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WEEK 3 Level 0 Determination of Orifice Coefficient

This laboratory manual outlines the Basic Hydraulics course at Universiti Teknologi Mara, focusing on the determination of the orifice coefficient through traditional methods. Students will conduct experiments to measure the coefficient of velocity and discharge using specified apparatus and procedures. The final requirement includes submitting a technical report detailing the experiment's findings and analysis within a week after completion.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
29 views4 pages

WEEK 3 Level 0 Determination of Orifice Coefficient

This laboratory manual outlines the Basic Hydraulics course at Universiti Teknologi Mara, focusing on the determination of the orifice coefficient through traditional methods. Students will conduct experiments to measure the coefficient of velocity and discharge using specified apparatus and procedures. The final requirement includes submitting a technical report detailing the experiment's findings and analysis within a week after completion.

Uploaded by

Anna
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA


PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

COURSE BASIC HYDRAULICS

COURSE CODE ECW 321


LEVEL OF OPENNESS 0

CATEGORY TRADITIONAL
DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%) 0

PERIOD OF ACTIVITY 1 WEEK (WEEK 3)

TITLE DETERMINATION OF ORIFICE COEFFICIENT

1.1 Introduction
The traditional methods of conducting laboratory activities (assigned as
Level 0) will not be able to provide the avenue for students to enhance
independent learning activities and inculcate creativity and innovation.
The traditional method is fully prescriptive where the three elements
namely problem, ways & means and answers are provided/fully given to
the students. However, it is still necessary to be implemented as part of
the whole laboratory course activity especially to first and second year
students.
In this partially open laboratory activity the students are required to carry
out tests to determine the orifice coefficient.

1.2 Objectives
To determine coefficient of velocity and coefficient of discharge for a
small orifice based on flow under constant head and flow under varying
head

1.3 Learning Outcomes


PREAMBLE
At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to:
1. Identify the right tools to carry out the appropriate orifice coefficient
experiment
2. Analyse test data and present the solution in proper technical format.
3. Work in a group to undertake the task and produce the relevant
technical report.

1.4 Theoretical Backgrounds


An orifice is an opening in the wall or base of a vessel through which
the fluid flows. The top edge of the orifice is always below the free surface.
The orifice can be classified according to the size and the shape. There are
two sizes of orifice, small and large orifice. The small orifice is identified by its
small dimension compared to the head causing flow. The velocity does not
vary appreciably from top to the bottom edge of the orifice and is assumed to
be uniform. However, the orifice is large if the dimensions are comparable
with the head causing flow. The variation in the velocity from the top to the
bottom edge is considerable.

©FKA, UiTM, PAHANG Mar 2018


FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

The small circular orifice with the sharp edge in the side of the tank
wall discharging freely into the atmosphere. The centre of the orifice is the
depth, H below the free surface. Coefficient of velocity, Cv is the ratio of actual
velocity of the jet at vena contracta to the theoretical velocity. The value of Cv
is depending upon the shape of orifice and the head of liquid under which the
flows take place. The point at which the streamlines first become parallel is
known as vena contracta. Coefficient of discharge, Cd is the ratio of actual
discharge through an orifice to the theoretical discharge.
The theoretical velocity of small orifice can be described by an equation of the
form, v  2 gH .
While coefficient of velocity can be described by the following equation:-
v actual X
Cv  
vtheory 2 YH
The flow through an orifice can be described by an equation of the form,
Q  kH n .
If an ideal fluid is assumed with no energy losses, flow through an orifice is
derived from Bernoulli’s equation and can be described as following:-
Qt  Ao 2 gh
On the other hand, experimental flow rate through an orifice for a real fluid will
be less than the theoretical rate. To determine the experimental flow rate a
discharge coefficient is used so that,
Qe  Cd Qt
Therefore,
Qe
CD 
Ao 2 gh
Besides, for the variable head, the value of CD can be obtained in term of time
as describe by following equation:

T
2 AT
C D Ao 2 g
 h1  h2 
Where
A = area of orifice,
H = available head
CD = discharge coefficient
g = acceleration gravity
Qt = theoretical discharge rate
Qe = experimentally measured flow rate
T = time.

2 Problem Statement
Determination of the orifice coefficient is use for collaboration between actual
and theoretical of discharge and velocity. You are required to carry out test to
PROBLEM STATEMENT determine discharge and velocity coefficient using the appropriate apparatus
available in the laboratory.

©FKA, UiTM, PAHANG Mar 2018


FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

3.1 Apparatus
Orifice apparatus, hydraulic bench, stop watch, measuring cylinder.

Figure 2.4a: Orifice test apparatus

3.2 Procedures
PROCEDURES
1. Install the required orifice diameter.
2. Adjust the overflow pipe to obtain a required level of the tank. Open
the water supply valve to obtain a steady flow with minimum overflow.
3. Wait until water level in the tank and jet profile is stable before
WAYS & MEANS adjusting the probes tips to be in line the center of the jet and record the
probe tip profile (upper tips) as well as y = is marked.
4. Record the flow volume by using the stop watch and the bench
measuring tank or a measuring cup.
5. Repeat procedure no. 3 and 4 by reducing the flow rate

3.3 Data Acquisition


RECORD OF OBSERVATION/ CALCULATION/ RESULTS
Experiment No. 1 2 3

Water level, H (mm)

Volume (m3 )

Time (s)

Flow rate (m3 /s)

Distance from Graph (mm)

X1 = 50, Y1 =

X2 = 100, Y2 =

X3 = 150, Y3 =

©FKA, UiTM, PAHANG Mar 2018


FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PAHANG LABORATORY MANUAL

X4 = 200, Y4 =

X5 = 250, Y5 =

X6 = 300, Y6 =

X7 = 350, Y7 =

X8 = 400, Y8 =

Coefficient of velocity, Cv

Cv1

Cv2

Cv3

Cv4

Cv5

Cv6

Cv7

Cv8

Coefficient of discharge, Cd

From the result obtained, make a related graph and conclude your findings.

4 Results, Analysis and Conclusion


The group is required to submit the technical report of the laboratory results
highlighting the apparatus used, the procedures undertaken for the test, data
RESULTS acquisition process, analysis carried out and the relevancy of the set-out
output to address the given problem. The format of the technical report is left
to the creativity and discretion of the group.
The report must be submitted 7 days after the completion of the test.

©FKA, UiTM, PAHANG Mar 2018

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