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Module 1

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deer
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Introduction to Ethical Hacking

Elements of Information Security


- Information security is “the state of the well-being of information and infrastructure in which the possibility
of theft, tampering, or disruption of information and services is kept low or tolerable.”
- It relies on five major elements:
confidentiality,
integrity,
availability,
authenticity, and
non-repudiation.

Confidentiality
- Confidentiality is the assurance that the information is accessible only to authorized.
- Confidentiality breaches may occur due to improper data handling or a hacking attempt.
- Confidentiality controls include data classification, data encryption, and proper disposal of equipment.

Integrity
- Integrity is the trustworthiness of data or resources in the prevention of improper and unauthorized
changes—the assurance that information is sufficiently accurate for its purpose.
- Measures to maintain data integrity may include a checksum (a number produced by a mathematical
function to verify that a given block of data is not changed) and access control (which ensures that only
authorized people can update, add, or delete data).

Availability
- Availability is the assurance that the systems responsible for delivering, storing, and
processing information are accessible when required by authorized users.
- Measures to maintain data availability can include disk arrays for redundant systems and clustered
machines, antivirus software to combat malware, and distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) prevention
systems.

Authenticity
- Authenticity refers to the characteristic of communication, documents, or any data that ensures the
quality of being genuine or uncorrupted.
- The major role of authentication is to confirm that a user is genuine.
- Controls such as biometrics, smart cards, and digital certificates ensure the authenticity of data,
transactions, communications, and documents.

Non-Repudiation
- Non-repudiation is a way to guarantee that the sender of a message cannot later deny having sent the
message and that the recipient cannot deny having received the message.
- Individuals and organizations use digital signatures to ensure non-repudiation.

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