NG, Makeup exam With course 300.00
12 Student Copy Per student 50.00
13 ID Preparation Per student 20.00
14 ID Replacement Per student 50.00
15 Temporal Degree Per student 200.00
preparation/replacement
16 Original Degree Per student 300.00
preparation/replacement

Note: The desert allowance should be applied for external examiner only if the examiner
comes in person.
Once admission to master studies is confirmed, students are requested to pay a registration
fee of birr 100.00 (one hundred birr) and tuition fee of birr 650.00 (six hundred fifty birr)
per credit hour. However, if the course have lab, 100 birr will be added for one credit hour.
For example if the course has 3 crs, the student should pay 750*3cr. The total tuition fee
per semester depends on the total number of credit hours offered per department as they
vary from one department to another. In addition to these fees, students are expected to
pay birr 15,600.00 (fifty thousand six hundred birr) for thesis advisors and thesis
examining board (Table 2). The fees for advisors and board of examiners should be paid
together with master thesis tuition fee when students are registering during third semester.
Once admission and payment is completed as to the rules and regulations of the university,
students are requested to attend the courses for which they have been registered. There
might be cases at which a student may discontinue due to justifiable reasons. In such
cases, the student and the department head in collaboration with SGS allow the student to
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fill withdrawal form in convenient time. Otherwise, the student is required to pay 25% of
the total money paid per semester to SU for less than one month stay and 100% for one or
more months stay at the university.

Table 3. Payment for summer and extension program Instructors

Professional status Total Birr

Lecturer 175.00
Payment for Instructors Assistance professor 210.00
Associate Professor 250.00
Professor 250.00
Proposal Review Two Examiners 500.00 Birr 250 for each
Entrance Exam preparation 2000ETB/booklet
Exam Correction 20ETB/student
Invigilator 100ETB/hr
Makeup exam preparation 150ETB/student

Note:-
1. For each credit hour 30% desert allowance is considered for instructors
2. Credit hour calculation is based on the University‟s legislation i.e. 1cr is considered as
1.5cr for master program and 2cr for PhD program
3. In general, Table 2&3 are calculated based on the existing condition of the
programs, but if additional program and guideline comes, it will be renewed
4. If a graduate student thesis falling in his/her graduation thesis, he can re-examined by
paying the costs for External examiner, internal examiner, chairperson and
accommodation for the guests. However, a student whose thesis is rejected shall have
only one chance to defend again.

20
 Table 4:- Monthly Payment for Those Who Run and Concerned with PG Extension
Program
No Responsibility Monthly payment
1 University President 2000.00
2 Academic vice president 1800.00
3 Research and community vice president 1500.00
4 Administrative vice president 1500.00
5 Post-graduate Director 1200.00
6 Quality Assurance Director 1200.00
7 Director of Registrar 1200.00
8 Registrar Vice director 1000.00
9 Estate and facility director 1200.00
10 Internal revenue Director 1200.00
11 Library and Documentation Service Director 1200.00
12 Student Admission College deans 1200.00
13 Student Admission College Quality Assurance 600.00
Coordinators
14 College Level PG Coordinators 1000.00
15 Student Admission Department Heads 1000.00
16 PG Assigned Registrar Record Officers 600.00
17 Registrar Secretory 400.00
18 PG Assigned Internal Revenue Officer 600.00
19 Student Admission College Quality Secretary 400.00
20 Student Admission Department Secretary 400.00
21 Academic Issues Director 1200.00
22 PG Secretory 400.00
23 PG office coordinator 1000.00
24 PG Office modularization 1000.00
Note: The number PG Assigned Registrar Record Officers shall be determined as 1 record
officer for 400 students.

4.4. Coursework and Grading System

Depending on the nature of the program, a regular master student is expected to complete
all prescribed core courses and any other deficiency courses offered at the end of the first
academic year. For weekend program it is recommended to complete the course work in
three semesters. Summer master students are supposed to complete all coursework in two
to three summers and the rest should be covered without summer with different delivery
approach like tutorial. All examinations will be graded in conjunction with the
Harmonized Academic Policy for Ethiopian Higher Education Institutions, 2012 (p 114)
issued by MoE recently (Table 5). The academic policy stipulates that grades D and F are
deemed as failure and students who score them should repeat the course.

21
 Table 5. Harmonized Academic Policy for Ethiopian Higher Education Institutions
2012
Raw mark Letter Equivalent Status description Class description
interval grade grade point
(100%)
[90-100] A+ 4.00 Excellent First class with great distinction
[85-90) A 4.00
[80-85) A- 3.75
[75-80) B+ 3.50 Very good First class with distinction
[70-75) B 3.00
[65-70) B- 2.75 Good First class
[58-65) C+ 2.50
[50-58) C 2.00 Satisfactory Second class
[40-50) D 1.00 Fail
<40 F 0.00 Fail

 According to the policy, a master student is allowed to graduate with a minimum

CGPA of 3.00 with only one „C‟ or only two ‟C+‟
 Courses with "C" grades or lower may be repeated if the CGPA of a student is less
than 3.0.
 The SC/DC with the recommendation of the course instructor and the DGC/SGC,
may allow a student with a grade of “C” or lower to take re-exam, instead of
repeating the course, by assessing the overall performance or special conditions of
the student on individual basis.
 A student may not repeat or take re-exam in a course more than twice unless it is
required for graduation.
 The final grade for repeated courses or a course in which re-exam has been taken
shall be recorded and used for computation of CGPA.
 CGPA requirement to pass a semester is 3.00 and above.
 Dismissal to students who scored less than CGPA 2.5 in the first semester of the
first year
 A student will be put on probation if his/her CGPA is in between 2.5-2.9 in the
first semester of the first year.
 A student put on probation must score 3.0 and above in the following semester. If
not, he/she shall be subject to dismissal.
Any master student who fails to score the required CGPA and allowed to repeat the course
should pay birr 650.00 (six hundred fifty birr) per credit plus registration fee for re-
registration.

22
A student who misses an examination due to non-genuine reasons which is approved by
the DGC/SGC should pay birr 650.00 (six hundred fifty birr) for master course of which
birr 150.00 (one hundred fifty birr) should be paid to the instructor who sets and corrects
the examination.
However, If a master student misses an examination due to genuine reasons which will be
approved by the DGC/SGC need 350.00(three hundred fifty Birr) of which birr 150.00
(one hundred fifty birr) should be paid to the instructor who sets and corrects the
examination. However, he/she has to pay for any subsequent attempts as mentioned
above.
A student who fails to score minimum of C grade in a deficiency course should pay birr
650.00 (six hundred fifty birr) per credit hour plus registration fee for reregistration. A
student who misses an examination for deficiency course should pay birr 250.00 (two
hundred fifty birr) of which birr 150.00 (one hundred fifty birr) will be paid to the
instructor who sets and corrects the examination.

4.5. Semester Load and Duration of the Study

A master student in the regular program could take a maximum of 15 credits in a given
semester whereas a weekend and summer student could take a maximum of 12 and 8
credits per semester, respectively
 A total of six credit hours shall be allotted to Master‟s thesis.
 A student admitted upon passing in the entrance examination will be given
provisional admission if he/she has to take deficiency courses based on his/her
specialization in the first degree. He/she has to complete all the deficiency courses in a
year‟s time and should score a minimum of C grade in each of the courses. However,
these grades will not be taken into account to calculate the CGPA but would be reflected
in the transcript.
In normal circumstances, a student will be given the status of a master student only after
completing all the deficiency courses and scored a minimum of C grade in each one of
them. Nevertheless, the DGC/SGC might allow a student to register for master courses
simultaneously considering the number of deficiency courses that they have to take and
other relevant facts.
At normal circumstance, regular master program should be completed within two
academic years and extension master program should be completed in two years and plus
one semester. The summer program shall be completed in 4 summers. In the winter

23
session a student shall take one course. The students shall fix thesis titles at the end of the
3rd summer and defended at the end of the 4th summer.

In exceptional cases, the duration of study can be extended provided that the concerned
DGC justifies the case to the satisfaction of SGS. Yet, it is the sole discretion of the SGS
to accept or reject such an extension request taking other relevant things into
consideration. And the duration period shall be decided based on SU Senate legislation.

4.6. Lecturing Master Studies

Anyone who teaches at master level should have a PhD degree and above. However,
instructors who are in the rank of an assistant professor and above but without a PhD
degree would also be permitted to teach at master level upon the approval of DGC and
SGS. A staff member whose academic rank allows teaching master courses is required to
teach one subject per semester.
In the absence of the required human resource, a guest faculty (within and outside of the
university), who has PhD or with academic rank of assistant professor might be invited to
deliver courses provided that he/she is recommended by the DGC and approved by SGS
and VPAA. In absence of required human resource from within and outside the university,
a staff member whose academic rank allows to teach master courses is required to teach
two courses (up to a maximum of 8 credit hours) per semester. There are courses for
which specialization is difficulty and in such cases two or more staff members jointly can
handle the course.

Any invited guest faculty or any expert invited from outside of the department to deliver
any master course or any faculty within the department to teach a course as an extra
teaching load (provided that the particular instructor is already having full workload as
prescribed by MoSHE) would be paid. Transportation services and accommodations for
guest faculty will be ensured via the university in collaboration with SGS and DGC/SGC.
However, an academic staff invited from other department is not eligible for any
accommodation or transport expenses that are applicable to guest faculty outside of the
university. The guest faculty (within and outside the university) should fill in a contractual
agreement with the university and is required to send/attach examination questions directly
to the respective chairperson of DGC/SGC.

24
A PhD student who completed coursework and successfully defended PhD dissertation
research proposal might teach courses at master level in the absence of the required human
resource in a department and non-availability of guest faculties. Moreover, the area of
specialization and the nomenclature of the PhD program that he/she is currently pursing
would be considered while allocating courses to the PhD students. Then his/her name
should be forwarded by the DGC to director of SGS. Upon approval by the director of
SGS, the PhD student would be scrutinized by the office of the VPAA for final approval.
In order to ensure quality, only one PhD student is allowed to teach per semester and
he/she is allowed to teach only one course per semester.

