Civil & Construction Engineering Dep.

Formwork Design & Construction Methods

CONEN 461
Dr.Alaa Salman
PhD, PMP, P.Eng (Ontario- Canada)

Chapter 3
Pressure of Concrete on Formwork

IMU: CIVIL & & Construction ENG. Formwork Design & Construction Methods Chapter 3 DR.ALAA SALMAN
Course Schedule

2
Chapter 3: Pressure of Concrete on Formwork

3.1 Behavior of Concrete

3.2 Lateral Pressure of Concrete on Formwok

3.3 Lateral Pressure of Concrete on Wall Forms

3.4 Relationship between Rate of Fill, Temperature, and

Pressure for Wall Forms

3.5 Lateral Pressure of Concrete on Column Forms

3.6 Relationship between Rate of Fill, Temperature, and

Pressure for Column Forms
3
Chapter 3: Pressure of Concrete on Formwork
3.7 Graphical Illustration of Pressure Equations for
Walls and Columns

3.8 Effect of Weight of Concrete on Pressure

3.9 Vertical Loads on Forms

4
 3.1 Behavior of Concrete (1)
❑ The pressure of concrete on formwork
depends on:
o the type of cement and

o admixtures in the concrete mix

it can be easily shaped

by forms before
attaining its final
concrete mix state.
Semi-liquid
5
 3.1 Behavior of Concrete (2)
❑ The five basic types of cement used in
concrete mixtures are:-
◼ Ordinary Portland cement

◼ Modified low heat, modified sulfate resistance

◼ Early high strength, rapid hardening

◼ Low heat of hydration

◼ Sulfate resisting

6
3.2 Lateral Pressure of Concrete on Formwork (1)
❑ The pressure by concrete on formwork
is determined by several factors:
1. Rate of placing concrete in forms

2. Temperature of concrete

3. Weight or density of concrete

4. Cement type or blend used in the concrete

5. Method of consolidating the concrete

6. Method of placement of the concrete

7. Depth of placement

8. Height of form
7
3.2 Lateral Pressure of Concrete on Formwork (2)
❑ The maximum pressure on formwork is:
Pm = w h (3-1)
◼ Where:
Pm = maximum lateral pressure, (lb/sq ft)
w = unit weight of newly placed concrete, (lb/cu ft),
h = depth of the plastic concrete, (ft)

8
3.3 Lateral Pressure of Concrete on Wall Forms (1)
❑ For wall forms with a concrete placement rate
of:
❑ < 7 (ft/hr) &

❑ a placement height < 14 (ft):

𝑹
𝑷𝒎 = 𝑪𝒘 𝑪𝒄 𝟏𝟓𝟎 + 𝟗, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 (𝟑 − 𝟐)
𝑻

9
 3.3 Lateral Pressure of Concrete on Wall Forms (2)
◼ Where:
Pm = maximum lateral pressure, (lb/sf)
𝑪𝒘 = unit weight coefficient as shown in Table 3-1
𝑪𝒄 = chemistry coefficient as shown in Table 3−2
R= rate of fill of concrete in form, (ft/hr)
T = temperature of concrete in form (Fº).
◼ Minimum value of (Pm is 600Cw ) but in no case ( > wh).
◼ Applies to concrete with a slump of (≤7 in).
◼ Applies to normal internal vibration to a depth of (≤4 ft)

10
 3.3 Lateral Pressure of Concrete on Wall Forms (3)
Weight of Concrete Value of CW
Less than 140 Ib per cu ft 0.5 [I + (w/145 Ib per cu ft)],
but not less than 0.8
140 to 150 Ib per cu ft 1.0
More than 150 Ib per cu ft w/145 Ib per cu ft
TABLE 3-1: Values of Unit Weight Coefficient, Cw

Cement Type or Blend Value of Cc

Types I, II, and Ill without retarders' 1.0
Types I, 11, and 111 with a retarder 1.2
Other types or blends containing less than 70% slag or 1.2
40% fly ash without retarders'
Other types or blends containing less than 70% slag or 1.4
40% fly ash with a retarder
Blends containing more than 70% slag or 40% fly ash 1.4
TABLE 3-2: Values of Chemistry Coefficient, Cc 11
3.3 Lateral Pressure of Concrete on Wall Forms (4)
❑ For wall forms with a concrete placement rate
of:
❑ 7 to 15 (ft/hr) &

❑ < 7 (ft/hr) & a placement height > 14 (ft):

𝟒𝟑, 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝑹
𝑷𝒎 = 𝑪𝒘 𝑪𝒄 𝟏𝟓𝟎 + + 𝟐, 𝟖𝟎𝟎 (𝟑 − 𝟑)
𝑻 𝑻

