© ® CENTRE FOR WINDOW 2 CLADDING TECHNOLOGYStandard for systemised building envelopes This document was written by representative members of the Centre for Window and Cladding Technology. All tights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form of by any means, including photocopying and recording without the written permission of the copyright Holder, application for which should be addressed to the publisher. Such written permission must be oblained before any part of this publication is stored in a retrieval system of any nature. Centre for Window & Cladding Technology Bocembor 2005 ISBN 1.874008 394 ISBN 1.874003 203 Published by Centre for Window and Cladding Technology, University of Bath, Path BA2 7AY nttp:/fenww.cwct.cO.uk ‘Sponsors Arup Bovis Lend Lease Ltd Comar Architectural Aluminium Systems Kawneer UK Lid Pilkington ‘Taylor Woodrow Technal University of Bath Vellac VS. Wintech Ltd‘This document was written under the guidance of the Gentre for Window and Gladding Technology Standards and Technical Committees comprised ot Standards, Simon Armstrong Mike Auty* Tricia Aylward John Beasley Phil Brown* John Campbell Peter Claridge Henk De Bleecker* Malcolm Dobson* Graham Fairley Alan Keiller* Stephen Ledbetter* John Libby” Neal McDonald" Eilis McShane" John Stamp" Richard Teale Tan Walker Tony Willmott Giles Willson* Ant Wilson” Ron Withers* Bill Wolmuth* Technical Graham Dodd Richard Harris Robin Kent Sandy Mackay David Nethercot Mark Skelly ike Tanner Tony Wilson on both Committees Ciadtech Assaciates Auly Associates RHIVL Architects BRE Pilkington ‘Terry Farrell & Partners, Schumann Smith, Pormasteclisa Technal Role Jur Centre for Window and Cladding Technology Centre for Window and Cladding Technology ‘Schmilin (UK) Ltel Taylor Woodrow Bovis Lond Lease Limited Kawneer UK Lid National Building Specification (Chairman) Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates Sandberg LLP Giass & Glazing Federation FaberMaunsell Ltd Wintech Lid Independent Building Technology Lic An Sandberg LLP Tangeam Building Performance Group {Chairman) imperial College Max Fordham LLP Schuco International Design Facades Lid Peter Claridge died in 2005 shortly before this document was published:Standard test methods for building envelopes FOREWORD This document should be read in conjunction with ‘Standard fo ‘comprises nine volumes’ elopes’ which Part Scope, terminology, testing and classification Part2 Loads, fixings and movement Part3 Air, water and wind resistance Part4 Operable components, additional elements and means of access Part Thermal, moisture and acoustic performance Part6 Fire performance Part? Robustness, durability, tolerances and workmanship Part8 Testing Part Specifiers’ checklist and certification ndard for systemisedl building envelopes’ is b ice covering Curtain walling, Walls with ventilated rainst fownitlen to take account of new CEN standards in th CWCT Standards and Guide to Go« ed on the j e glazing systems. They have feons and Slop field The Standard: + Sets appropriate levels of performance for use in specific environments Sets conditions when existing test results may be extrapolated to new projects + Provides additional information not included within the CEN Standards The purp envelopes. of the Standard! is to a st those who specify, design, manufacture or install building onstructed from The Standard covers the testing, inspection and assessment of building envelop systems of components. They include but are not limited! to: Curtain walling Rainscreen cladding Composite pane! systems Slope glazing Window wall Glazing screens Glazed roofing Double skin facades. andard gives the basis for testing and verifying performance. Due to the many different approached structing and sealing building envelopes, itis necessary to determine the appropriate tests and sequence of testing for any particular construction, Guidance is given on testing principles but judgement is required in determining the most appropriate to mstances, at the provisions will b jers, inclopenclent with at jad inteligently, anc 6 and test houses,Standard test methods for building envelopes CONTENTS 1 Principles of testing 9 2 Standard test apparatus 13 3 Calibration 15 4 Test specimen 7 5 ‘Standard method of test for air leakage 19 6 Standard test method for water penetration ~ static method 21 7 Standard test method for water penetration ~ dynamic aero engine test 8 Standard test method for water penetration - dynamic fan test 5 9 Standard site test for water penetration - hose test 10 _ Standard site test for water penetration ~ spray bar test "1 Standard test method for wind resistance serviceability 12 Standard test method for wind resistance ~ safety 13 Load tests on panels ~ static 37 14 Load tests ~ cyclic wind load 39 15 Impact tests 16 Fragility 4 7 ‘Structural movement regime 18 Standard thermal cycling regime a7 19 Tests for fixings 51 20 Standard test method for equipotential bonding 53, Appendix A ~ References© 1 14 e @ 12 424 Standard test methods for building envelopes PRINCIPLES OF TESTING a Introduction Methods of testing of building envelopes described in this document rely on combinations of differential pressure, air movement and water spray to verily the water penetration resistance of a building envelope. In walls with drained-and-ventilated, or pressure-equalised cavities the barrier to air leakage is normally in a different plane from the barrier to water penetration. In constructions of this type a citferential pressure applied across the specimen may not create a pressure difference across all ‘of the joints in the primary barrier to water penetration. ‘Wind load may be experienced by components other than the air barrier but applying a differential pressure across a specimen will load only the air bamicr, Itis essential to use only combinations of test that are appropriate to the particular type of construction, Dellections of framing members and rotations al connections can disrupt seals and impair airtightness and water penetration resistance. Itis essential that test specimens are of sufficient size to allow realistic deflections to occur. ‘Although the face of the specimen may be fully wetted at its top margin any inner sea's may not bbe wetted nor drainage channels filed in this zone. The specimen should extend above the zone under test as follows: Water spray rate Additional height 2.0 Viremin 2500 mm 3.4 Vimemin, 4500 mm This is ilustrated in Figure 1. UK practice has been to test at the higher spray rate whilst the. lower spray rate is now used in BS EN Standards. The higher spray rate is the preferred method f test and specimens tested at a flow rato of 3.4 Viémin are considered to meet the requirements of a test with a spray rate of 2.0 Vm'min, ‘Note that using the ackitional heights given above, both flow rates give the same flow across the inspection zone. Envelopes with cavities only within framing members Test combinations. Applying a pressure diterential across the envelope wil Test air leakage through the air seals, * Create a pressure differential across all joints during the water penetration tests, Apply the serviceability and safety wind loads to all components. ‘Applying a pressure differential across the envelope will not * Test the drainage system if the outer water seals are perfect,| 122 1.3 13.4 S Standard test methods for buil ‘ Water spray rate 9.4 Vinrmin Water spray rate 2.0 vintmin Figure 1 Test panel dimensions for different spray rates Specimen size Tho specimen height shall be sufficient to ensure realist members, This will generally require either: lefloctions of all vertical fran ‘+A full storey height plus a hall-s ‘+ Two full storey heights, orey height above and below, or ‘The specimen height shail be such that at least one full-panel-width horizontal joint laccornmodating vertical expansion, arid all typical panel-to-panel and panel-to-supporting structure connections al the top and bottom of units are included. The specimen width shall be sufficient to ensure realistic deflections of all vertical andi horizontal framing members. The specimen width shal include at least one full-panel-height vertical joint with all vertical to horizontal framing joints within thet full height ‘A standard test specimen for proprietary stick system walls is given in Section 0 of 8 systemised building envelopes’ indaral for Envelopes with ventilated cavities behind panels (integral rainscreen) Test combinations Applying a static pressure differential across the er ope wil © Tost air leakage through the air barrier ‘© Apply the serviceability and safely wind loads to the air barrier and framing members ‘supporting it and to the primary fixings.132 14 144 142 ‘Standard test methods for building envelopes Applying a static pressure differential across the envelope will not: © Apply a ciforential pressure across any joints in the ventlated rainscreen, * Apply wind leading to the rainscreen panels (unless an opening is provided in the air barrier and the joints are taped over, but solely during the wind loading test), Water leakage through