After successful completion of coursework, master students are required to prepare thesis
proposal with close supervision of advisor(s). The topic for thesis proposal shall be
selected in consultation with, and prior approval of, the thesis advisor. The selection of
thesis topic shall be on the basis of the broad needs of the country and/or the priority areas
of research topics as determined by the concerned academic unit. Special provision shall
be provided for self-sponsored or foreign students. The topic of the thesis of each
candidate shall be approved by the DGC/SGC as early as possible as and not later than the
time of the candidate's enrollment into the second half of the program.

The ultimate success of any thesis depends on the preparation of a sound research
proposal. Even though there are a number of proposal writing styles adopted around the
world, master students of the university should follow a uniform pattern in the preparation
of thesis proposal. The instructions how to prepare master thesis proposal of the university
is given in part 5. Once the thesis proposal is well prepared, a student is subjected to
defend the proposal as stipulated by time table of department/school and to incorporate all
comments provided. In line with, through SGS, students should pay the course and
research fee for their program. Then he/she is expected to get the thesis proposal approved
using approval format given in Appendix III.

4.7. Thesis Advisement and Payment

The DGC/SGC normally recommends the selected thesis advisor(s) to the SC/DC. The
following are some of the requirements for thesis advisement:

25
It is mandatory that any advisor (major and co-advisor) should have a minimum of two
years of teaching and research experience at master level.
A full-time department member with the academic rank of assistant professor and above
or a person(s) outside of the university in the required area of specialization with a PhD
degree or who will be able to submit a letter of commitment in advising the student. In
such cases, it will be mandatory to have a co-advisor( s) from the university.
The advisor(s) will assist the student in planning the research work, monitor it regularly,
advises the student on how to publish, critically evaluate the draft and final manuscripts.
The optimum number of students that an instructor can advise as major advisor shall be
six unless otherwise specially justified. The co-advisement will not exceed three when
he/she is the major advisor for six students. In no circumstances any advisor will take
more than nine students in total to supervise their thesis research work either as major or
co advisor.
Each student is entitled for one major advisor. However, a co-advisor from within the
university will be offered if the major advisor is outside of the university. Moreover, the
external advisor will be to submit a letter of commitment in advising the student.
 Students can find/choose advisors by their own
 Advisors should receive letter of advisor ship from the concerned department with CC
to SGS

A total of birr 6000.00 (six thousand birr) advisement fee would be paid to major and co-
advisors. Out of these, major advisor would be paid birr 3,500.00 (three thousand five
hundred birr) and co-advisor would be paid birr 2,500.00 (two thousand five hundred birr)
plus 30% desert allowance for both advisors of which tax will be deducted as per the
existing norms.

4.8.Thesis Submission and Oral Defense

A thesis shall constitute an individual's effort in academic pursuit to identify and analyze
problems by applying sound methodology. It shall constitute a partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the Master‟s Degree. No candidate may be permitted to submit a thesis in
less than one academic year from the date of initial registration except with a special
permission of the DGC/SGC. A candidate may submit the thesis as approved by the
advisor(s) at any time during or after the last semester of coursework and no later than the

26
 end of the fourth semester after the initial registration with the exception of candidates
allowed for extended residency. Students must follow the guidelines of manual to prepare
master thesis. Once properly prepared, each student is required to submit adequate copies
of approved thesis which will be distributed to BoE and the advisors. As the number of
students at master programs in different modes of delivery is increasing year after year, the
following defense schedule should be in place in a given calendar year (Table 6). If any
one of these dates happen to be a national holidays, the next working day should be
considered in this regard.

Table 6. Thesis defense sequence in calendar year

Defense Last date for Last date for CGS Date of Submission CGS
sequence in thesis thesis meeting defense of meeting to
calendar year submission submission by to approve corrected approve the
to DGC/SGC DGC/SGC to the thesis to defended
SGS submitted DGC/SGC thesis
with list of Board thesis for after
of examiners defense defense
1st September 30 October 7 October November December December 7
15 15-17 2

2nd January 15 January 20 January February March 15 March 25

25 25-27
3rd April 25 May 2 May 5 June 2-5 June 15 June 20

School of graduate studies (SGS) in consultation with DGC/SGC will nominate BoE to
examine the thesis on its merit. The master student would first defend the thesis work
orally to the appointed BoE that comprises one external examiner, one internal examiner
and a chairperson. The external examiner is always the subject specialist outside the
university. The internal examiner is normally from the respective department or someone
from other departments within the university. The chairperson could either be an internal
or an external expert. The student will be allowed to present power point slides to support
oral defense. The thesis defense time allocation follows as shown in Table 7.
Table 7. Time allocation for examining thesis
Presentation session Time allotted
Oral presentation supported by power point slides 20 minutes
Session of external examiner 15 minutes
Session for internal examiner 15 minutes
Session for chairman 10 minutes

27
The defending students should answer all questions to the satisfaction of the BoE. The
chairperson, the internal examiner and the external examiner will award marks
individually and the cumulative average of all the three examiners will be taken for the
final award of the mark.
The decision of defended thesis is either accepted as it is with editorial corrections,
accepted with minor modifications, accepted with major modifications, thesis is deferred
(needs revision, resubmission and redefine) or thesis failure. Finally, all approved thesis
will be evaluated as both in Letter grade and as excellent, very good, good, satisfactory
and fair).
The thesis/Dissertation evaluation components shall be as pert the senate legislation.

The BoE would rate the thesis defense as given in Table 8. No grade need to be given as
any grade obtained for the thesis defense will not be taken into account to calculate the
CGPA. The candidate must incorporate all modifications and corrections in the final
version of the thesis and get it approved. Finally he/she is required to produce 6 copies of
gold covered thesis and submit to the SGS, of which one to the library, one copy and soft
copy on CD to SGS, one to the department, one/two to the advisors and one to the student.
Besides, the top ten theses from each program, selected by the concerned department, shall
be available at library circulation for reference purpose.

Table 8. Rate of defended thesis

Raw mark interval Rate of defended thesis Letter Grade

>85% Excellent A
75-85% Very good B+
61-74% Good B
50-60% Satisfactory C
<50% Failure D
The procedure of thesis defense is that after thesis approval by advisor, a candidate
submits adequate number of thesis to DGC/SGC and the DGC/SGC appoints BoE. The
SGS should be decided in good time and obtain a copy of the thesis at least one month
before the date set for the defense. The board shall have a minimum of three and a
maximum of five members consisting of at least one member of the university.
An external member of the BoE shall be the external examiner of the candidate whose
decision shall play a major role in determining the fate of the thesis defense. All members

28
of the BoE will comment on all aspects of the thesis. The departments and SGS office
should make sure, if any external examiner finds the thesis poor quality and does not
warrant defence, i.e., this should be communicated by the invited examiner earlier in email
or phone before travel arrangements are made by the external examiner. If the thesis is
deemed undefendable, the external examiner should not travel to Samara University.

4.9. Examining Master Thesis

4.9.1. External Examiner

The purpose of having external examiner is to ensure that degrees awarded in similar
subjects at the university are comparable in standard with those awarded by other
universities, though the content does of course vary; and secondly, that the assessment
system is fair. Normally, one external examiner is required for each thesis except in
situations where the nature of the thesis work requires more than one external examiner.
On the basis of biographical data including academic achievements, publications, and
experience as external examiner, selection of external thesis examiner is done by
DGC/SGC. In approving the nomination of an external examiner, the SGC/DGC shall
ascertain the following:
 Only persons of seniority and experience who are able to command authority are
appointed and in all cases must have an academic rank of at least assistant
professor or equivalent. Exceptions shall be approved by the SC/DC on a case by
case basis when presented to it by the concerned DGC.
 An external examiner in general must be external to the university.
 Former staff members can be invited to become external examiners unless the
termination of service was not due to discipline problem.
 External examiners from outside the higher education system, for example from
industry, research institutions, etc. may be selected when necessary
 One external examiner should not be assigned per program for more than three
thesis at a time.
DGC/SGC recommends 3 to 5 external examiner to SGS and SGS select one at random.
Once approved by SGS, the head of the department/school/faculty/institute/college
dispatches the thesis to external examiner on time (at least one month before the date set
for the defense) for critical evaluation. In cases where there is shortage in external
examiners, an external examiner can handle a maximum of three (3) thesis during a

29
particular thesis defense. Transportation services and accommodations for the purpose will
be ensured by the university in collaboration with SGS and DGC/SGC.

An external examiner, as a full member of the specific BoE, shall be present at all
examiners' meetings at which significant decisions are to be taken with regard to the
specializations which are relevant to the examiner. The views of an external examiner are
particularly decisive in the case of disagreement on the evaluation/rating of a particular
assessment. The signature of the members of the BoE shall be required as evidence of
their decision on the student‟s thesis work. External examiners are encouraged to comment
on the assessment process and the schemes for marking. Departments shall use the
opportunities created by the visits of external examiners to discuss the structure and
content of the course and of master program and the assessment procedures. Any
comments or suggestions made by the external examiners shall be discussed by the
departments and decisions shall be made whether or not to accept the comments. External
examiners may make written confidential reports to the school/department head at the end
of their visits. They are free to make any comments they wish, including observation on
teaching and course structure and content. The head shall instruct the DGC/SGC to take
action with respect to the comments. The head has the responsibility to see to it that the
recommendations are considered and the proper measures are taken.

4.9.2. Internal Examiner

Internal examiner is a staff member of the university who has experience in examining
master thesis and chosen by DGC/SGC and approved by SGS. On the basis of
biographical data including academic achievements, publications, and experience as
examiner, selection of internal thesis examiner is done by DGC/SGC. Normally, one
internal examiner is required for each thesis except in situations where the nature of the
thesis work requires more than one internal examiner.
Once approved by SGS, the head of the department/school/faculty/institute/college
dispatches the thesis to internal examiner on time for critical evaluation. An internal
examiner can handle a maximum of four (4) thesis in case there is a large number of
students or where the study program covers a wide range of specializations.