12
 3.3 Lateral Pressure of Concrete on Wall Forms (5)
◼ Where:
Pm = maximum lateral pressure, (lb/sf)
𝑪𝒘 = unit weight coefficient as shown in Table 3-1
𝑪𝒄 = chemistry coefficient as shown in Table 3−2
R= rate of fill of concrete in form, (ft/hr)
T = temperature of concrete in form (Fº).
◼ Minimum value of (Pm is 600Cw ) but in no case ( > wh).
◼ Applies to concrete with a slump of (≤7 in).
◼ Applies to normal internal vibration to a depth of (≤4 ft)

13
 Example 3.1
A wall form (12 ft) high is filled with (150 Ib/cu
ft) concrete at a temperature of (70°F). The
concrete is Type I without a retarder. Concrete
will be placed with normal internal vibration to a
depth of (less than 4 ft). The rate of placement
is (5 ft/hr).
• Table 3-1, Cw =1.0 and
• Table 3-2, Cc = 1.0.
• The rate of placement is < 7 ft/hr and
• the placement height < 14 ft,
• therefore Eq. (3-2) can be used to calculate the
lateral pressure as follows. 14
 Solution - Example 3.1
𝑹
𝑷𝒎 = 𝑪𝒘 𝑪𝒄 𝟏𝟓𝟎 + 𝟗, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 (𝟑 − 𝟐)
𝑻
𝟓
𝑷𝒎 = 𝟏. 𝟎 𝟏. 𝟎 𝟏𝟓𝟎 + 𝟗, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟕𝟗𝟑(𝒍𝒃/𝒔𝒇)
𝟕𝟎
Checks on limitations on pressures calculated from Eq. (3-2):
Limited to greater than 600 Cw = 600 (1.0) = 600 (Ib/sf)
Limited to less than Pm = wh = 150 (12) = 1,800 (Ib/sf)

Maximum > Calculated > Minimum

1,800 (Ib/sf) > 𝟕𝟗𝟑(𝒍𝒃/𝒔𝒇) > 600 (Ib/sf)

Use Calculated = 𝟕𝟗𝟑(𝒍𝒃/𝒔𝒇)

lateral pressure on the forms 15
 Solution - Example 3.1

The 793 (Ib/sq ft)

maximum pressure
will occur at a
depth of 793/150
= 5.3 ft below
the top of the
form as shown in
Figure 3-2.

16
 Example 3.2
A wall form (8 ft) high is filled with (150 Ib/cu
ft) concrete at a temperature of (60°F). The
concrete is Type I with a retarder. Concrete will
be placed with normal internal vibration to a
depth of (less than 4 ft). The rate of placement
is (10 ft/hr).
• Table 3-1, Cw =1.0 and
• Table 3-2, Cc = 1.2.
• The rate of placement is 7 to 15 (ft/hr) and
• the placement height < 14 ft,
• therefore Eq. (3-3) can be used to calculate the
lateral pressure as follows. 17
 Solution - Example 3.2
𝟒𝟑, 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝑹
𝑷𝒎 = 𝑪𝒘 𝑪𝒄 𝟏𝟓𝟎 + + 𝟐, 𝟖𝟎𝟎 (𝟑 − 𝟑)
𝑻 𝑻
𝟒𝟑, 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎
𝑷𝒎 = 𝟏. 𝟎 𝟏. 𝟐 𝟏𝟓𝟎 + + 𝟐, 𝟖𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏, 𝟔𝟎𝟖(𝒍𝒃/𝒔𝒇)
𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎

Checks on limitations on pressures calculated from Eq. (3-3):

Limited to greater than 600 Cw = 600 (1.0) = 600 (Ib/sf)
Limited to less than Pm = wh = 150 (8) = 1,200 (Ib/sf)

Calculated > Maximum > Minimum

1,608 (Ib/sf) > 1,200 (Ib/sf) > 600 (Ib/sf)

Use Maximum = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟎𝟎(𝒍𝒃/𝒔𝒇)

lateral pressure on the forms 18
 Solution - Example 3.2
Figure 3-3 shows the lineal distribution of pressure.

19
 Example 3.3

A concrete wall is (9 ft) high, (15 in.) thick, and

(60 ft) long. The concrete will be placed by a
pump with a capacity of (18 cu yd/hr) at a
temperature of (80°F). The concrete density is
(150 lb/ cu ft). with Type I cement without
additives;
• Table 3-1, Cw =1.0 and
• Table 3-2, Cc = 1.0. 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒅
• The rate of placement (R) is: 𝑹 = 𝒉𝒓
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒅
𝟏 𝒇𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒍𝒍

