WEEK 3 Level 0 Determination of Orifice Coefficient
WEEK 3 Level 0 Determination of Orifice Coefficient
CATEGORY TRADITIONAL
DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%) 0
1.1 Introduction
The traditional methods of conducting laboratory activities (assigned as
Level 0) will not be able to provide the avenue for students to enhance
independent learning activities and inculcate creativity and innovation.
The traditional method is fully prescriptive where the three elements
namely problem, ways & means and answers are provided/fully given to
the students. However, it is still necessary to be implemented as part of
the whole laboratory course activity especially to first and second year
students.
In this partially open laboratory activity the students are required to carry
out tests to determine the orifice coefficient.
1.2 Objectives
To determine coefficient of velocity and coefficient of discharge for a
small orifice based on flow under constant head and flow under varying
head
The small circular orifice with the sharp edge in the side of the tank
wall discharging freely into the atmosphere. The centre of the orifice is the
depth, H below the free surface. Coefficient of velocity, Cv is the ratio of actual
velocity of the jet at vena contracta to the theoretical velocity. The value of Cv
is depending upon the shape of orifice and the head of liquid under which the
flows take place. The point at which the streamlines first become parallel is
known as vena contracta. Coefficient of discharge, Cd is the ratio of actual
discharge through an orifice to the theoretical discharge.
The theoretical velocity of small orifice can be described by an equation of the
form, v 2 gH .
While coefficient of velocity can be described by the following equation:-
v actual X
Cv
vtheory 2 YH
The flow through an orifice can be described by an equation of the form,
Q kH n .
If an ideal fluid is assumed with no energy losses, flow through an orifice is
derived from Bernoulli’s equation and can be described as following:-
Qt Ao 2 gh
On the other hand, experimental flow rate through an orifice for a real fluid will
be less than the theoretical rate. To determine the experimental flow rate a
discharge coefficient is used so that,
Qe Cd Qt
Therefore,
Qe
CD
Ao 2 gh
Besides, for the variable head, the value of CD can be obtained in term of time
as describe by following equation:
T
2 AT
C D Ao 2 g
h1 h2
Where
A = area of orifice,
H = available head
CD = discharge coefficient
g = acceleration gravity
Qt = theoretical discharge rate
Qe = experimentally measured flow rate
T = time.
2 Problem Statement
Determination of the orifice coefficient is use for collaboration between actual
and theoretical of discharge and velocity. You are required to carry out test to
PROBLEM STATEMENT determine discharge and velocity coefficient using the appropriate apparatus
available in the laboratory.
3.1 Apparatus
Orifice apparatus, hydraulic bench, stop watch, measuring cylinder.
3.2 Procedures
PROCEDURES
1. Install the required orifice diameter.
2. Adjust the overflow pipe to obtain a required level of the tank. Open
the water supply valve to obtain a steady flow with minimum overflow.
3. Wait until water level in the tank and jet profile is stable before
WAYS & MEANS adjusting the probes tips to be in line the center of the jet and record the
probe tip profile (upper tips) as well as y = is marked.
4. Record the flow volume by using the stop watch and the bench
measuring tank or a measuring cup.
5. Repeat procedure no. 3 and 4 by reducing the flow rate
Volume (m3 )
Time (s)
X1 = 50, Y1 =
X2 = 100, Y2 =
X3 = 150, Y3 =
X4 = 200, Y4 =
X5 = 250, Y5 =
X6 = 300, Y6 =
X7 = 350, Y7 =
X8 = 400, Y8 =
Coefficient of velocity, Cv
Cv1
Cv2
Cv3
Cv4
Cv5
Cv6
Cv7
Cv8
Coefficient of discharge, Cd
From the result obtained, make a related graph and conclude your findings.