30
4.9.3. Chairperson

A chairperson of a thesis can be either staff of the university or outside the university who
has experiences in examining master thesis and who is chosen by DGC/SGC and approved
by SGS. On the basis of biographical data including academic achievements, publications,
and experience as examiner, selection of chairperson is done by DGC/SGC. Once
approved by SGS, the head of the department/school/faculty/institute/college dispatch the
thesis to chairperson on time for evaluation. A chairperson can handle a maximum of four
(4) thesis in case there is a large number of students or where the study program covers a
wide range of specializations.

4.10. Thesis defense procedures

The procedural guidelines to be followed in the administration of the thesis open defense
examination are as follows:
 The thesis defense is open to all interested.
 The BoE shall take their designated seats to examine/evaluate the thesis.
 The chairperson of the BoE opens the defense session by introducing the
candidate, the other board members and the advisors, and invites the advisor to
give a brief report of the candidate‟s graduate work.
 The advisor invites the candidate to present his/her findings.
 The candidate presents the results of his/her research work for a maximum of 20‟
 The members of the BoE interrogate the candidate for 40 minutes on the subject of
the thesis.
 After the interrogation, the advisor shall be given a chance (by the chairperson) to
make clarifications or give comments on relevant issues, and leaves the room along
with other audiences, leaving the three board members to evaluate the candidate.
 Each one of the BoE members evaluates the thesis based on the open defense and
assessment of the thesis. Grades are given both in the thesis defense evaluation and
performance certification forms, which are duly signed by the members.
 Evaluation points given by each BoE members are averaged using the respective
weight of external examiner, internal examiner, and the chairperson as follows
 External 50%
 Internal 35%
 Chairperson 15%

31
That is, Evaluation weight (%) External Examiner‟s) ( Internal
Examiner‟s) (0.15 Chairperson)
After the completion of the candidate‟s evaluation, the chairperson invites the audiences
back to the examination hall and announces final grade of the candidate. The decision of
the board can either be for the satisfaction of external advisor(s) and internal examiner,
advisor and chairperson, or examining board.

5. GRADUATE RESEARCH PROPOSAL WRITING

The term research proposal indicates a specific course of the action that will be followed
in your research. It is a document which sets out your ideas in an easily accessible way.
The intent of the research proposal is to present a focused and scholarly presentation of a
research problem and plan.
The proposal tells us what, why, how, where, when, by what amount and to whom the
research will be done. It is intended to convince other pivotally funders that you have a
worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and work-plan to complete
it.
The forms and procedures for the preparation of research proposals are well defined by the
field of study, although the elements or contents of research proposals have a general
nature. Therefore, research proposal shall consist of all the main elements of a research
proposal and could be submitted with any of the acceptable formats.

A graduate research proposal should have the following components each starting on a
new page and all section titles being capitalized.
 Preliminarily Sections
1. The cover page (title page)
2. Table of contents
3. List of tables
4. List of figures
5. List of appendices
6. Abbreviations and acronyms
7. Summary (Optional)
 Main bodies
1. Introduction
 Background of the study
 Rational
 Objectives

32
  Hypothesis (optional)
2. Review of literatures
3. Materials and methods/Research methods
4. Expected outcomes
5. Work plan
6. Budget
7. References
8. Appendix(if any)
9. Approval sheet

5.1. The Cover Page

The cover page should include name and logo of SU, the title of the research proposal
(capital and spacing1) the academic degree sought, the name of the graduate student and
the advisors, college, the school/department and the program of study. The place, month
and year are put as the last items on the cover page.
All items should be spell out and use of abbreviations in the title is avoided. Moreover, the
student must make sure that the cover page is free from any spelling and grammatical
errors. Title case letters are recommended in the style of writing although the name of the
university is usually in bold capital letters. (A sample is given in Appendix I).

5.2. The Tittle

The title should accurately reflect the scope and content of the study. In addition, it should
be concise, simple and catchy and not more than 20 words. The title should be
informative/descriptive yet discrete and contain the key words of the proposal. Terms like
"Research into...", "A Study of, “Report on”, “Results of”, “An Experimental Investigation,”
etc.is not preferably used.

5.3. Formatting issues

5.3.1. Font
Times New Roman font is required throughout the documents. There should be no
variation in the type of font used throughout the research proposal and thesis. The cover
page of the thesis proposal is presented in 14 point font size. The thesis will also have an
additional title page where 14 point font size shall be used. The text in the cover page and
title page in the thesis will be in bold face font. The first level headings in the research
proposal and thesis will be in 14 point font size. Aside from this variation in font size, all

33
of the narrative in the research proposals and theses are in 12 point font size except the
headings/chapters which should be written in 13 point font size.

5.3.2. Margins

A margin of 1.5 cm on the left is for binding. A margin of 1 cm each on the right, top and
bottom of the page is required. The same margins should be applied to all pages including
figures and tables.

5.3.3. Headings and Subheadings

Each of the titles of the preliminary sections and the chapters of the narrative should be
written in bold upper case letters and be centered. The chapter headings of the narrative
must be numbered with Arabic numerals starting from 1 for the Introduction and ending
with 7 or 8 for the Appendix. The Arabic numerals shall be followed by a period, a space
and the title of the chapter without the word “chapter.” Note that the titles of the
preliminary sections are not numbered.

The second level headings, i.e. subheadings, are numbered consecutively with Arabic
numerals in an outline numbering system (e.g., 1.1., 1.2.,1.3., etc. for subheadings of
Chapter 1; and 2.1., 2.2., etc. for Chapter 2; etc.). Likewise, the outline numbering system
will be used for lower level headings (e.g. 1.1.1., 1.1.2., 1.1.3., etc. for subheadings under
1.1. etc. for those under 1.1.1.1., 1.1.1.2., etc. for subheadings under 1.1.1; and 2.1.1.1.,
2.1.1.2, etc. under 2.1.1.; etc.).

To have a numbered subheading, there ought to be at least two subheadings discussed

under the higher level heading. It is unacceptable to number headings as 1.1., 1.1.1.,
1.1.1.1., etc. unless there is at least one heading to be numbered as 1.2., 1.1.2., 1.1.1.2.,
etc., respectively.

Second level headings are written in bold title case letters, i.e. the first letter of each major
word of the headings is written in upper case letters. All remaining lower level headings
are written in sentence case, i.e. only the first letter of the heading will be in upper case
unless required by grammatical or nomenclature rules.

34
Second level headings and lower level headings should be flush left. An extra line should
separate the headings from the narrative. No headings, subheadings or captions of tables or
figures are underlined.

5.3.4. Line Spacing and Paragraph Format

The line spacing for all of the narrative is 1.5 although single line spacing is to be applied
to captions of tables and figures. An extra line (1.5 spacing) is kept between paragraphs
above and below all headings, sub-headings and captions. All paragraphs should be in
block paragraph format.

5.3.5. Page Numbering and Set Up

Each component of the preliminary section, each chapter of the narrative, the references
chapter and Appendix must start on a new page. As a rule, each component of the
preliminary section should be short and not exceed one page. Exceptions to the latter may
be for the Table of Contents, Acronyms/Abbreviations and List of Tables and of Figures.

Except for the cover page, every page of the proposal and thesis is assigned a page
number. The use of two different types of page numbering is recommended. Small Roman
numerals such as ii, iii, etc. are used for the preliminary section from the title page to the
page preceding the Introduction. However, a page number should not appear on the title
page and the subsequent page will be numbered with ii. Arabic numerals such as 1, 2, 3,
etc. are used from the first page of the Introduction to the last page of the Appendix. Page
numbers are centered at the bottom of the page. Page numbers will not include periods or
dashes.

5.3.6. Other Style and Formatting Issues

 Where required, scientific names in any part of the research proposal and thesis should
be written in italic font with the genus name starting with a capital letter. The species
nickname will appear in a small letter. Similarly, no English language terminology
such as words, nouns, or pronouns shall be italicized.
 All measurements should be given in Standard International (S.I.) units.
 Only the Ethiopian Birr (ETB) shall be used for budget currency discussions.

35
 Complicated, long or awkward sentences should be avoided.
 Correct grammatical rules should be followed.
 Contractions such as; shouldn‟t, can‟t, and won‟t should not be used.
 The use of personal pronouns such as I, you and we should be avoided.
 Colloquial language (slang) should be avoided.
 Technical jargon should be minimized.
 There should be no misspelled words in a proposal and thesis. Nor should there be any
grammatical errors. Candidates are strongly encouraged to use the “Spelling and
Grammar” check in the Microsoft Word to avoid any such language problems.

5.4. Tables and Figures

Candidates should decide the most appropriate way to present their data. They should not
use tables and figures for the same data discussed in the narrative. Tables and figures
should be single line spaced. Borders are required above and below the column headings
and below the last row of the table. Tables and figures should be logically placed in the
narrative of the thesis and should be as close as possible to the results narrative where
those tables and figures are first cited.

The headings within the Tables and Figures can be bolded. Tables and Figures should be
consistent in format throughout the document. Tables and Figures which are more than
one page in length are strongly discouraged. Also, the author is responsible for checking
computational correctness in the tables and figures. In addition, the numerical values cited
in the narrative should match those in the tables. Significance levels should be indicated
by the use of an asterisk (P ≤ 0.05/0.01/0.001 or P > 0.05).

All Tables and Figures should have a clear and concise caption. Table notes may be used
to describe the contents of the caption or column headings cross-referenced using super-
scripted numbers. For ease in readability, landscaping of tables and figures is encouraged
as necessary. Empty space between the tables and figures and the narrative should not
exceed to 1.5 spaces. Tables and Figures should be clearly presented and self-explanatory.
The reader should be able to understand them without reading the narrative of the results.

5.5. Acknowledgements (optional)

36
The acknowledgements section recognizes the persons and/or institutions the candidate is
grateful to for guidance or assistance received and those to whom the candidate extends
thanks for special aid or support in the preparation of the proposal and thesis.