open joints in a rainscreon can only be tested by using the water penetration - dynamic aero engine test described in Clause 7. Rainscreen panels may eilher be tested separately for wind loading serviceability and safety or their performance verified by calculation. Specimen size The specimen height shall be sufficient to ensure realistic deflections of all vertical framing members, This wil generally require either © Atull storey height plus a half-storey height above and below, or © Two full storey heights. ‘The specimen height shall be such that at least one fullpanel-width horizontal joint ‘accommadating vertical expansion, and all typical panel-to-pane! and panel-to-supporting structure connections at the top and bottom of units are included. ‘The specimen width shall be sufficient to ensure realistic doflections of all vertical and horizontal framing members. The specimen width shall include at least one full-panel-height vertical joint with all vertical 10 horizontal framing joints within that full height. ‘The specimen height and width shall be sufficient to inclucle a complete cavity compartment such that the cavity barriers do not form part of the perimeter of the specimen. ‘A standard test specimen for proprietary raingcreen cladcing is given in Section 0 of ‘Standard for systemised building envelopes’ Envelopes with ventilated cavities behind panels (rainscreen overcladding) Test combinations The limitations and requirements of Clause 1.3.1 apply. Specimen size Air leakage and structural deflections are governed by the back wall. Specimens for water penetration tests only have to be of sufficient height to ensure that their drainage systems work. ‘The specimen height and width shall be sufficient to inclucle a complete cavity compartment ‘such that the cavity barriers do not forrn part of the perimeter of the specimen. ‘The specimen shall include any parapet, window pods or flashings to be included in the final ‘construction and any cavity barriers whether for comparlmentation or notStandard test methods for building envelopes ‘Support wall The water penetration resistance of an open jointed rainscreen will depend on the air permeability of the back wall Tests should be conducted using a back wall with air permeability fo less than 10 mtn’ unless otherwise specitied. It may not be practical, or necessary, to construct the support wall against a test chamber However, air permeability of the support wall may be measured by constructing a temporary ‘chamber behind it as described in BS EN 13051 Water penetration Wat penetration under test will be unacceptable it ‘© Water emerges on the interior surface of the specimen, or © Water enters cavities where it may impair the performance or durability of the building envelope. Prior to testing itis essential to establish: ‘© Which, itany, materials may be permitted to be wetted, © Any zones of the wall where water should not enter. Any other criteria that may determine a water penetration failure, When testing specimens with ventilated cavities it can be difficult to see any water leakage into the cavities until the specimen is dismantled. Itis sometimes possible to include viewing pportholes in the back wall to aid observation24 Standard test methods for building envelopes STANDARD TEST APPARATUS _— Curtain wall sample ‘Temporary support steelwork Displacement Matrix of ey measurement nozzles Sealed chamber Access for setting up and inspection Controlled and Water flow metered air supply meter Figure 2: Standard test apparatus The dard t pparatus const lowing items (see Figure 2). Test chamber A chamber with an opening into, or ag: chamber shall be of sufficient strength and rigidity to withstand the anticipated test pre be imposed during the tests. It shall not deflect under test pressure to any extent that would affect the performance of th pecimen n shall bo ntative structural supports shall be provided to which the specime attached in accordance with the conditions of altachment to the building, The chambor shail bo so cons! permeability peak test pr ‘specimen at the same pressures, Water shall be drained from the bottom of thy any drainage openings in the specimen, A temporary method of can be measured. sealing all joints of theStandard for systemised building envelopes 2.2 23 24 25 26 27 2.8 Air system The air system should be a controltable, reversible pressurising s) normally required airflow at the specified test pressures. yslem capable of providing the The system should provide essentially constant airflow at the fixed pressure for the period required by the tests and should be normally capable of pressurising at @ rate of approximately ‘800 Pa in one second, The airflow should not impinge directly on the specimen with any significant velocity. Water spray system ‘The spray system shall have nozzles spaced on a uniform grid not more than 700 mm apart and mounted approximately 400 mm from the dominant plane of the face of the specimen. The nozzles should provide a full tean with not less than 90° and not greater than 120° spread of water. The spray system should be capable of delivering water uniformly against the coxterior surface of the test specimen at a minimum rate of 2 0 or 3.4 \imémin depending on the requirements of the test Pressure measuring apparatus A device to measure the ciferential pressure across the face of the test specimen to an accuracy of +2 per cent or 2.5 Pa whichever is the greater Ira dynamic water test to DD ENV 13050 is to be performed, an accurary of +1 per cent or 2.5 Pa, whichever is the greater, is required, flow metering system A doviee is required to measure the airflow into or out of the chamber, or cavity, to an ac of 42 per cent o 0.1m'/hr, whichever is the greater. stacy Water flow metering system A.dovice to measure supplied water flow to an accuracy of +5 per cent. Displacement measuring devices Devices to measure the displacement of the framing members 10 an accuracy of #0.1 mm. nents can be measured without them being infuonced by the application of prassure or ole loadings to he test spacnen Recording A means of recording all displacements, pressures and flows, for anticipated ranges of measurement, throughout the duration of the test shall be provided,Standard test methods for building envelopes CALIBRATION ‘All measuring instruments shall be calibrated at appropriate intervals of not more than 12 ‘months and be traceable to National Standards, The Testing Authority should confirm that all instruments and equipment are covered by valid calibration certificates at the time of test, and shall, on request, provide evidence of compliance. The estimated uncertainty of each calibration or test resull shall be stated whenever this information is relevant to the validly of the test result or where the uncertainty affects: compliance with a specification or limit Calibration of the water spray system ‘The ability of the test apparatus to dativer the required volume and uniformity of water shall be checked by using a calch-box, the open face of which shall be located at the position of the face of a test specimen. The catch-box shall be designed to receive only water impinging on the ‘ plane of the test specimen face and to exclude 1un-olf from above, The catch-box shall be between 600 mm and 800 min square divicled into four equal square areas. The water impinging on each area shall be captured separately. There shall be a cover provided to prevent water entering the boxes before and alter the observation petiod of five : minutes. A spray that provides at least the required spray rate averaged over the four areas and not less than! 80 per Gent of that rate nor more than twice that rate in any one square shall be accepted, ‘The water spray systor shall bo calibrated al all four corners and at the quarter points of the horizontal centreline of the spray system. This calibration should be carried out when the spray system is commissioned or modities Prior to every test, a visual Inspection shall be carried out to ensure thal all nozzles appear to give the same spray pattern 5Standard test methods for building envelopes4a 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 Standard test methods for building envelopes TEST SPECIMEN Details of the extent of envelope specimen(s) to be testad shall he provided by the Specifier in the case of project testing of a custom envelope and by the envelone supplier in the case ot testing a proprietary envelope, The Building Envelope Contractor shall also provide the information required in Clause 8.5 of the ‘Standard for systemised building envelopes’ Envelope test specimens shall be of sufficient size to determine the performance of all typical and critical parts of the system. Consideration shail be given to including horizontal boundary conditions with parapets, roots, sills and ground, and to vertical boundary conditions with other forms of construction, internal and extemal comers and gutters | the envelope contains opening lights, at least one example shall be incorporated in the specimen The test specimen shall be mounted in the test rig