20
 Example 3.3
𝟏𝟖 𝒚𝒅𝟑 𝟏𝟖 𝒚𝒅𝟑
𝒉𝒓 𝒉𝒓
𝑹= 𝟏𝟓 𝒊𝒏 = 𝟕𝟓𝒇𝒕𝟑
𝟏 𝒇𝒕 𝟔𝟎 𝒇𝒕 ( 𝒊𝒏 )
𝟏𝟐( ) 𝟏 𝒇𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒍𝒍
𝒇𝒕
𝟏 𝒇𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒍𝒍
𝟕𝟓 𝒇𝒕𝟑 𝒇𝒕 𝟑
𝒚𝒅𝟑
÷ 𝟑𝟑 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟖
𝟏 𝒇𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒚𝒅𝟑 𝟏 𝒇𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒍𝒍

𝟏𝟖 𝒚𝒅𝟑
𝒉𝒓 𝒇𝒕
∴𝑹= 𝟐.𝟕𝟖 𝒚𝒅𝟑
= 𝟔. 𝟓
𝒉𝒓
𝟏 𝒇𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒍𝒍

• The rate of placement is < 7 ft/hr and

• the placement height < 14 ft,
• therefore Eq. (3-2) can be used to calculate the lateral
pressure as follows.
21
 Solution - Example 3.3
𝑹
𝑷𝒎 = 𝑪𝒘 𝑪𝒄 𝟏𝟓𝟎 + 𝟗, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 (𝟑 − 𝟐)
𝑻
𝟔. 𝟓
𝑷𝒎 = 𝟏. 𝟎 𝟏. 𝟎 𝟏𝟓𝟎 + 𝟗, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟖𝟐𝟐(𝒍𝒃/𝒔𝒇)
𝟖𝟎
Checks on limitations on pressures calculated from Eq. (3-2):
Limited to greater than 600 Cw = 600 (1.0) = 600 (Ib/sf)
Limited to less than Pm = wh = 150 (9) = 1,350 (Ib/sf)

Maximum > Calculated > Minimum

1,350 (Ib/sf) > 𝟖𝟐𝟐(𝒍𝒃/𝒔𝒇) > 600 (Ib/sf)

Use Calculated = 𝟖𝟖𝟐(𝒍𝒃/𝒔𝒇)

lateral pressure on the forms 22
 Solution - Example 3.3
Figure 3-4 shows the lineal distribution of pressure.
The 882 Ib per sq
ft maximum
pressure will occur
at a depth of
882/150 = 5.9 ft
below the top of
the form as
shown in Figure
3-4.
23
3.4 Relationship between Rate of Fill, Temperature, and
Pressure for Wall Forms (1)
Table 3-3 gives the relationship between:
❖ the rate of filling wall forms, lateral pressure, and
temperature for placement heights up to 14 ft.
❖ The pressures are based on 150 lb/cu ft density concrete
with no additives,
❖a maximum slump of 7 in., and
❖vibration to a depth of 4 ft or less.
❖For other concrete densities and blends, the pressures
should be adjusted by Cw & Cc.
❖For rates of pour greater than 15 ft/hr, wall pressure
should be calculated by Pm = wh.
24
3.4 Relationship between Rate of Fill, Temperature, and
Pressure for Wall Forms (2)
Notes: Table 3-3:
1. Do not use design Relation for Placement H. Up to 14 ft
pressure (> wh).
2. Concrete placement with
normal internal vibration
to a depth of (≤4 ft).
3. Values are based on
concrete (Cw=1& Cc = 1).
4. Concrete without
additives with a
maximum slump of 7in.
5. Minimum pressure is
600Cw lb/sq ft, but in no
case greater than wh.
6. For pour rates (>15 ft/
hr), use pressure Pm = wh. 25
3.4 Relationship between Rate of Fill, Temperature, and
Pressure for Wall Forms (3)
Notes: Table 3-4:
Relation for Placement H. >14 ft
1. Do not use design
pressure (> wh).
2. Concrete placement with
normal internal vibration
to a depth of (≤4 ft).
3. Values are based on
concrete (Cw=1& Cc = 1).
4. Concrete without
additives with a
maximum slump of 7in.
5. Minimum pressure is
600Cw lb/sq ft, but in no
case greater than wh.
6. For pour rates (>15 ft/
hr), use pressure Pm = wh. 26
3.5 Lateral Pressure of Concrete on Column
Forms (1)

❖ For concrete with a slump ≤ 7 in. and

❖ Placement by normal internal vibration to a
depth of ≤4 ft,
❖ formwork for columns can be
designed for the following lateral
pressure:
𝑹
𝑷𝒎 = 𝑪𝒘 𝑪𝒄 𝟏𝟓𝟎 + 𝟗, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 (𝟑 − 𝟐)
𝑻
27
 3.5 Lateral Pressure of Concrete on Column
Forms (2)
◼ Where:
Pm = maximum lateral pressure, (lb/sf)
𝑪𝒘 = unit weight coefficient as shown in Table 3-1
𝑪𝒄 = chemistry coefficient as shown in Table 3−2
R= rate of fill of concrete in form, (ft/hr)
T = temperature of concrete in form (Fº).
◼ Minimum value of (Pm is 600Cw ) but in no case ( > wh).
◼ Applies to concrete with a slump of (≤7 in).
◼ Applies to normal internal vibration to a depth of (≤4 ft)