5.6. Abbreviations/Acronyms

The Abbreviations/Acronyms section follows in alphabetical order. It lists the items first
written in the abbreviation or acronym followed by the full name. Standard International
(S.I.) units of measurement should be used in the proposal and thesis. In the narrative,
each abbreviation other than S.I. units and each acronym should be defined in full when it
is first used and then followed by its abbreviation or acronym in parentheses.
Standard units and internationally known abbreviations do not need to be listed.
Abbreviations and symbols such as; i.e. and etc. should not be italicized. A sample page
illustrates how the list of abbreviations and acronyms will be prepared in Appendix VIIII.

5.7. Table of Contents

All headings and entries in the table of contents should correspond exactly in wording,
fonts and cases with the headings or entries as they appear in the text of the proposal. Do
not use “title” and “page” at the top of the page in the Table of Contents. The table of
contents does not need to have dotted lines connecting headings and respective pages. A
Table of Contents is shown in the sample pages that illustrate the capitalization,
indentation, line spacing between the headings and the numbering of sections. You may
wish to use the built-in style of Microsoft Word or other word processing program to
create the table of contents (Appendix II).

5.8. List of Tables (if any)

The sample List of Tables illustrates how the list is prepared in the thesis and research
proposal. It should be noted that a list of tables rarely occurs in a research proposal
(Appendix X).

5.9. List of Figures (if any)

The list of figures also seldom appears in the dissertation or thesis research proposal. The
sample shows how the list of figures for the research proposal shall be presented
(Appendix XI).
37
5.10. List of Appendices

As a normal practice, a research proposal prepared by the graduate candidates might not
include a list of appendices. Nevertheless, there will occasions on which lists of
appendices will be demanded. The supportive and supplementary technical matters such as
formulae, derivations, original data in the form of tables, ANOVA, legal decision which
validate the data of thesis should be given in appendix/Appendices. It can be sub-divided
into sections such as appendix tables, appendix figures under appendices. Please refer
Appendix XIII and XIIII for sample appendix tables and appendix figures, respectively.

5.11. Summary (optional)

The summary should include the background of the research proposal topic, objectives of
the study and the methods to be used in the research proposal. It should be concise and
less than one page in length. The summary should be presented in one single block
paragraph in 1.5 line spacing without subtitles or any divisions.

5.12. Introduction
The introduction part of a research proposal and thesis should give pertinent background
information on research and should be as brief as possible and to the point. Writing an
introduction part has no fixed rules to follow, rather its writing is both an art and science.
Ideally, it should not exceed four pages in length. Using the future tense as appropriate,
the introduction includes:

a) Clear statement of the problem, nature, symptoms, and extent of the problem and
variables influencing the problem, thus leading to a clear set of research objectives.
b) Objectives that specify the goals of the research, research information to be gathered,
research questions to be answered or research hypotheses developed and to be tested.

It also should include objectives that specify the goals of research, research information to
be generated, research questions to be answered and/or research hypotheses to be tested.
However, in social sciences such as mentioned above, the introduction part may include
subheading such as:

i) Background of the study area

ii) Statement of the problem
iii) Rational of the study
iv) Objectives of the study (General Objective and Specific Objectives)
38
 v) Hypothesis/Research questions
vi) Scope of the study
vii) Delimitations of the study
viii) Expected outcome

5.13. Literature Review

Literature review (theoretical and empirical) helps to find out what has been done so far in
the area of research problem, and what information is available. It should be a critical
analysis of relevant existing knowledge on proposed proposal. It includes reviewing the
objectives, methodologies and key findings (includes strength of previous studies,
limitations and the gaps) of the past empirical studies. It should be relevant with recent
citations on the topic and citations within the past five years are ideal and generally
considered current. Citations ten years and older should be used sparingly and only when
necessary. Unpublished documents and lay sources like encyclopedias are discouraged.
Serious attention must be given to avoid any possible consideration of plagiarism. This is
done by candidate tracking and referencing each and every document used. Moreover, the
review of literature delineates how present study will refine, revise or add to the already
documented facts. It clarifies, strengthens and directs each stage of research and indicates
what is new in a proposed study. Literature review is a continuous process. There are two
possible ways of in text citations, namely, the subject centered and the author centered. In
the subject centered citation, the author's last name followed by a comma, a space and the
year of publication are written in parenthesis usually at the end of the sentence. In the
author centered citation, only the year of publication is placed in parenthesis and a comma
is not required after the author's name which is written when sentence begins or at the
center and/or sentence is not completed. Recognizing country tradition, Ethiopian author's
names should be presented as they appear in the publication.

Single author
 Subject centered citation: (Armadeep, 2010)
 Author centered citation: Armadeep (2010)
Two authors
 Subject centered citation: (Smith and Brown, 2011)
 Author centered citation: Smith and Brown (2011)
Three authors and more

39
  Subject centered citation: (Berhanu et al., 2014)
 Author centered citation: Berhanuet al. (2014)

For Ethiopian names

 Subject centered citation: (Ayantu and Alemu, 2012)
 Author centered citation: Ayantu and Alemu (2012)
Citation of two or more works
 Subject centered citation: Chronological order and year based within the
parenthesis separated by semicolons (Berhanuet al., 2000; Seifu, 2002; Abraham
and Mesfin, 2006). It is advisable to quote only 3 to 4 recent references for a
statement. This is the most commonly used method of citation.

The same author and same year of publication

 When citing two or more works by the same author published in the same year, use
lower case letters (a, b, c) to distinguish the different works. The author centered
citation is Rajan (2003a, 2003b, 2003c) whereas the subject centered citation is
(Rajan, 2003a, 2003b, 2003c).
Several publications by the same author in different years
 If there are several publications by the same author(s), the subject centered citation
will be done chronologically as shown (Berhanu, 2002, 2006, 2012) whereas
author centered citation is Berhanu (2002, 2006, 2012).
Start a sentence with author
 Whenever you start a sentence with author, chronological order outside bracket as
shown need to be followed: Amenu and Mesfin (2005), Andualemet al. (2010),
Senapathy (2011). Note that et.al. is used for more than two authors and should be
Italic.
 Personal communication
 When citing interviews, phone conversations, letters or email messages include the
communicator's name (who ideally should be an authority in the field) and the fact
that it was personal communication. Do not, however, include personal
communications in the references chapter of the research proposal and thesis.
(Morris, J. Personal communication).
Organizational author

40
  When citing the work of an organization as author, use the acronym of the
organization. Subject centered citation as (WHO, 2010) whereas author centered
citation WHO (2010).

Unknown authors
 When the work has no named author, cite it as 'Anonymous' as (Anonymous,
2013) in subject centered citation and Anonymous (2013) as in author centered
citation.
Undated works
 When the works are not dated, cite the year of publications as 'n.d' as (Anonymous,
n.d.) in subject centered and Anonymous (n.d.) in author centered citation.
Universal resource location
If you are citing from a Universal Resource Location (URL) on the internet, give the
name of the organization (full or abbreviated form) or author(s) followed by the year.

5.14. Materials and Methods /Research Methods

The materials and methods (research methods) section includes the description precisely
of where will the research be located, how and how much sample to be selected, what will
be done and how it will be done, what data will be needed, who are the unit of analysis,
what tools (instruments) to be used in data collection and data analysis. It should be
appropriate to the problem area, i.e., the statement of the problem, the objectives and the
hypotheses. It should be stated carefully and precisely for each objective to be achieved or
hypothesis to be tested. The candidate should concentrate on the questions of affordability
in terms of the expenses to be involved and of feasibility in both temporal and spatial
senses.

The description of the methods of data collection should include the information/data
requirements of the study, the method(s) of measurement and the unit(s) of measurement.
The selection of variables is an important task as it detects the database for the study. The
candidate should recognize the nature of the data (quantitative and/or qualitative), the
kinds of data (secondary and/or primary data), and the sources of data (secondary and/or
primary sources) and how to collect the data (survey, observation and measurement,
experiment, discussion or a combination of these methods). Once a method or a
combination of methods is chosen, reasonable amount of description of the method(s)

41
should be given as to how it would be used. The candidate may include information on
issues such as (1) the experiments site (the study area) (2) various materials to be used in
the experiments (3) the treatments and experimental design and (4) the population from
which the candidate want to collect samples.
The choice of method(s) of data collection largely depends on the efficiency and accuracy
with which the information will be collected and the method(s) practicability (the need for
personnel, skills, time, equipment and other facilities, in relation to what is affordable). In
making the choice, account must be taken of the importance of the information, in the light
of the purposes and objectives of the study.

During the proposal writing stage, the candidate should also decide, at least in a broad
outline, how the information would be analyzed. Even though optional, description
variables (both dependent and independent variables) should be done. Description of the
analytical method(s), technique(s), tool(s) and statistical tests that will be used in
analyzing the data to discover truth should be given. The data analysis procedure(s) should
be appropriate to the problem on the basis of existing theory, past research and resources
(time, money, personnel, and facilities) available. The candidate should take a further
opportunity for second thought as to whether the study, as planned, is likely to meet its
objectives. By doing all this, the candidate can reach at an effective research methods.

The candidate should consider affordability, time issues, feasibility of the study and
availability of equipment and supplies. The candidate should also address the methods of
data collection, data quality control and methods of data analysis.
Materials and Methods also called Methods should also include:

1. Definition of Terms (optional)

2. Definition of Variables (optional)
3. Description of the Study Area or Experimental Site
4. Study Design or Experimental Design
5. Description of Population: This includes inclusive and exclusive criteria, the
source population, the study population and sample population (optional).
6. Sampling Methods: This includes sample size calculation and sampling methods
(optional).

42
 7. Data Collection: This includes questionnaires, use of observation, focus group
discussions (FGD),in-depth interviews, laboratory analysis and similar methods.
The description should outline the data to be collected in the study, the methods of
measurement and the units of measurement.
8. Data Analysis: The candidate should decide how the data generated will be
analyzed. Descriptions of the data analytical methods, techniques, tools and
statistical tests that will be used in analyzing the data should be provided. Software
planned for use in statistical analysis may also be mentioned.
9. Data Quality Control: Where required, discuss how to check the data collection
instruments, the plans for ensuring confidentiality of data when appropriate, and
describe the reliability and validity of instruments used in the research.