with the same conditions of attachment and support, and same degree of restraint to lateral and vertical movement as elements in the ‘building envelope. The structure supporting the test specimen shall be similar in stiffness and reaction to that supporting the envelope on the building, The specimen shall not be influenced by the test chamber. Before the test is conducted, sufficiont time shall be allowed to permit all chemically curing sealants to achieve the proper cure as recarnmencied by the sealant manufacturer Before the test is begun, the external face af the specimen should be thoroughly washed using mile adeltive-free detergent and then rinsed Any internal fit-out, insulation or dry-tining that may obscure water leakage shall be omitted from, the specimen, except during the thermal cycling procedure5 5A 5.2 5.3 5.3.4 5.3.2 "STANDARD METHOD OF TEST FOR AIR Standard test methods for building envelopes, LEAKAGE Scope ‘This test method describes the procedure to be used to determine the air permeability of specimens of building envelopes. The test method is equivalent to that given in BS EN 12153, Information required by the Test Authority The peak positive test pressure. The peak negative test pressure. Allowable ai infiltration rates. Allowabie air extitration rates, Test procedure Preparation ‘Three positive air pressure pulses shall be applied; the pressure rise time shall not be less than ‘one second and the pressure shall be maintained for at least three seconds. The preparation pressure should be the greatest of * Ten por cent greater than the air leakage peak test pressure, * Ten per cent greater than the water penetration static test peak pressure, ‘+ Fifty per cent of wind resistance serviceability test peak pressure * 500 Pa, Any opening lights or doors to be tested should be opened and closed five times and then sealed with tape. Joints between other penetrations and the air barrier (for which air leakage is to be separately identified) should then also be sealed with tape, All trickle ventilators shall be sealed with tape, and then the complete face of the specimen should be sealed with a plastic sheet. The air chamber and ambien! temperatures, ambient wind speed and barometric pressure shall then be recorded. ‘The sealed specimen should then be subjected to increasing positive differential pressure in steps lasting at least 10 seconds up to the peak test pressure. The pressure levels should be 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, and then in increments of 150 Pa up to the peak test pressure. Al each pressure level, the differential prossure and airflow should be recorded, ‘The pressure sequence is shown diagrammatically in Figure 3, Infiltration test ‘The plastic sheet shall be removed from the face of the specimen and the whole of the pressure sequence described in Clause § 3.1 repeated, Sealing tape shail then be removed in stages as necessary to allow leakage through different types of joints to be determined. At each slep the whole of the pressure sequence described in Clause 5.3.1 shall be repeated. Finally the sealing shall be removed from any opening lights, and the whole of the pressure sequence described in Clause 5.3.1 repeated.Standard test methods for buil 5.33 54 ” ing envelopes Exfiltration test It an exfltration test is required, the procedures in 5.3.1 and 5.3.2 shall be repeated but with negative differential pressure. To determine leakage through the chamber it may be necessary to seal all joints in the specimen with tape rather than by a polythene sheot Presentation of results The rate of leakage through the specimen is to be determined for each pressure step tested Defining: Qg as the extraneous chamber feakage, Q; as the leakage through the chamber and specimen (with all opening lights and interfaces to door, windows and penetrations sealed by taping oven The specimen leakage per uni area exciucting opening fights and interfaces is: Qy = O/A = (24 QgVA Defining: Qp.4_ as the leakage before un-taping some joints, Q), as the leakage after un-taping some joints. The specimen leakage per unit length thraugh the joints that were untaped is Q) = GML = (0)- Oy.) Where: Ais the total specimen area (measured on the inner face of the specimen), Lis the length of joint (measured on the inner face of the specimen) ‘The results shall be presented as tables and graphs showing the air permeability for each pressure tested ema +) po ety ete Figure 3: Typical pressure sequences lor air leakage fests6.1 6.2 63 6.4 65 Standard test methods for building envelopes STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR WATER _ PENETRATION - STATIC METHOD Scope This test method describes the procedure to be used to demonstrate the watertightness of building envelope specimens under uniform static pressure. The method is equivalent to that given in BS EN 121 Information required by the Test Authority + Peak test pressure (static test) Water spray rate. Preparation Test chamber and ambient air temperatures shall be recordad. The temperature of the water Used shall be maintained between +4°C and +30°C, and the water shall be clean mains water ‘The specimen shall nave been suibjacted to the preparation pressures given in Clause 6.3.1 of this document. If negative pressure has subsequenly been appled then the preparation pressures shall be reapplied ‘With the pressure reduced to zero, all the operating parts of the test specimen shall be opened and fully lacked five times, then firmly secured in the lacked position, Any tape applied to ventilators shall be removed, Static test pressure sequence To start the test, the exterior face of the test specimen shall be completely sprayed with water using the spraying method and rate given above for a period of fifteen minutes with zero ait pressure differential on the specimen, While water is applied to cover the exterior face of the test specimen completely and continuausly, the positive pressute differential is applied in steps, with each step lasting five minutes. The pressure levels shall be 50, 100, 150, 200, 300 Pa and then in increments of 150 Pa maximum up to the required peak test pressure. The pressure is then relurned to zero in one step and the spraying stopped ‘The pressure sequence is shown diagrammatically in Figure 4. ‘Observations and presentation of results ‘Throughout the tests, the inside face of the sample shall be examined for water penetration, The ‘emergence of any water on the inside face shall be recorded together with the pressure level at whitch the leakage occurred. The location and extent of the leakage shall be noted on a drawing of the test specimenStandard test methods for building envelopes Pressure ‘emi ei be Sin | +! —~— Serey Botting putes recited concer Wet pres Ps = 600 Pressure 200 200 | 150 roo sot : ee {Simi >} > Brin ee ee Bedding Spray pulses it Fequired Sequence fr test prose Figure 4: Pressure sequences for static water penetration testStandard test methods for building envelc STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR WATER PENETRATION - DYNAMIC AERO ENGINE TEST TA Scope This test method describes a procedure lo be used for testing building envelope specimens for ‘water penetration using dynamic pressure. 7.2 Information required by the Test Authority + Nominal test pressure, © Water spray tate. 7.3 Preparation The test chamber and specimen shall have been prepared as described in Clause 6.3. 7.4 Test equipment 7.4 A.wind-generating device shall be provided capable of direating a jt of air at the specimen. The width of the jat shall be not less than one-half of the greater dimension of the test specimen but is not required to be more than four metres, 7.4.2. tis permissible lo use a wind generator with a width smaller than thal specified in Clause 7.4.1 provided that: ‘+The generaloy is moved in successive tests to cover the requited area * The dolloctions required in Ciause 7.5 can be achieved, 7.5 Calibration of aero engine ‘The pressures generated at the spocimen by the wind generator shall he calibrated by ‘comparison of the mean actual displacoment of the test panel under dynamic test and the displacement under stalic test pressure. ‘Alternatively the calibration can be made by comparing displacement of a calibration panel, of similar size, geometry, stifiness and distance from the wind generator. The calibration panel, should be subjected to increasing wind flow unt ‘+The average deflections of the wall or panel are those measured for a static application of the nominal test pressure. ‘Suction may be applied to the inside of the test specimen to achieve the required test deflections, but it should be limited to 25 per cent of the peak static test pressure. Suction is usually only applied if the wind generator cannot deliver the specified test pressure on its own. If suclion is used, the total specified test pressure must not change (Le. the suction forms part of and is not addilional to the specified test pressure}. ‘The speed of the wind generator, mean distance from the wind generator to the wall or pane, and any chamber suction used to