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Report 7 CE231 Real One

This document summarizes an experiment conducted by three students to determine the coefficient of discharge for a small side orifice. The experiment involved measuring the height of water, volume before and after a 2 minute period, and calculating the theoretical and actual discharge rates. The students' individual lab papers are included, which show their calculations and determined coefficients of discharge. In conclusion, experimental errors affected the coefficient values and the results were not reliable compared to previous experiments.

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Mohammed Khalid
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67 views10 pages

Report 7 CE231 Real One

This document summarizes an experiment conducted by three students to determine the coefficient of discharge for a small side orifice. The experiment involved measuring the height of water, volume before and after a 2 minute period, and calculating the theoretical and actual discharge rates. The students' individual lab papers are included, which show their calculations and determined coefficients of discharge. In conclusion, experimental errors affected the coefficient values and the results were not reliable compared to previous experiments.

Uploaded by

Mohammed Khalid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Qassim University ‫جامعة القصيم‬

College of Engineering ‫كلية الهندسة‬


Civil Engineering Dept. ‫قسم الهندسة المدنية‬

Experiment 8

: Coefficient of discharge for a small side orifice

Students who worked on this report


Student Name Student ID
Mohammed Alkhudair 392111725
Nawaf Aleid 392111778
Ahmad abdualnasser 411116088

Instructor: Dr Md. Shafiquzzaman

April,10 2022

1
Contents
• Introduction_______________________________________________________ 3
•Theory ____________________________________________________________ 4
Experimental procedures: _______________________________________ 5
•Results and Discussion _____________________________________________ 5
Lap paper: _________________________________________________ 6
Conclusion _________________________________________________ 9
• References _______________________________________________________ 10

Table of Figures
Figure 1 Discharge through an orifice _____________________________________ 4

2
• Introduction
An orifice is an opening, of any size or shape, in a pipe or at the bottom or
side wall of a container (water tank, reservoir, etc.), through which fluid is
discharged. If the geometric properties of the orifice and the inherent
properties of the fluid are known, the orifice can be used to measure flow
rates. Flow measurement by an orifice is based on the application of
Bernoulli’s equation, which states that a relationship exists between the
pressure of the fluid and its velocity. The flow velocity and discharge
calculated based on the Bernoulli’s equation should be corrected to include
the effects of energy loss and viscosity. Therefore, for accurate results, the
coefficient of velocity (Cv) and the coefficient of discharge (Cd) should be
calculated for an orifice. This experiment is being conducted to calibrate the
coefficients of the given orifices in the lab.

• What is flow rate ?


In physics and engineering, in particular fluid dynamics, the volumetric
flow rate (also known as volume flow rate, rate of fluid flow, or volume
velocity) is the volume of fluid which passes per unit time; usually it is
represented by the symbol Q (sometimes V̇). The SI unit is cubic metres
per second (m3/s). Another unit used is standard cubic centimetres per
minute (SCCM). In hydrometry, it is known as discharge.
In US customary units and imperial units, volumetric flow rate is often
expressed as cubic feet per second (ft3/s) or gallons per minute (either US
or imperial definitions).
Volumetric flow rate should not be confused with volumetric flux, as
defined by Darcy's law and represented by the symbol q, with units of
m3/(m2·s), that is, m·s−1. The integration of a flux over an area gives the
volumetric flow rate.

3
• Theory
Consider a small orifice in the side of a vessel with the head of water above the orifice
kept constant.

Figure 1 Discharge through an orifice

Applying Bernoulli's theorem between the surface of the water 1 and the orifice O
yields.

If the discharge from a sharp edged orifice is examined closely it will be observed that
the minimum diameter of the jet of water discharging from the orifice is smaller than
the orifice diameter. The plane at which this occurs is known as the vena contract,
which is the plane where stream lines first become parallel. Applying the discharge
equation at the vena contract

which can be written as

Where: .
or more simply as

Where: .
Typical values of Cd range from 0·6 to 0·65, i.e. the actual flow through a sharp
edged orifice is approximately 60% of the theoretical value. The value of the

4
coefficient of discharge may be determined by measuring the quantity of water
discharged over a period of time whilst the head is maintained at a constant level.

Experimental procedures:
• measure the height of water.
• measuring the volume of the water before start the stop watch.
• we start the stopwatch for 2 min .
• measuring the volume of water after the stop watch.
• recording the data in the table.
• calculate Qt and Qa and Cd.

• Results and Discussion


- L =3 cm =0.03 m

The following equation may be used to estimate the coefficient of discharge:


𝒄𝒅 = 𝟑𝑸/𝟐𝑳√𝟐𝒈 𝑯 3/2
Where:
𝐶𝑑: Coefficient of discharge.
𝑔: Gravity acceleration (9,806 m/s).
𝐻: head (m)
L: weir width
Q: actual flow rate (discharge)

5
Lap paper:
Mohammed Al-Khudair

6
Ahmad:

7
Nawaf Al-Eid:

8
Conclusion
At the end, in this lap test we determined the discharge experimentally
then found the coefficient of discharge theoretically using small side
orifice apparatus , anyhow,experimental errors have significantly affected
the values of the coefficients. The precision of the results show that the
errors are mostly systematic and hence procedure wise it is deemed to be
successful. However these are not reliable as evidenced by previous
similar experiments. The experimental values for the coefficients are
therefore not a good approximation of the true value.

9
• References

[1]-https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/a/what-is-volume-flow-rate
[2]-https://www.brighthubengineering.com/hydraulics-civil-engineering/65880-open-channel-flow-measurement-
5-the-rectangular-weir/#:~:text=Channel%20Flow%20Measurement-
,Introduction,the%20rest%20of%20this%20article.

10

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