5.15. Work Plan

It is the overall time required by the project, including the time for proposal development,
validating survey instruments, data collection instrument preparation, training in data
collection and analysis, data collection, follow-up in progressive work, data analysis, write
up and presentation (or providing information to the community and to institutions).The
plan of activities can be presented in the form of a table. Only major activities for
accomplishing the research activities and corresponding time frames should be included in
the table.

5.16. Budget

To do a research, budget (fund) is needed. The research may involve purchasing of

chemicals, equipment, supplies, personal costs interims of salary or daily allowance,
transportation or budget for fuel for field work, payment for instrument (advanced
machine), payment for drivers, consultancy, technician, study participants (if any), experts
of data analysis, printing and publication, etc. Moreover, when personal costs are
estimated, it should consider how many of each type of person will be needed; whether
they will be needed full-time or part-time, how much each person will be paid, how long
they will be needed, when they will be needed. The researcher must itemize a head the
things that need financial sources and estimate the costs. When you estimate a budget for
your research work, as much as possible try to avoid unnecessary payment and do to
minimize (reduce) the amount of cost. The budget chapter will then have a series of
separate tables for items as personnel with days and per diem costs, advisor costs,

43
stationery costs, equipment and supplies and transportation costs. A budget summary table
should be included at the end of this chapter.

5.17. References

The references chapter must include all works cited in the research proposal. All citations
appearing in the narrative of the proposal must be included in the references chapter and
vice versa. In-text citations and references should carefully follow the style shown in Part
4 of this manual which provides many samples.

5.18. Appendix (if any)

The appendix is the last chapter. It includes information such as drafts of questionnaires in
English and other languages, participant informed consent forms, observation check lists,
pictures and specifications of the equipment used in the research, mathematical formulae
or derivations, a detailed description of the sample selection procedures and dummy
tables.

5.19. Approval Sheet

The approval sheet is the last page of a master‟s research proposal. Candidates may obtain
the format for the approval sheet from their respective colleges, schools or departments or
from the office of the Dean of the School of Graduate Studies. An example of an approval
sheet is provided in the sample pages. (A sample of approval sheet is given in Appendix
III)

6. GRADUATE THESIS WRITING

The technical contents of a thesis report should be presented clearly, precisely and
comprehensively to highlight their contributions and achievements. The report should
include both preliminary and text/body sections.

6.1. Preliminary Sections of the Thesis

 Pages numbered in lower-case Roman numerals

 It consist of the following sections
1. Cover Page
2. Title Page

44
 3. Approval Sheet
4. Dedication (optional)
5. Statement of the Author
6. Biographical Sketch
7. Acknowledgements
8. Acronyms/Abbreviations
9. Table of Contents
10. Lists of Tables
11. List of Figures (if any)
12. List of Tables in the Appendix (if any)
13. Abstract

6.2. The Body/Text of the thesis

o Page numbers in Arabic numerals

 It consists the following sections
1. Introduction
2. Literature review
3. Materials and methods
4. Results and discussion
5. Conclusions and recommendations
6. References
7. Appendices

6.2.1. Cover page

The cover page is the first page of a thesis that is usually printed out on a hard cover or
material other than a white sheet of paper. It includes the title of the study (thesis), the type
of the degree for which the work is conducted (MA/MSc), the full name of the candidate,
and the month and year in which the thesis is submitted. This is the only page of a thesis
for which a page number is not assigned. Moreover, it should be noted that the length of
the title itself should not be too long. The title of the thesis should be selected carefully
and must be brief, concise but descriptive and comprehensive enough to include all key
words and phrases that explain the contents of the study (A sample is given in the
appendix V).

45
6.2.2. Title page

The title page is the second page of a thesis but the first page for which a page number (i)
is assigned although the page does not have the number typed on it. It includes the title of
the thesis; the name of the college/school and the university, the degree for which the
thesis is presented, the full name of the candidate; and the month, year and place of
submission. The names of the members of the advisor and co-advisors of the master‟s
thesis are provided in this title page. Please refer to the samples which are provided (See
Appendix IV)

6.2.3. Approval sheet

The approval sheet is available from respective colleges, schools, departments or from the
PGS. The final approval page will be incorporated into the candidate‟s thesis after dully
signed by the board of examiners and members of the advisory committee or advisors,
which is after the open defense examination. The signing of the document will occur after
a successful open defense and all required revisions to the document arising from the
defense. The PGS will provide the approval sheet to all graduate candidates. Each thesis
submitted for evaluation will have two certificates; Approval sheet from the major and/or
co-advisor and Approval sheet from the Board of Examiners (A sample is given in the
appendix XII)

6.2.4. Dedication (if any)

The dedication should be short and concise and ideally no more than one sentence long.
Please refer Appendix VIII for a sample dedication page.

6.2.5. Statement of the author

This is the place where the candidate solemnly declares that the thesis represents his/her
own work and is not submitted to any other institutions elsewhere for the award of any
degree, diploma or certificate. The candidate also acknowledges here the various sources
of information, ideas, views and opinions and the like that she/he borrowed and used in the
thesis. A template of the Statement of the Author is shown in the sample pages Appendix
VIII.

46
6.2.6. Biographical sketch

The candidate is not expected to write too large biographic sketch. It would suffice the
need if she/he includes information on candidate‟s date and place of birth, schools
attended in primary, secondary and tertiary, educational qualifications, professional work
experience and marital status. Thus, the biographical sketch should be condensed, very
precise, and concise.

6.2.7. Acknowledgements

The Acknowledgements page recognizes the persons and/or institutions the candidate is
indebted to for guidance and assistance received, and those to whom she/he is thankful for
special aid or support. Acknowledgments should be expressed simply and concisely. Any
reference to religious deities in a research proposal, thesis should be avoided.

6.2.8. Acronyms/Abbreviations

Acronyms/abbreviations are listed in alphabetical order of the terms when written in full
form. Abbreviations cannot be used in the thesis title. Well known abbreviations such as
FAO, WHO and HIV do not need to be listed. While not listed in the
Acronyms/Abbreviations, S.I. units of measurement should be used in the thesis . Other
than S.I., units, each abbreviation/acronym should be defined in full when it is first used
and followed by its abbreviation/acronym in parenthesis. Standard units such as g, kg, m,
and km should not be listed. Internationally known abbreviations such as i.e. and etc., are
not italicized. A sample is provided in the sample pages (A sample is given in the
appendix VIIII).

6.2.9. Table of contents

The following guidelines will make it more rational and persuasive:

All headings or entries in the Table of Contents should correspond exactly in

wording (including fonts and cases) with the headings as they appear in the text.
The relationships between main headings and subheadings and between divisions
and subdivisions must be shown by appropriate use of indentation and
capitalization.

47
 The main headings of the table of contents are the components of the preliminaries
and the titles (chapters) of the text of the thesis, reference and appendix (ces) must
by written in full capitals as they appear in the text.
Except that of the preliminaries, the main headings in the thesis must be
consecutively numbered with Arabic numerals and the subheadings and divisions
be numbered with fractions of the number in the upper headings or divisions.
The second and/or third line of a heading requiring more than one line must be
indented to the position of the initial letter of the first line.
Line between main headings and between a main heading and its subdivisions
must be 1.5-spaced, whereas between subheadings and between subdivisions are
single-spaced
The subheading of the main heading and subdivision of the subheading are
indented with appropriate spaces into show that they are subheadings and
subdivisions.
The initial letters of the first word and of all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs,
and verbs of the subheadings are capitalized, whereas in the subdivisions only the
first letters of the first and of proper nouns are capitalized both in the text and in
the table of contents.
The headings and sub-headings in the table of contents should not exceed four
levels. The fifth order divisions and above may be ignored from entering into the
Table of Contents and the latter may not exceed two pages.
If the table of contents is more than one page, the title followed in parenthesis with
the word “Continued” must appear.
No terminal punctuation is used for headings and their subdivisions.
The page number on which each of these begins is shown in the column at the
right-hand margin.
A sample table of contents is shown in the sample pages that illustrate the
capitalization, indentation and line spacing. Please refer Appendix VI for a sample
'Table of Contents'.

6.2.10. List of Tables

It comes soon after the 'table of contents". The list of tables is constituted of the captions
of the tables included in the thesis. The major points to be observed in preparing the List
of tables include:

48
 In the text, all tables should be numbered consecutively (with Arabic numerals)
starting with 'Table 1' for the table which appeared first in the thesis, and the captions
apart from being short and descriptive, must appear on the top of the each table.
In the list of tables, the number of the table, the caption (or title) with all entries
corresponding exactly in wording (including fonts and cases) with that in the text and
the page number of the manuscript on which each table occurs are entered.
Only the initial letters of the first word and of proper nouns are capitalized both in the
text and in the list of tables.
Spacing should be 1 for the capitation/heading of a table.
No border between the lines in the table except the top and bottom lines.
No terminal punctuation is used for the headings or after any title listed therein.
The words table and page with their initial letters in capitals head their respective
columns, flush with the margin. A Sample List of Tables is shown in Appendix X.

6.2.11. List of Figures

The list of figures or illustrations is the section that appears on a new page following the
list of tables. This section is constituted of the captions of the figures and/or illustrations
included in the thesis. The major points to be observed in preparing the list of
figures/illustrations include:

In the text, all figures/illustrations should be numbered consecutively (with Arabic

numerals) starting with 'Figure 1' for the figure or illustration, which appeared first in
the thesis, and the captions apart from being short and descriptive, must appear on the
bottom of each figure.
In the list of figures or illustrations, the number of the figure, the caption (or title) with
all the entries corresponding exactly in wording (including fonts and cases) with that in
the text and the page number of the manuscript on which each figure occurs are
entered.
Only the initial letters of the first word and of proper noun are capitalized both in the
text and in the list of figures.
No terminal punctuation is used for the headings or after any title listed therein.
The words 'Figure' and 'Page' with their initial letters in capitals head their respective
columns, flush from the margin. A sample list of figure or illustrations is given in
Appendix XI.