assist the wind generator shoutd be recorded76 764 7.6.2 783 1 Testing procedures The wind generator shall be located in front af the test specimen at the sare mean distance from the specimen as that used to calibrate the wind generator. The wind generator shall be tun at the speed recorded during the calibration test 10 provide an airflow onto the specimen. ‘Any suction used in the calibration of the wind generator shall be applied during the test Maintaining the wind flow, water should be applied to the external face of the specimer rate of 2.0 or 3.4 litres per minute por square metre of wall frontal area, in such a way as ‘completely and continuously cover the face. These conditions should be maintained for a period of 15 minutes. Observation and presentation of results Throughout the tests, the inside face of the sample shall be examined for water penetration, The emergence of any water on the inside face shall be recorded, and the location and extent of the: leakage noted on a drawing of the test specimen, Immediately following the test, the specimen should be examined for further eviclence of water penetration. The presence of any water in any envelope cavities should be recorded and the location and extent of the leakage noted on a drawing of the test specimen ‘The specimen should also be examined for any damage or displacement of additional items such as brise solel, Any damage should be recorded.BA 8.2 8.3 34 8.5 36 Standard test methods for building envelopes STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR WATER PENETRATION - DYNAMIC FAN TEST Scope This test method describes a procedure to be used in testing building e* water penetration using dynamic pressure. Itis based on DD ENV 13050. elope specimens for The t <1 is not appropriate for building envelopes containing ventiated cavities and open joints. Information required by the Test Authority * Peak test pressure. Preparation The test chamber and s s desorbed in Clause 6.3. pecimen hall have been prepared Test equipment ‘A mobile wind generator as described in DD ENV 13050 st pall be used) Testing procedures The st procedure described in DD ENV 13050 shall be used, Observation and presentation of results Throughout the tests, the inside face of the sample shall be examined for water penetration. The emergence of any water on the inside fave shall be recorded, and the extent of the leakage noted on a drawing of the test specimen. Pulsing pressure can be uncomfortable for observers in the chamber. Taloun powder or chalk. may be used to show the presence of water rather than direct observation, e of water and the location invnediately following the test, the specimen should be examined for further e alion. The presence of any water within the envelope should be recorded and extent of the leakage noted on a drawing of the test specimen. penetStandard test methods for building envelopesStandard test methods for building envelopes9 9 STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR WATER 94 9.2 9.3 9.4 Standard test methods for building envelopes PENETRATION - HOSE TEST ‘Scope and purpose The purpose of the testis to check the workmanship of the building envelope as constructed However the test is also carried out on a test specimen to calibrate the hose test for use at site. The standard testis intended to determine the resistance to water penetration of only those joints in the building envelope which are designed lo remain permanently closed and watertight. The standard test may be modified to test openable joints. The test is not applicable to open Joints or joints between very porous components, such as sorne stones, which may become unrealistically saturated. The test method is based on that given in the Architectural Aluminium Manufacturers: ‘Association Standard, AAMA 501.2. Further guidance on the test and modifications to itis given, in CWCT Technical Note TN 41 Definition of a joint For the purposes of this test, a joint is defined as a discontinuity between materials, components or assembles, Where several discontinuities tun parallel to one another, and occur within a 4120 mr distance measured in the plane of the test area, then itis not necessary to test each, joint inclvidualy provided all weather joints may be adequately tested with a single pass of the hose, Information required by the Test Authority © An identification of those joints requiring testing Where the hose test is specified as part of the specimen testing regime, the Specifier wil normally select all the typical horizontal and vertical movement joints and typical framing joints to be tested For site testing, the Specilior shall designate areas of the envelope to be tested. During construction the first areas to be tested should be among the first areas af each type of envelope constructed on the project. These areas should be at least ane structural bay wide and one storey in height, provided that all horizontal and vertical joints or other conditions where feakage could occur are included. The total area to be tasted will normally constitute at least five per cent by length of all ints the Specifier considers to be critical Hf site testing reveals problems of workmanship, these problems should be ad additional site testing may be required, Preparation of wall Bifore the test is conducted, sufficient time shall be allowed to permit all chemically curing ‘sealants to achieve thelr proper cure as recommended by the sealant manufacturer. Before the test is begun, the are: tapes jOuld be clean and free of joint obstructions s low tack ‘Where necessary sufficient of the internal finishes, insulation etc. shall he removed to allow satisfactory inspection of any water leakage.serosal Standard test methods for building envelopes 9.5 954 95.2 9.5.3 95.4 9.6 9.6.4 9.6.2 962.1 96.22 96.23 ‘feiy joints not being tested may be sealed with tape prior to testing, This may be nec when testing permanently closed joints adjacent to opening lights. Calibration procedure for testing closed joints ‘Working from the exterior, the envelope test section shal be selectively wetted progressing from the lowest horizontal joint, then the intersecting vertical oints, then the next horizontal joint ‘above, ete. The water shall be apphed using a brass nozzle that will produce a sold cone of ‘water croplets wih a nominal spread of 30°. The nozzle shall be provided with a control valve and a pressure gauge belween the valve and the nozzle. The water flow to the nozzle shall be dajusted to procuce 22 + 2 Vinin when the water pressure at the nozzle inlet is 220 = 20 kPa \With the water cirected at the joint and perpendicular to the face of the envelope, the nozzle shall be moved at arate of approximately 1.5 m in SO seconds back and forth along the join, at ‘adstance of 0.3 m from it fora petiod of five minutes for each 1.5 m of joint while an observer ‘onthe internal side ofthe wal, checks fr any leakage and notes where it ocours. If no leakage occuts duting the five-minute spraying petiod, the nex! 1.5 m of joint shall be \welted for five minutes, and testing continued until the entire test area is covered, Inspection for water leakage shall continue for a period of 30 minutes after cessation of spraying ina zone of wall Recording observations {no leakage occurs it shal be reported that the unmodified hase testis a valid test for the joints tested, It the test has been modified and no leakage occurs the details af the modified test shell be reported. Otherwise it shall be reported that the hose test is not a valid method of test for the joints that failed and details of wator leakage shall be marked on a drawing of the specimen Procedure for site testing closed joints The procedures of Clause 9.5 shall be followed. if any water leakage 000urs in or around the area currently boing tested and the source of the leakage cannot be identified, the sequence below shall be folowed! ‘Aer allowing the envelope to dry, and working downward from the top of the area to be checked, all joints of every kind within this aroa shall be completely and lighlly covered, on the outdoor side, wilh a waterproof adhesive masking tape. ‘Stating at he bottom ofthe prepared area, the masking tape shall be remioved from the lowest horizontal int for a distance of not more than 1.5 m fron one end ofthe joint, including the joint intersection or corner at that end, and this exposed length shall be subjocted to the nozzie spray as desonbod in Clause 9.5 ofthis Standard. {f no leakage occurs duting the fve-minute spraying period, this length of int shall be ‘considered satisfactory and shal remain uncovered. Iflaakage has occurred at any point, the Joint shall be re-taped at such points to prevent further leakage during the subsequent checking ‘of joints adjacent to or above it.9.7 974 9.7.2 973 98 9.8.4 9.8.2 9.9 994 Standard test methods for building envelopes This process shall then be repeated on all joints and joint intersections within the designated areas, using increments of exposed joint lengli not exceeding 1.5 m and always working upward on the wall Note: In some cases, duo 1o