49
6.2.12. List of tables in the appendix

In a thesis containing tables in an appendix, the list of tables in the appendix is typed on a
new page, following the list of figures. The section presents the captions of the tables
included in the appendix along with their respective page numbers and table numbers in
the thesis. The major points to be observed in the preparation of the list of tables in the
appendix include:
In the appendix section of the text, each appendix table should be numbered
consecutively (with Arabic numerals) starting with 'appendix table 1' for the table,
which appeared first in the appendix section of the thesis, and has a caption which
is short and descriptive and that appears on the top of each appendix table.
In the list of appendix tables, the number of the table, the caption (or title) with all
entries corresponding exactly in wording (including fonts and cases) with that in
the appendix section of the thesis and the page number of the manuscript on which
each appendix table occurs are entered.
Only the initial letters of the first word and of proper nouns are capitalized both in
the appendix part and in the list of appendix tables.
No terminal punctuation is used for the headings or after any title listed therein.
The words 'Appendix Table' and 'Page' with their initial letters in capitals head
their respective columns, flush with the margin. A sample in this regard is shown
in Appendix XIII.

6.2.13. List of Figures in the Appendix

The list of figures or list of illustrations in the appendix is the section that appears on a
new page following the list of appendix tables. This section is constituted of the captions
of the figures included in the appendix. The major points to be observed in preparing the
List of appendix figures include:
In the appendix section, each figure and/or illustration is numbered consecutively
(with Arabic numerals) starting with 'appendix figure 1. For the figure or
illustration which appeared first in the appendix section of the thesis, and has a
caption that is short and descriptive and that must appear on the bottom of the
figure.

50
 In the list of appendix figures or illustrations, the number of the figure, the caption
(or title) with all entries corresponding exactly in wording (including fonts and
cases) with that in the appendix section and the page number of the manuscript on
which each appendix figure occurs are entered.
Only the initial letters of the first word and of proper nouns are capitalized both in
the text and in the list of appendix figures.
No terminal punctuation is used for the headings or after any title listed therein.
The words 'Appendix Figure' and 'Page' with their initial letters in capitals head
their respective columns, flush with the margin in the list of appendix figures. A
sample that is shown in Appendix XIIII of this manual would guide the readers in
this regard.

6.2.14. Abstract

Abstract is the last component of the preliminaries of a thesis. The word “abstract” is
written in capital letters and is centered. The name of the candidate is below the title and is
also centered. The abstract should be one single block paragraph written in italic. It
should be no longer than a single page in length with no more than 300 words. The
abstract should not be divided into sections or paragraphs. The appropriate 1.5 line spacing
should be used. The abstract should summarize the background of the study, short problem
statement, objectives, the methods used, data/statistical analysis methods, main
results/findings obtained, conclusions drawn and recommendations. It also includes
keywords of not more than six words which are not mentioned in the title.
6.3. Introduction

The introduction leads the reader from a general subject area to a particular topic of
inquiry.
It establishes the scope, context, and significance of the research being conducted by
summarizing current understanding and background information about the topic, stating
the purpose of the work in the form of the research problem supported by a hypothesis or a
set of questions, explaining briefly the methodological approach used to examine the
research problem, highlighting the potential outcomes your study can reveal, and outlining
the remaining structure and organization of the paper.

51
The introduction must not be divided into subchapters and divisions. Rather, all the
contents of the section must be presented in a logical order and well organized as to
maintain a good flow and sequence of presentation of ideas under the heading itself.

6.4. Literature Review

A literature review surveys books, scholarly articles, and any other sources relevant to a
particular issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, provides a description,
summary, and critical evaluation of these works in relation to the research problem being
investigated. Literature reviews are designed to provide an overview of sources you have
explored while researching a particular topic and to demonstrate to your readers how your
research fits within a larger field of study. The literature review may be divided into as
many sub-chapters and divisions and sub-divisions depending on the nature of the study.
The Literature Review should be relevant with recent citations on the topic. Citations
within the past five years are ideal and generally considered current. Citations ten years
and older should be used sparingly and only when absolutely necessary.

6.5. Materials and Methods

The methods section of a research paper provides the information by which a study's
validity is judged. Therefore, it requires a clear and precise description of how an
experiment was done, and the rationale for why specific experimental procedures were
chosen.
The methods section should describe what was done to answer the research question,
describe how it was done, justify the experimental design, and explain how the results
were analyzed. Moreover, the methods section structure should: describe the study are, the
materials used in the study, explain how the materials were prepared for the study,
describe the research protocol, explain how measurements were made and what
calculations were performed, and state which statistical tests were done to analyze the
data. The materials and methods could be divided into as many subchapters/sub-headings
and divisions and sub-divisions depending on the nature of the study.

6.6. Results and Discussion

Results and Discussions section should provide the reader with the discussions on the
collected results. In this section, findings are presented, the significance of the results is

52
assessed, and the possible practical implications with reference to the problems indicated
and the objectives state dare discussed. Citations that the author feels that they would
strengthen the results as well as those contradicting the present findings are also quoted in
this section. However, attempts have to be made to give appropriate explanations for
obtaining contradictory findings with the findings of previous studies.

Results are presented as figures and tables and point the reader to relevant items while
discussing the results. This section should highlight significant or interesting findings
along with P values for statistical tests. The discussion should focus on the major findings
which call for interpretation. Besides, the discussion should not include any findings that
have not been described in the results of the study.

All tables and figures are numbered with descriptive titles. Numerical values must be
always followed by unit of measurement. One should not begin a sentence with numeral,
instead provide another word or spell out the number and the unit of measurement that
follows. When a word intervenes between the numeral and its unit, the unit has to be
spelled out, e.g. 10 consecutive days. Following words start with capital letter followed by
Arabic numerals like Table 6, Figure 7, Experiment 3, Group 6, plot 9, and Treatment 2.
There is no space between numerals and %. However, one space is to be given between
numerals and unit of measurements.

In case of Table, column headings are brief and self-explanatory. Align digits to proper
position and centered to column heading. No vertical lines in the Table and no horizontal
lines other than the one at the top, one at the bottom and one separating the column
heading from contents of the Table. The footnote for the level of significance,
abbreviations or any other footnote can be given at the bottom of the Table.

6.7. Conclusions and Recommendations

The Conclusions and Recommendations part should conclude the report by stating the
task, the difficulties faced, experiences gained, results achieved and final thoughts on the
research. Typically the conclusions should not be longer than 2 pages and not less than a
half page. Then Recommendations for future work and project enhancement should be
included.

53
Recommendations should be developed and written thoughtfully, comprehensively and
again in a narrative format. Recommendations should be relevant to the research and only
derived from the research findings. No need of writing much more recommendations (at
most five) which indicate the basic points that should be performed by the respective
bodies.

6.8. References

The purpose of the references section is to provide readers with precise details of the
literature you have cited so they are able to find these papers with ease. The purpose is not
to demonstrate either how erudite you are or to show how much you have read.

The literature cited is as much a part of the evidence as anything else that you include in
the thesis. It is part of the evidence that an independent competent scientist who
specializes in your field will use to judge the reproducibility of your findings.

Every work cited in the text, whether it is a book, Journal Article, Thesis, project, seminar
notes, or even personal communication, must be referenced. Also, and most important, any
work used which is not the actual work of the student, must be cited within the Text, and
referenced. A list of references should be provided at the end of the report before the
Appendices. The reference section is paged continuously with the text in Arabic numerals.
Any work done by others, and presented in a thesis report as though it is the work of the
authors of the report, may be treated as plagiarism, and is liable to punishment in the
bylaws of SU. Therefore the students must pay utmost attention to this matter.

6.8.1. References List in References Chapter

In this section, the full reference for every citation (including surnames and initials of all
authors) should appear in your reference list.The reference list should start on a new page
following the single numbered REFERENCE page. Each listing should use the hanging
indent method. The list should be in alphabetical order by the last name of the author with
first and middle names using initials.

54
Please note that for Ethiopian names, you have to write the full name of the author
beginning with his or her first name first. For example, Yabsira B. Tesfaye would be
placed in alphabetical order under the letter “Y” for the listing of Yabsira B. Tesfaye in the
References chapter listing. The titles of books and journals should be italicized. No
abbreviations for journals should be used in the listing such publications.

Note the use of spacing, periods, semi-colons, colons, backstrokes (/), the parenthesis, and
italicizing in the reference listings. These are all important to the proper presentation of the
references. Care should be conducted with each.

References should be presented in the author-year- article title style. In addition,

students are required to strictly observe and follow the following points and examples
thereof:
 References are listed alphabetically by the author‟s last names.
 In cases where articles of the same author are cited, references are listed
chronologically. E.g. Teshome Abate, 2000, then follows Teshome Abate, 2001
and Teshome Abate, 2003 both in the text and the reference section.
 In cases where more than one articles of the same author published in the same
year are cited, small letters, a, b, c etc. are assigned to each article and identified
using these letters
Example: Ahmed (1998a), Ahmed (1998b), Ahmed (1998c), etc.
 In referring journal articles, the list includes the name(s) of author(s), the year of
publication, the title of the journal article referred as it appears in the journal, the
name of the journal (could be used abbreviations whenever applicable), the
volume and, when applicable, the number of the journal in brackets and the pages
where the article occurs in this order.
Example: Rayaguru K, Khan Md K, Sahoo NR. 2010. Water use optimization in
zero energy cool chambers for short term storage of fruits and vegetables in
coastal area. J. Food Sci. Technol. 47(4): 437-441
 In the case of Ethiopian names, the first name of the author (his/her real name) is
written first and it is followed by the first letter (in capital letter) of his/her father's
name; e.g. Hanfere A. for HanfereAdem .
 In the reference section, however, the use of 'et al.' is not allowed. Rather, the last
names and initials of all co-authors of an article are carefully and correctly entered.