untoreseen delays or other causes, more than one working day may be required to complotoly check the designatod areas, necessitating that some of all of the masking tape be left in place over night. The tape should not remain on finished motal surfaces any longer than necessary, especialy where subjected to strong sunlight, as this may make its removal difficult and may also cause staining, I is recommonded that in no case should the tape be left in place for more than 48 hours, Recording observations It any leakage aceurs it shall be reported that the building envelope has failed and details of water leakage shall be marked on a drawing of the specimen. Calibration procedure for testing openable joints Tho test shall be calibrated to establish a realistic reduced test pressure. This should normally be done on the specimen that passed the water penetration test (static) The procedures detailed in Clause 9. shall be followed bul the water pressure may be reduced below 220 + 20 kPa, ‘The hose test is conducted of 20K nd the water pressure is increased gradually from 140 kPa in steps, until water leakage occurs through the openable joint Further guidance on testing openable joints is given in CWGT Technical Note TN41 Recording observations The waler pressure al which leakage first accurs shall be recorded Wf the pressure is 140 kPa it shall be recorded that the hose test is not a valid the openable joint hod of testing Procedure for site testing openable joints Ii the calibration procedure of Clause 9.7 showed that the hose test was not valid for the openable joint to be tested! then no hose test shall be conducted. CWCT Technical Note 41 ives guidance on other forms of testing. Iv itis valid to use the hose test the procedures of Clause 9.5 shall be followed but water pressure usod shall be 90 per cent of the reduced water pressure recorded in Clause 9.7, but not loss than 140 KPa. Recording observations If any leakage occurs it shall be reported that the building envelope has failed and details of water leakage shall be marked on a clawing of the specimen. Details of the modified test and lest pressures shall also be recorded Remedial work and re-testing Wherever leakage has occurred, joints shall be madte watertight to satisty the requirements of the specification. Jointing compounds shall be allowed io set for one week before the test section is re-tested| 9.9.2 9.9.3 Standard test methods for building envelopes. Where systematic defects are found it wil generally be necessary to carry out remedial action in Untested areas, Where isolated defects are found it may be necessary to cary out additonal {esting to ensure that all significant defects have been located, Alter all necessary remedial work has been completed, and the required curing time, if any, has lapsed, al repaired joints shall again be tested, following the same procedure as before. Should kage stil be found, further remedial measures shall be taken and testing shall be repeated nti al joints in the designated area ate found. to be satisfactory.10 10.4 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Standard test methods for building envelopes STANDARD SITE TEST FOR WATER PENETRATION - SPRAY BAR TEST ‘Scope and purpose Tho purpose of the test is to a structed the performance of the building envel The test method a w building enve and the bod in BS EN 13051 gives a procedure for wetting the outer surface of However, no pressure difference is applied across the building erwelop of water spraying is less than other tests detailed in this Specification Meoting the requirements of BS EN13051 is not a substitute for any of the other tests detailed in this document but failure may indicate Note tha it may be possible to form a temporary test chamber to apply a pre across the building envelope and differ angements may f te TN 41 gives further advice on site testing h Information required by test authority © An identification of the are = Any adel © Any requirement to apply a pi squiring testing al requirements for spraying, sure difference across the envelope Apparatus A spray bar with nozzles spaced at no more than 400 mm shall be positionad at the head of rea to be tested, with the nazzles 250 mm from the dominant face of the building envelope ‘An adjustable water supply to provide clean tap water at a pressure of 200 - 300 kPa at the spray bar Ameans of measuring the rate of water 10 per cent through the spray bar nozdles Preparation of area sufficient time shall be allowed to permit all ure as recommended by the seaiant manu jcaly curing 1d free of joint obstructions such as low lack lent of the internal finishes, insulation eto. shall be removed to allow f any water leakage. Test procedure or shall be sprayed onto the building envelope al a constant rate of § Vin im, with an or a period of 30 minute tion for we tall continue for a period of 30 minut essalion of ving,Standard test methods for building envelopes 10.6 Re-testing Hany water leakage occurs in or around the area currently being tested and the source of the feakage cannot be identified, the following sequence shall be followed * Alter allowing the envelope to dry reposition the spray bar at the horizontal joint at or immediately below the level at which water leakage was observed + Re-test as described in Clause 10.5, * Ino feakage occurs reposition the spray bar at the next lowest horizontal joint andl re test, Continue this process until leakage is again observed 10.7 Observation and presentation of results The presence of any leakage should be recorded along with the position of the spray bar andl the time since spraying started. The location and extent of any leakage shall be noted on a drawing of the test area,144 11.2 11.3 11.5 RESISTANCE SERVICEABILITY Standard test methods for building envelopes STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR WIND Scope This test method describes the procedute to be used to establish that the building envelope is capable of withstanding the positive and negative serviceability test pressure without loss of serviceability, and with recoverable and residual deformations within proscribed limits, The test method when combined with the wind resistance safety test method described in Section 12 exceeds the requirements of BS EN 12179. Information required by the Test Authority + Peak test pressures, Agreed position of displacement measuring devices, ‘© Allowable elastic and residual deformation. Preparation The ambient air temperature and, when appropriate, the test chamber air temperature shall be recorded. Prior to a positive wind pressure test the specimen shall have been subjected to the preparation sssures given in Clause 5.3.1 of this document. Ifa negative pressure has subsequently been applied then the preparation pressures shall be 1e-appiied. Prior to a negative wind loading test the specimen shall have been subjected to negative preparation pressures of magnitude equal to those given in Clause 6.3.1. If a positive pressure has subsequently been applied then the preparation pressures shall be re-applied, Datum displacement readings of framing members should be measured, Test procedure (One pulse between zero and the peak test pressure should be applied. The test pressure should ’be raised in four equal increments and held for 15 + 5 s at each step including the serviceability pressure, Afler the application of each increment of pressure the displacements of framing members shall be measured. After this sequence, any damage or functional defects stiould be noted. Residual deformations should be measured on returning to zero load. If residual deformations exceed those allowable, a period of one hour should be petmitted for recovery. Operable components should then be opened and closed five times, andl any changes in ease of operation noted. ‘After completing the frst load test, the preparation and test procedure shall be carried out with reversed loads. The pressure sequence is shown diagrammatically in Figure § Presentation of results The points of displacement measurement shal be indicated on a drawing of the test specimen. ‘The displacements at each measurement point should be tabulated for each load step ane, where applicable, after the recovery period, Damage and functional defects resulting from the tests should be noted and shown on the drawing, nStandard test methods for building envelopes 11.6 Rainscreen panels If any open jointed rainscreen panels are not subjected to the differential pressure during this test then they shall he tested in accordance with fard Pressure >| |e a Time i 15255 Bedding pulses if requied x Displacement measurements Figure 5: Pressure sequence for wind resistance ~ serviceabilly test12.4 12.2 12.3 i 12.4 | i 12.5 Standard test methods for building envelopes STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR WIND RESISTANCE - SAFETY ‘Scope This test method describes the procedure to be used to establish that the building envelope is capable of withstanding the positive and negative safely pressure without damage and that any resialual deformations ate within prescribed limits, The test method when combined with the wind resistance serviceabilily test method described in Section 11 exceeds the requirements of BS EN 12173. Information required by the Test Authority Poak test pressure, ‘+ Agreed position of disptacement measuring devices, * Allowable residual deformation. Preparation The ambient air temperature and, when appropriate, the test chamber air temperature shall be recorded, Prior to a positive wind pressure test the specimen shall have been subjected to the preparation pressures given in Clause 5.3.1 of this Specification. Ifa negative pressure has subsequently ‘been applied then the preparation pressures shall be re applied, Prior to a negative wind loading test the specimen shall have been subjected to negative preparation pressures of magnitude equal to those given in Clause 5.3.1. Ifa positive pressure has subsequently been applied then the preparation pressures shall be re-applied, Datum displacement readings of framing members shall be measured. Test procedure ‘Asingle load pulse equivalent to the peak test pressure should be applied; the load transition time should not be less than one second and the pressure should bo maintained at the peak value for 1545 s, ‘Aitet this sequence, any damage or functional defects should be noted. Displacements of framing inembers should be measured on returning to zero prossure. II residtial deformations exceed those allowable, a period of one hour shall be pormitted for recovery, ‘After completing the first load test, the preparation and test procedure should be carried out with reversed loads if required. The pressure sequence is shown diagrammatically in Figure 6. Presentation of results Damage and functional defects resulting from the tests shall be noted and shown on the drawing of the test specimen. The residual deformations shall be recorded immediately after removing the test loads and, if these exceed the required values, the residual deformations after the elapse of an four shall bo tabulated.| Pressure Rainscreen panels Ys50H fe Bedding pulses if required X Displacement measurements Standard test methods for building envelopes any apen-jointed rainsoreen panels are not subjected to the differential pressure during this test thon they shall be tested in accorctance with Section 13 of this document, —*——— Time he thou Figure 5: Pressure sequence for wind resistance - safely test0 13 13.4 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Standard test methods for building envelopes LOAD TESTS ON PANELS - STATIC” Purpose The purpose of these tests is to subject rainscreen panels to loads that could not be applied as art of the following tests: Standard Test Method for Wind Resistance ~ Serviceabilly, ‘+ Standard Test Method for Wind Resistance - Safety, Information required by Test Authority Panels to be tested, Peak test pressure, Specimen details, ‘Agreed position of displacement measuring devices, Allowable residual deformation. Preparation These tests may be carried out on the test specimen at any stage of testing but are normally Undertaken at the end of the test sequence. They do nat have to be followed by air permeability and water penetration resistance tests. ‘Aternatively the tests can be carried out on separate specimens. Test procedure Loacts shall be applied to the panels by means of: Straps passed around the back of the panels, ji) Airbags placed between the panels and the air barrier or support wall ii) Air pressur @ achieved by taping over the open joints between rainsoreen panels. iv). Any other method that imposes appropriate loads and displacements on the panels. Loads shall be applied in the equivalent sequence and with the same time steps as requited for the wind resistance serviceability test (Section 11) and wind resistance satety test (Section 12), Recording results The results shall be recorded as part of the wind resistance serviceability test (Section 11) and wind resistance safety lost (Section 12) as appropriateStandard test methods for building envelopes 13.6 Commentary Larger loads may be specified to check the integrity of fasteners, fhtings and bonded joints to higher factors of safety as required by Clause 2.5 4 of “Standard for systemised building exivolopes When testing at higher loads it may not be possible to test all components, as the one with the lowest requirad factor of safely is likely to be the frst to fail It may be necessary to conduct ‘separate tests for this purpose, for instance pull out tests on fixings.14 14.2 14.3 14.4 145 Standard test methods for building envelopes LOAD TESTS - CYCLIC WIND LOAD | Purpose ‘The purpose of these tests is to subject panels, components, fasteners or fixings 10 cyclic loads arising from wind loading to test their susceptibility to low-cycle fatigue failure Fatigue is not normally a design-limiting requirement, Wind fatigue loads are most likely to be signilicant when: ‘+ Flexible components interface with more rigid components, * Panels are made from non-ductile materials that are highly stressed Information required by Test Authority + Components and assemblies to be tosted, + Loading time history or number and magnitude of cycles of load Preparation These tests are normally carried out on separate small specimens, ‘The specimens shail be mounted in the way that they are to be used. Test procedure Loads shall be applied to the panels by means of: |) Straps passed around the back of the panels, ii) Air bags placed between the panels and the air barrier or support wall ii) Air pressure achieved by taping over the open joints between rainsereen panels. iv) Any other method that imposes appropriate loads and displacements on the panels Loads shall be appli inthe sequonca speciiad, The rte of cycling the load should normaly be tess than 1 Hz and should be slow enough thatthe temperature ofthe specimen does nat rse precy, Recording results ‘Any failure of the specimen shal be recorded and the number of load cycles to failure. Faire may take the form of + Fracture of components: ‘Separation of joints; * Displacement of components such as washers or gaskets: EoStandard test methods for building envelopes15 15.4 15.2 15.3 15.4 w Standard test methods for building envelopes IMPACT TESTS ‘Scope and purpose ‘The purpose of these tests is to determine whether the building envelope will * Be susceptiblo to damage by impact, * Become unsafe when impacted, Information required by Test Authority Components or assembles to be tested, Location, sequence and number of impacts to be applied, ‘Type of impactor to be used, Energy of impactor, Whether the test is 1o assess serviceability or safety. Preparation Impact tests may be carried out on the building envelope specimen described in Section 4 Impact tests may also be carried out on separate components provided: + They are connected to any supports in the same way as in the completed bullding envelope, for instance the same framing details, + The support is as stiff or stiffer than that in the building so that no additional energy is, absorbed by the supports. When testing materials whose properties vary with temperature, such as taminated glass, the material shall be allowed to gradually reach ambient ternperature and the ambient temperature shall be measured. Test procedures Heavy soft body impact test Sol body tests may be carried out using the double tyre impactor as described in BS EN 12600 oF a canvas spherical/conical bag with a diameter of 400 mm and filed with 3 mm diameter glass spheres to give a mass of 50 kg, suspended from a cord at least 3 m long, Impact tests are carried out by allowing the impactor to swing in a pendulum movement to hit the specimen normal lo its face. The height through which the impactor swings is adjusted to give the required impact eneray using the relationship H=B9.8M Where His the height through which at the impactor moves in m. Es the test impact energy in J Mis the mass of impactor in kgStandard test methods for building envelopes 15.4.2 Hard body impact test Aste! ball of 501 or 634 mm diameter ball shall be used The ball shall be either: * Dropped trom a tawer onto a horizontal surtace, * Suspended as a simple pendulum and allowed to swing against a vertical surface, 15.5 Recording results Any failure of the specimen and the number and location of all impacts prior to failure shall be recorded, For a safely test, failure may take the form ot Fracture of components, Punching failure Dislodgement of cornponents. For a serviceability lest, failure may take the form of, Fracture of components, Punching failure Indentation of any companant surfaces Displacement of any panels or components such as gaskets. ‘Subsequent failure of an air permeability or water penetration test.