55
 Example: Abrham Shumbulo, BerhanuKuma and GifoleGidabo. 1998. On the
method of determining gypsum requirement of soils. J. Soil Science. 120(2): 30-33
 As much as possible, citation of unpublished and other sources of materials not
readily available in the library must be avoided or at least kept to a minimum.
 In listing the references in the reference section, the spacing between lines with in a
reference being listed is single, whereas that between two references is a double
space. This avoids the use of indentation of the first line of each listed reference.

6.8.2. Writing List of Full References

I. Hard Copy Source Citations

Journal Articles
KebedeYemane, 2008. Cigarette smoking and khat chewing among university
instructors in Ethiopia. East African Medical Journal. 16(1): 9-17.
Aberoumand, A. 2011. Proximate Composition and Energy Values of Canned Tuna Fish
Obtained from Iran.Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 9
(4): 442-446.
AnimutAsrat and TadesseGebre-Michael. 2008. Assessment of distribution, knowledge
and utilization of insecticide-treated nets in selected malaria
prone areas of Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health
Development.22(3): 268-274.
Books
Harvey, D. 2000. Modern Analytical Chemistry, Dapauw University, 1st Edition, United
States of America; McGraw Hill Companies.
Dyckman, T.R. and Pfeiffer, G.M. 2010. Financial Accounting 3rd Edition.Boston,
MA, USA: Cambridge Business Press.
Thrusfield, M.V. 2007.Veterinary Epidemiology 3rd Edition. Oxford, England:
Blackwell Science, Ltd.
Chapter in Edited Book

Abu-Elteen, K. H. and Hamad, M. 2007. Determination of the virulence factors of

Candida albicans and related yeast species. In K. Kavanagh (Ed.) Medical

Mycology: Cellular and Molecular Techniques pp. 69-91. Chichester, West
Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

56
Atelay Alem and Dereje Kabede. 2005. Gender and health in Ethiopia. In Yemane
Berhane, Damen Haile Mariam, Kloos, H. (Eds.) Epidemiology and Ecology of Health and
Disease in Ethiopia. pp. 196-216. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Shama Books.

Paper in Conference Proceedings

Kenyon, T. 2011. Keynote Address.Proceedings of the 21st Annual conference of
Ethiopian Public Health Association. October 26-28, 2010 (pp.3-4) Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia: Ethiopian Public Health Association.

Theses and Dissertations

Published:

TamireZewde, 2007. Garlic White Rot (SclerotiumcepivorumBerk.) in Shewa:

significance, variability and management options (Published doctoral dissertation)
Doctoral thesis no. 2007:03. Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia.

Unpublished:
Harrison, J. 2008. Results or process? Alternate approaches to the performance
measure of New Zealand secondary schools, (Unpublished doctoral
dissertation), University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Yemane Belay. 2007. Reproductive health needs and service utilization of
Addis Ababa University students.(Unpublished MPH thesis), Addis Ababa
University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Technical Reports
Costar W, Deeney T, Haltiwanger J, and Haley, S. 2008. School Function
Assessment Technical Report. Pearson Education, Inc., Boston, MA, USA.
HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Office (HAPCO). 2007. Accelerated access to
HIV/AIDS prevention, care and treatment in Ethiopia: a road map for 2007-2008.
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ministry of Health.
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2011. Technical Report on Food
Insecurity in US Households with Children: Prevalence, Severity and Household
Characteristics. Washington, DC: USDA.
AOAC. 2000. Methods of Analysis by Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
Washington D.C., USA.
II. Electronic Source Citations for Publications Identified on the Internet

57
The internet is a powerful tool in conducting literature reviews and identifying and
selecting the most current citations and references. The author should make every effort to
provide the required information to allow the reader to visit the web site cited should he or
she wish to read the primary source of the information. URL addresses are always in
parenthesis. The date that the student accessed the publication should be stated. Included
below are the major types of on-line citations.
Journal Article with DOI (with or without volume number):
Long, L. 2011. Treatment outcomes and cost effectiveness of shifting managementof
stable ART patients to nurses in South Africa: an observational cohort. HIV/AIDS
Research in Africa, 21, 15-29. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001055. Accessed on
July 22, 2011.
Michaels, H.W., Bultosa, G. and Pant, L.M. 2011.Nutritional contents of three edible
oyster mushrooms grown on two substrates at Haramaya University, Ethiopia, and
sensory properties of boiled mushroom and mushroom sauce .International
Journal of Food Science and Technology.doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2010.02543.x.
Accessed on March 31, 2011.
Zhao, Y. 2010. Auxin biosynthesis and its role in plant development. Annual Review of
Plant Biology, 61, 4-64. doi: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042808-112308. Accessed on
September 13, 2011.
Journal Article without DOI:
If doi has not been assigned to the article, provide the homepage URL.
Ayalu A. Reda. 2011. Reliability and Validity of the Ethiopian Version of the
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in HIV-infected
Patients.PLoS One Journal;n6(1): el6049.IF 4.35. (URL:
www.plos.com) Accessed on July 29, 2011.
DeRose, L.F. 2008. Does discussion of family planning improve the partner‟s
attitudetowards contraceptives? International Family Planning
Perspectives, 18, 159-175.
(http://www.agiusa.org/pubs/journal/3008704.html.) Accessed on
February 28, 2011.
Non- Periodical Web Document:
WHO. 2002. Adolescent-friendly health services: an agenda for change.
(http://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health) Accessed on June 1,
2010.
Web Document with No Author’s Name or Date of Publication:
Anonymous (n.d.) Census data revisited, Harvard Psychology of Population web site,
(http://harvard.edu/data/index.php.) Accessed on March 9, 2009.
Electronic Book:

58
Biersteker, P.J., Spiro, P.J., Sprira M, and Raffo, V. 2007.International law and
international relations.
(http://www.4shared.com/gate/OKYHLz/Interational_law_and_internat.html)
Accessed on June 15, 2011.

6.9. APPENDICES

The appendix section may include process detailed flow charts, special figures and tables,
the questionnaires used in the research, FGD guidelines, maps, observation check-lists,
mathematical formulae, detailed calculations, supplementary illustrative material and any
other relevant materials related to conducting and completing the research.

Any appendix you place in your report must be cited in the text of your report. Appendices
must be designated with a letter (Appendix A, Appendix B, etc) each starting on a fresh
page, and a title. Each appendix must be listed in the Table of Contents.

59
7. APPENDIXES SAMPLES
Appendix I (Sample cover page for MSc proposal)

SAMARA UNIVERSITY
POST GRADUATE STUDIES

FACTORS AFFECTING ADOPTION OF PHYSICAL SOIL AND WATER

CONSERVATION PRACTICES: IN THE CASE OF AMEBARA WOREDA

MSc Research Proposal

By:-

Ahmed Mohammed

College: Dry land Agriculture

School/Department: Natural Resource Management
Program: MSc in Natural Resource Management
Major Advisor: -------------------
Co-Advisor: --------------------------

July, 2010

Samara University, Ethiopia

60
 Appendix II

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.1. Soil Properties and Fertility 5

2.1.1. Soil Physical Properties 6

2.1.1.1.Soil Structure 6

2.1.1.2.Soil Texture 7

2.1.1.3.Organic Matter 7

2.1.2. Chemical Properties 8

2.1.2.1.Soil PH 8

2.1.2.2.Cation Exchange Capacity and Base Saturation 8

2.1.3. Role of Nitrogen 9

2.1.4. Role of Phosphorus 11

2.1.5. Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Seed Quality 12

2.2. Seed Quality 15

2.3. Seed Quality Testing 16

2.3.1. Physical Purity 17

2.3.2. Physiological Seed Quality 18

2.4. Importance of Maize Production in Ethiopia 22

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 23

3.1. Description of Experimental Site 23

3.2. Treatments and Experimental Design 23

61
 3.3. Soil Fertility Analysis 24

3.3.1. Soil Sampling 24

3.3.2. Analysis of Soil Physical Properties 24

3.3.3. Analysis of Soil Chemical Properties 24

3.3.4. Data Analysis for Influence of N and P Fertilizer on Yield and 27

Quality
3.4. Seed Quality 28

3.4.1. Seed Sampling 28

3.4.2. Laboratory Analysis of Seed 28

3.4.2.1.Determination of Physical Quality 28

3.4.2.2.Determination of Physiological Quality 28

3.4.2.3.Design and Data Analysis for Seed Quality 29

4. PLAN OF ACTIVITIES 30

5. BUDGET 31

6. REFERENCES 34

7. APPENDIX

62
 Appendix III
(Sample Research Proposal Approval Sheet)
Samara University
Post- Graduate Studies

Submitted by:

_________________ __________________ ______________

Name Signature Date

Approved by

1. ____________________ __________________ ______________

Major advisor Signature Date

2. ____________________ __________________ _______________

Co-advisor Signature Date

3. ____________________ __________________ _______________

Chairman, DGC Signature Date

4. ___________________ __________________ _______________

Director, PG Signature Date

63
 Appendix IV- Title Page for thesis
Sample Title Page

SAMARA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

FACTORS AFFECTING ADOPTION OF PHYSICAL SOIL AND

WATER CONSERVATION PRACTICES: IN THE CASE OF
AMEBARA WOREDA

MSC THESIS/PHD DISSERTATION

BY
ASRAT BASSA
COLLEGE: Agriculture
DEPARTMENT: Rural Development and Agricultural Extension
PROGRAM: Rural Development and Planning
MAJOR ADVISOR: Haji Kedir (PhD)
June 2013
Samara University, Ethiopia

64
 Appendix V- Cover Page for thesis
Sample Cover Page

SAMARA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

FOOD INSECURITY AND COPING MECHANISMS AMONG

PASTORAL HOUSEHOLDS IN THE CASE OF AMEBARA
WOREDA, AFAR REGION

A Thesis Submitted to the College of the Social Science and Humanity

the Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, School of
Graduate Studies
SAMARA UNIVERSITY

In partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

MASTER OF ARTS IN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT

Abdu Seid Muhie

June 2018
Samara, Ethiopia

65
 Appendix VI
(Sample thesis table of content)

STATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR iii

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS iv
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF TABLES IN THE APPENDIX x

LIST OF FIGURE IN THE APPENDIX xi

ABSTRACT xi

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 4

2.1. Common Leaf Rust of Maize and its Distribution 4

2.2. Economic Importance 4

2.3. Manifestation of Disease 5

2.4. Epidemiology 6

2.5. Host Plant Resistance 7

2.6. Disease Management 9

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 11

3.1. Experimental Site 11

3.2. Fungicidal Trial 11

3.2.1. Treatments and experimental design 11

3.2.2. Disease assessment 12

3.2.3. Yield data 15

3.2.4. Statistical analysis 15

3.3. Varietal Trial 16

3.3.1. Maize varieties and experimental design 16

3.3.2. Disease assessment 17

3.3.3. Yield data 18

3.3.4. Statistical analysis 18

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 19

66
 4.1. Effect of Fungicides on Common Leaf Rust of Maize 19

4.1.1. Disease onset and level of incidence 19

4.1.2. Disease development 22

4.1.2.1. Disease severity 22

4.1.2.2. Area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) 25

4.1.2.3. Common rust progress rate 26

4.1.3. Grain yield and thousand-grain weight 28

4.1.3.1. Grain yield 28

4.1.3.2. Thousand-grain weight 29

4.1.3.3. Yield loss due to the disease 30

4.1.3.4. Relationship between disease parameters and crop yields 32

4.2. Reaction of Maize Genotypes to Common Leaf Rust 35

4.2.1. Disease incidence 35

4.2.2. Disease development on maize varieties 38

4.2.2.1. Disease severity 38

4.2.2.2. Area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) 42

4.2.2.3. Common leaf rust progress rate on the maize genotypes tested 42

4.2.2.4. Time required for severity to reach 10% (T10) 42

4.2.3. Relative yields of maize varieties 45

4.2.3.1. Grain yield 45

4.2.3.2. Thousand-grain weight 47

5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 48

5.1. Summary 48

5.2. Conclusions and Recommendations 50

6. REFERENCES 52

7. APPENDICES 57

7.1. Appendix A 58

7.2. Appendix B 61

67
 Appendix VII
(Sample Statement of the Author)

By my signature below, I declare and affirm that this thesis is my own work. I have
followed all ethical principles of scholarship in the preparation, data collection, data
analysis and completion of this thesis. All scholarly matter that is included in the thesis
has been given recognition through citation. I affirm that I have cited and referenced all
sources used in this document. Every serious effort has been made to avoid any
plagiarism in the preparation of this thesis.

This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for a degree from the
School of Graduate Studies at Samara University. The thesis is deposited in the Samara
University Library and is made available to borrowers under the rules of the library. I
solemnly declare that this thesis has not been submitted to any other institution anywhere
for the award of any academic degree, diploma or certificate.

Brief quotations from this thesis may be used without special permission provided that
accurate and complete acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission
for extended quotations from, or reproduction of, this thesis in whole or in part may be
granted by the Head of the School or Department or the Director of the Post- Graduate
Studies when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interest of
scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author
of the thesis.

Name:

Date:

School/Department:

Signature: ______________________

68
 Appendix VIII- Dedication
Sample Dedication

I dedicate this thesis manuscript to ---------------, soil scientist, geographer,

teacher, scholar, man of arts and letters, philosopher, world citizen, and a
friend of all.

OR

I dedicate this thesis manuscript to my father -----------------, and my mother -

---------------, for nursing me with affection and love and for their dedicated
partnership in the success of my life.

69
 Appendix VIIII
(Sample list of Abbreviations and Acronyms)

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ARH Adolescent Reproductive Health

ART Antiretroviral Therapy
EPHA Ethiopian Public Health Association
EPI Expanded Program on Immunization
EBF Exclusive Breast Feeding
FGM Female Genital Mutilation
FP Family Planning
HAART Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
HAI Hospital Acquired Infection
HE Health Education
IEC Information, Education and Communication
IP Infection Prevention
LBW Low Birth Weight
MOH Ministry of Health (Ethiopia)
NHD Normal Hospital Diet
OI Opportunistic Infection
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
RH ` Reproductive Health
RNHD Recommended Normal Hospital Diet
SRH Sexual and Reproductive Health
TBA Traditional Birth Attendant
UP Universal Precautions
UNAIDS United Nations Joint Program for International Development
VCT Voluntary Counseling and Testing
VLBW Very Low Birth Weight

70
 Appendix X
(Sample list of Tables)

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Guideline for selecting assessment tools ....................................................................... 10
Table 2. Summary of perception of biology teachers on CA (N=100) ........................................ 33
Table 3. Responses of biology teachers on the extent of using CA techniques ........................... 38
Table 4. Association of class size with frequency of CA practice ............................................... 40
Table 5. Association of workload with frequency of CA practice ............................................... 41
Table 6. Association of teaching experience with frequency of CA practice .............................. 42
Table 7. Association of additional training with frequency of CA practice ................................ 43
Table 8. Association of some selected methods of teaching with frequency of CA
practice ......................................................................................................................................... 45
Table 9. Association of school facilities with frequency of CA practice..................................... 47
Table 10. Association of additional incentives with frequency of CA practice........................... 48
Table 11.Association of attitude towards teaching profession with frequency of CA
practice ......................................................................................................................................... 49
Table 12. Association of perceived students‟ performance level and frequency of CA
practice ......................................................................................................................................... 50
Table 13. Association of teachers‟ attitude towards students with frequency of CA
practice ......................................................................................................................................... 52
Table 14.Association of job satisfaction with frequency of CA practice .................................... 53
Table 15. Association of achievement motivation with frequency of CA practice ..................... 54
Table 16. Association of positiveness with frequency of CA practice ........................................ 55
Table 17. Association of plasma instruction with frequency of CA practice .............................. 56
Table 18.Association of work environment with frequency of CA practice ............................... 58
Table 19. Relationship between dependent variable and independent variables ......................... 60
Table 20. Variable Inflation Factor for the continuous\discrete explanatory variables ............... 62
Table 21. Contingency Coefficient for categorized variables ...................................................... 63
Table 22. Effect of selected independent variables on frequency of CA practice ....................... 65
Table 23. Practice of CA in biology classes ................................................................................ 68

71
 Appendix XI
(Sample list of Figures)

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Location of the study area 35
Figure 2. Mapping units developed by Proximity analysis 41
Figure 3. Cartographic model 49
Figure 4. DEM of the study area 50
Figure 5. Texture map of the study area 51
Figure 6. Water table depth map of the study area 52
Figure 7. Flood depth map of the study area 53
Figure 8. Overall irrigation suitability map of the study area 54

72
(Appendix XII- Approval Sheet of Thesis/Dissertation)

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

SAMARA UNIVERSITY

As thesis/dissertation research advisor, I hereby certify that I have read and evaluated this
thesis/dissertation prepared under my guidance by [insert name of candidate] entitled
[insert title of the thesis]. I recommend that it be submitted as fulfilling the
thesis/dissertation requirement.
____________________________ ___________________ __________________
Major Advisor Signature Date
___________________ ___________________ _______________ __________________
Co-Advisor Signature Date

As members of the Board of Examiners of the M.Sc. [insert M.A., M.Ed. or PhD whichever is
appropriate] thesis/dissertation open defense examination, we certify that we have read and
evaluated the thesis/dissertation prepared by [insert name of student] and examined the candidate.
We recommend that the thesis/dissertation be accepted as fulfilling the thesis/dissertation
requirements for the degree of Masters of Science/PhD [insert Masters of Art or Masters of
Education or Masters of Public Health whichever is appropriate] in [insert the program, i.e. field
of study].
________________________ ____________________ _________________ ___________
Chairperson Signature Date
________________________ ____________________ ____________ _________
Internal Examiner Signature Date
________________________ ____________________ ____________ ____________
External Examiner Signature Date

73
 Appendix XIII:-LIST OF TABLES IN THE APPENDIX

Appendix Table

1. Classification of salt affected soils based on their chemical properties 63

2. Classification of irrigation water based on salinity (EC) sodicity (SAR) and
residual sodium carbonate (RSC) 63
3. Use of different salinity (EC) and sodicity (SAR) quality classes of irrigation
waters 63
4. Classification of irrigation waters based on their boron concentration 64
5. Response of plants to soil salinity at different ranges of ECe at 25 oC 64
6. Ten years (1996-2005) monthly average rainfall and temperature records at the
Alage ATVET College 65
7. Description of soil site and soil profile opened at the water-logged vegetable
crops farm 65
8. Description of soil site and soil profile opened at the rained wheat farm 66
9. Description of soil site and soil profile opened at the irrigated fruit farm 67
10. Description of site and soil profile opened at the crop-abandoned fallow land 68

74
 Appendix IX- List of Figures in the Appendix
Sample List of Figures in the Appendix

LIST OF FIGURES IN THE APPENDIX

Appendix Figure

1. Effects of drum speed and load position on Throughput 116

2. Effects of drum speed and load position on Machine capacity 116
3. Effects of drum speed and load position on milling yield 117
4. Effects of drum speed and load position on percentage whole grain 117
5. Effects of drum speed and load position on Percentage broken grain 117

7. REFERENCES
*-

Haramaya University. 2011. Research Proposal, Thesis and Dissertation writing manual,
Haramaya University, October 2011
Makelle University. 2011. Guidelines for the format of Research Proposals, Research Reports,
Thesis and Dissertations, March, 2011.
Samara University. 2014. Research and community service priority and thematic area, Samara
University, September 2014.
Wolaita Sodo University. 2014. Guidelines for graduate studies, Wolaita Sodo University, June
2014.

75
 Effective Date and Notification
This manual shall enter into force up on the date of approval by the university senate.

Done this at 20/01/2022.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Samara University President

76