© ‘6 164 e 1682 163 e 104 Standard test methods for building envelopes FRAGILITY | Scope ‘This test method describes the procedure to be used to assess the fragility of glazed rooting, ‘The test is based on ACR(M)OO1 but has been modified to take account of behaviour specific to glazed roots, ‘The soft body tests are intended to show whether a person falling on the glazed roof would fall through the roof and are applicable to situations where people may walk on or adjacent to the glazed roofing. The hard body tests simulate the effect of tools and equipment being dropped on the glazed roofing and apply in the above situations but also apply where people cannot fall onto the glazed root but raterials and equipment can stil be dropped onto the roof. The static load testis to ensure that the glazing can support an injured workman and a rescuer after Impact, Further guidance is given in GWCT TN 42, ‘A competent person should ensure that the test sequence is applicable to the proposed use of the glazed roofing. This will Include establishing test details such as temperatures and any ‘modifications to accommodate particular requirements of the building, Information required by Test Authority + Details of assombly to be testod. Sequence of impacts to be applied. + Environmental conditions. Preparation The roof assembly to be tested shall be constructed using the design and materials that represent as far as possible the intended use. The effect of temperature should be considered as some laminated glass interlayer materials become slitfer at low temperature and solter at high temperature. This will normally require testing al ambient temperature (2025°C) and the maximum temperature that the glass will reach in service. Consideration should also be given to testing at sub-zero temperatures to establish the effect on the materials constituting the glazed root should the building be expected to encounter prolonged periods of cold. Test procedures ‘Arminimum of three test panes or units, which are representative of those to be used in the glazed roof, should be tested within the roofing assembly. Testing should be caried out on glazing thal is ata pitch equivalent to or less than thal to be used on the building. Glazing which is angled is more likely o deflect an impact without breaking than glazing that is horizontal ‘The testis cartiad out in the following stages: 1 Initial soft body test on outer pane The test is canied out using a 300 mm diameter cytincrical bag filed with sand to give a mass of 45 kg and dropped through a height to give an impact energy of 540 J. The test is carried out in accordance with AGR(M)001.. The glass should not break or be displaced trom the assembly.Standard test methods for building envelopes 16.5 2 Hard body impact test on outer pane The test is canied out using a 100 mm clameter steel ball af mass 4.11 kg and impact energy 48 J. This test is based on BS EN 356 but wih the impactor dropped through a height of 1200 min. The glass may break but penetration of the assembly by the impactor and displacement of the glazing trom the assembly is not permitted If the outer pane of 2 glazing unit has remained intact under the above tests it should be broken prior to the remaining test. 4 Second soft body test (on inner pane in the case of glazing units) The solt body test should be carried out as for the intial test oft the outer pane and with the same failure criteria, 5 Hard body test on inner pane {only applicable to glazing units) ‘The test should be carried out as for the hard body test on the outer pane and with the ame failure criteria 6 Static load test Asiatic load of 180 kq is applied and maintained for 30 minutes. No penetration of the issomibly or displacement of glazing from the assembly is permitted. I the glass is not broken by previous impacts it should be broken prior 10 applying the test load, Any glass fragments that fal from the assembly during test shail be collected and their potential hazard assessed. Fragments shoul not exceed 50 g and should pass through a 25 mi squire mosh Recording results Any damage to the specimen or failure of the specimen to meet the criteria given abov recorded together with the number and location of all impacts cartied outStandard test methods for building envelopes 17 STRUCTURAL MOVEMENT REGIME 17.1 Scope ‘This test method describes the procedure for applying movement to the specimen supports. ‘The purpose of the procedure is to check that the building envelope can accommodate: movements that may occur as a resull of building movements arising ftom differential settlement, seismic sway or exceptional wind sway, ‘The specimen is subjected to this regime to test for serviceability and is followed by air permeabilty and water penetration tests to ensure that there is no impairment of performance. This regime will also check the ability of the building envelope to undergo these movernents sally. 17.2 Information required by Test Autho! Movernents to be applied to the specimen supports, Number of repatitions of movement Whether air permeability or water penetration testing are to be catried out in deformed stale or after returing to normal 17.3. Procedure ‘The moverents shall be applied gradually to the specimen supports and the specimen shall be ‘observed for any damage. Ifrequired an air permeability test, water penetration static test and water penetration dynamic test may be performed while the specimen is in its displaced condition, 17.4 Recording of observations ‘Any damage that occurs shall be recorded along with the support displacernent at which it ‘occurs, 17.5 Commentary Ia specimen has been constructed so that this displacement regime can be applied then itis relatively easy to apply larger displacements at the supports. In which case additional in-plane movement tests can be performed, Larger in-plane displacements may be applied following all weathertightness serviceability testing. The Test Aulhority should be consulted before requesting extreme movements,Standard test methods for building envelopes18 18.1 18.2 18.3 Scope ‘This test method ds specimen ‘ribes the procedure for applying a heating and cooling regime to the The purpose of the procedure is to check that the building envelope can accommodate thermally-induced movements over the period af a full year, but the test may be carried out in a single day, with rates of heating and cooling that may be greater than those experienced in service. Failures of components, particularly those made from composite materials and brite ‘materials such as glass, should be interpreted accordingly. Ia. component is adjudged to have failed due to thermally induced stresses because the rate of heating or cooling is too great then the component should be replaced and the test continued from the start of the current cycle with a lower rate of heating or cooling as appropriate. Calculations should be provided prior to the test to shaw that components can normally withstand the expected maximum thermally-induced stresses. itis for the building envelope supple to identify acceptable rates of cooling and heating which may be applied to the specimen during the test Information required by the Test Authority * Minimum exterior air temperature, Typjn. in °C, + Maxirnum exterior air temperature, Tax. 1° + Maximum solar radiation intensity on the principal plane of the building envelope, mene in Wr * Internal psychrometric conditions in use. These define typical night time winter temperature, daytime summer temperature and daytime solar radiation on a vertical surtace respectively. ‘The environment at the interior surface of the specimen should be maintained at an ait temperature of 2042 °C and a relative humidity of 4510 per cent for the duration of tho test, unless othenmise specified, Apparatus Equipment shail be providad to control the average temperature of the air adjacent to the coxletior surface of the specimen. During the cooling phase it shall be required to reduce the average air temperature to the defined Typ. +0/-5°C. During the heating phase infra-red heat famps shall be provided which ara capable of uniformly inadiating the surface of the specimen at an intensity Imax, +50/-0 Wimt, where ths is thBe mean intensity of energy given out by the heat famps. Also during the heating phase vents shall be provicied such that the air adjacent to the specimen exterior surface does not exceed Trax +5/-O°C. ‘Accirculating fan shall be provided on the extemal side of the component directed so that the airflow is parallel to the specimen. The fan should be ducted, and mean air velocity at the duct exit should be no greater than 2 mvs. Provision should be made for drawing air at ambient temperature from outside the test cel, and the mixing of ambient air with the test cell air should bbe controllable by reference to the duct exit air temperature. Equipment shall be provided to give a continuous record of temperatures on the interior and exterior surfaces of the specimen. Temperatures should be recorded at points on framingStandard test methods for building envelopes 18.3.1 183.2 18.4 18.5 elements, near the centre of glazing and insulated panels, and near the edges of glazing ant insulating panels, Movement joints, Whore the specimen contains movernent joints, attention must be paid to the degree of mayernent that each joint permits per unit height or wich of the sample. For a given temperature change the thermal movement at each movement joint is a proportion of the distance between tha movement joints The test specimen must therefore be of an appropriate: size and geometry to ensure a realistic movement al each movement joint Setting blocks ‘Where the glazing uses setting blocks for support the Test Authority must ensure that the correct number and location of blocks is used in the specimen. During heating andl coating cycles these blocks may place additional forces on the edges of the glass, and this should be allowed for in the test Preparation ‘Thermal insulation and associated vapour control layers cycling. shall be in place during the temperature ‘The air adjacent to the interior surface of the specimen shall be brought to the normal conditions in use given in Clause 5.3.2 of ‘Standard for systemised building envelopes’, unless otherwise specilied. The temperature shall be accurate to +2°C and the relative humidity accurate to +5, per cent BH. The air adjacent to the exterior surface af the spacimen shall be allowed to seitie to the ambient temperature, or a temperature in the range 10-25°G, and held at that state for a period of not less than one hour. Procedure There are four phases of ternperature change, folowing the inital conditioning period! Phase | ~ Cooling The air adjacent to the exterior surface of the specimen shall be cooled, without applying radiated energy to the specirnen, lo a temperature Tn #0/-5°C. The air shall be cooled at a steady rate, over a period of not less than 30 minutes. If calculations are proviced which show that a lower rate of cooling is to be expected in service then ihe period of cooling shall be increased such that the calculated rate of cooling is not less: than one hour. The exterior surface temperature shall be held at Typjg #0/-5°C unt the: temperatures monitored on the interior surface of the specimen do not change by more than. 2°C in 15 minutes. Phase Il Heating The air adjacent ta the extorior surface of the specimen shall bo alowed to return, without applying radiated energy to the specimen, to a convenient temperature in the range of 10-28°C. Warmer air may be introduced to assist the recovery from the cold state, but the air temperature should be agreed between the testing authority and the building envelope supplier. If calculations are provided which show a slower rate of recovery from the cold start is to be expected in service then the rate of recovery shall be mited such that the calculated rate of change is not exceeded. The air may be circulated, if required, and upon reaching the required temperature shall be maintained at a steady level for a period of not less than 30 minutes.18.6 Standard test methods for building envelopes Phase Ill - Heating A\ tho start ofthis phase the infra-red heat lamps shall be turned on. The air adjacent to the exterior of the specimen shall be vented such that the air temperature does not exceed Thay 45°C. The infra-red heat lamps shall be kept on, for a period of not lass than one hour, ur the temperatures monitored on the interior do not change by mor than 2°C in 15 minutes It calculations are provided which show a lower rate of application of init-ted radiation is ‘expected in service then the infra-red heat lamps may be activated in a phased sequence, and the period of application shall be increased such thal the calculated rate of temperature change is not exceeded. Note that the rate at which the buikding envelope becomes inadiated will ‘depend on factors such as shading from adjacent buildings and local geography, Phase IV - Recovery from heating The heating lamps shall be tured off and the air adjacent to the extevior surface ofthe specimen shall be alowed to return to a convenient temperature in the range of 10-25°C. Cooler air may be introduced to assist the recovery from the waim stato, but the air tamperature shoul not be decreased suddenly or sufficiently rapidly to cause thermal shock and subsequent failure of the test specimen, Acceptable rates of reducing the air terpporature should be agrood botwoen the testing authority and the building envelope supplier Icalculations are provided which show a slower rate of recovery from the hot state is to be ‘expected in service then the period of recovery shell be increased such that the calculated rate of temperature decrease is not exceeded. The air may be circulated, ifrequired, and upon reaching the required temperature shall then be maintained at a steady level for a period of not {ess than 30 minutes. A temperature cycle comprises one set of phases |, I, Hand IV, and a full thermal cycling procedure involves three of these cycles. Observations and reporting ‘The actual external and internal surface temperatures shall be recordad for each phase of each Cycle of the procedure at intervals no greater than 5 minutes. Any damage resulting from the thermal cycling shall be reportedStandard test methods for building envelopes19 19.2 19.3 19.4 Standard test methods for building envelopes TESTS FOR FIXINGS Scope ‘The purpose of these tests is 10 assess the load carrying capacity of the fring including both ‘cladiding-panel-to-supports through to substrate fixings. For rainscreen overcladding applications @ proportion of the substrate fixings shall be tested on site. For new build application the panel-to-suppart-structure connections also need to be tested, either during production to reduce the number of site tests, or as parl of a larger panel test, In all cases the test samples must be accurately configured to simulate project concitions and design details Information required by the Test Authority ‘* Peak loads (or requirement to load to failure}, © Load directions, © Specimen details Test procedure Fixings shall be tested for bath serviceabilty and, when required, for ultimate strength. For both tests the fixings shall be tested in accordance with BS 5080-1 and BS 5080-2. Further guidance of the loading sequence of the site testing procedure is given within the OFA ‘Procedure for Site Testing Construction Fixings’. Observation and presentation of results ‘The test report shall state the maximum load and the reason for ceasing the test, and should give the load-time history of the test. Any damage and functional defacts should be noted and shown on a drawing of the specimen,Standard test methods for building envelopes20 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 Standard test methods for building envelopes STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR EQUIPOTENTIAL BONDING Scope Ti method describes a procedure for chect components in building envelopes ing the equipotential bonding of n Information required by Test Authority (0 be tested, Preparation The test specimen or constructed building envelope shall be free of all surk prior to the test. It is recommended that this test be carried out prior to any wat testing, or on a separate occasion, and intomal water penetration Procedure The electrical resistance of the curtain walling and its bond to the earth circuit of the building shall be measured at each storey with a portable resistance moter, able to make measurements rom 0 to S00 Ohms in two ranges: 0 10 50 Ohms and 0 to 500 Ohms. Reporting of results Allresistanoe readings shall be recorded and the location of ¢ drawing of the test specimen. Any joints with rests separe xd so as to distinguish them from the ot woled on a ach reading shall be readings,Standard test methods for building envelopesAppendix A - References BS 5080-1 BS EN 12153 BS EN 12155 BS EN 12179 DD ENV 13050 BS EN 13051 BS EN 13830 ACRIM)OOT OFA CWCT TN 41 CWCT TN 42 Standard test methods for building envelopes ‘Structural fixings in concrete and masonry - Method of test for tensile loading (Curtain walling - Air permeability - Test method Curtain walling - Walertightness - Laboratory test under static pressure (Curtain walling - Resistance to wind load - Test method, ‘Curtain walling - Watertightness - laboratory test under dynamic condition of air pressure and water spray. ‘Curtain waling - Watertightnes: Curtain walling product standard. Test for non-tragilty of profiled sheeted rooting assemblies, htipywww.roofworkadviee. info Procedure for site testing construction fixings, Construction Fixings Association, http://www. fixingscta.co.uk Site testing for watertightness. Safety and fragility of glazed roofing ~ Guidance on specification and testing. Site testStandard test methods for building envelopescaine Te eT a eee Published by Centre for Window & Cladding Technology University of Bath: Glaveron Down ‘Bath BA2 7AY Telephone (01226) 386541 www ewer. co.uk ISBN 1 874003 394 ISBN 874003 20.3, ‘The Centre for Window & Cladding Technology is an industry sponsored research and education organisation based at the University of Bath. It provides training and education for those involved in the design, fabric and installation of cladding, curtain walling and windows. The Centre undertakes research funded by industry and by Government and gives technical advice to ils members, Membership of the Cenite is open t have an interest in the building envelope. jon all who