28
 Example 3.4
A column form (14 ft) high is filled with (150
Ib/cu ft) concrete at a temperature of (50°F).
The concrete is Type I without a retarder.
Concrete will be placed with normal internal
vibration to a depth of (less than 4 ft). The rate
of placement is (7 ft/hr).
• Table 3-1, Cw =1.0 and
• Table 3-2, Cc = 1.0.
• the placement height < 4 ft,
• therefore Eq. (3-4) can be used to calculate the
lateral pressure as follows.
29
 Solution - Example 3.4
𝑹
𝑷𝒎 = 𝑪𝒘 𝑪𝒄 𝟏𝟓𝟎 + 𝟗, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 (𝟑 − 𝟒)
𝑻
𝟕
𝑷𝒎 = 𝟏. 𝟎 𝟏. 𝟎 𝟏𝟓𝟎 + 𝟗, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏, 𝟒𝟏𝟎(𝒍𝒃/𝒔𝒇)
𝟓𝟎
Checks on limitations on pressures calculated from Eq. (3-3):
Limited to greater than 600 Cw = 600 (1.0) = 600 (Ib/sf)
Limited to less than Pm = wh = 150 (14) = 2,100 (Ib/sf)

Maximum > Calculated > Minimum

2,100 (Ib/sf) > 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟎(𝒍𝒃/𝒔𝒇) > 600 (Ib/sf)

Use Calculated = 𝟏, 𝟒𝟏𝟎(𝒍𝒃/𝒔𝒇)

lateral pressure on the forms 30
 Solution - Example 3.4

The 1,410 Ib per sq

ft maximum
pressure will occur
at a depth of
1,410/150=9.4 ft
below the top of
the form as
shown in Figure
3-5.
31
 Example 3.5
A column form (12 ft) high is filled with (150
Ib/cu ft) concrete at a temperature of (60°F).
The concrete is Type I without a retarder.
Concrete will be placed with normal internal
vibration to a depth of (less than 4 ft). The
concrete will fill the column in (1 hr).
• Table 3-1, Cw =1.0 and
• Table 3-2, Cc = 1.2.
• the placement height < 4 ft,
• therefore Eq. (3-4) can be used to calculate the
lateral pressure as follows.
32
 Solution - Example 3.5
Rate of placement = 12 ft/l hr = 12 ft/ hr
𝑹
𝑷𝒎 = 𝑪𝒘 𝑪𝒄 𝟏𝟓𝟎 + 𝟗, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 (𝟑 − 𝟒)
𝑻
𝟏𝟐
𝑷𝒎 = 𝟏. 𝟎 𝟏. 𝟎 𝟏𝟓𝟎 + 𝟗, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟐, 𝟑𝟒𝟎(𝒍𝒃/𝒔𝒇)
𝟔𝟎
Checks on limitations on pressures calculated from Eq. (3-3):
Limited to greater than 600 Cw = 600 (1.0) = 600 (Ib/sf)
Limited to less than Pm = wh = 150 (12) = 1,800 (Ib/sf)
Calculated > Maximum > Minimum
2,340 (Ib/sf) > 1,800 (Ib/sf) > 600 (Ib/sf)

Use
Maximum = 𝟏, 𝟖𝟎𝟎(𝒍𝒃/𝒔𝒇)
lateral pressure on the forms 33
3.6 Relationship between Rate of Fill, Temperature, and
Pressure for Column Forms (1)
Table 3-5 gives the relationship between:
❖ the rate of filling wall forms, lateral pressure, and
temperature of the concrete for column forms, using
Eq.(3.3) with Cw & Cc = 1.
❖ The values calculated using Eq. (3.4) should not
exceed wh.

34
3.6 Relationship between Rate of Fill, Temperature, and
Pressure for Column Forms (2)
Notes:
Table 3-5:
1. Do not use design
pressure (> wh).
2. Concrete placement with
normal internal vibration
to a depth of (≤4 ft).
3. Values are based on
concrete (Cw=1& Cc = 1).
4. Concrete without
additives with a
maximum slump of 7in.
5. Minimum pressure is
600Cw lb/sq ft, but in no
case greater than wh.
6. For pour rates (>15 ft/
hr), use pressure Pm = wh. 35
3.7 Graphical Illustration of Pressure Equations for Walls
and Columns (1)

❖Figure 3-6 provides a graphical illustration of the

relationship between the rate of filling wall and
column forms, maximum pressure, and the
temperature of concrete.

❖The graphs are based on concrete made with Type I or

Type II cement,
❖weighting 150 lb /cu ft,
❖containing no prozzolans or admixtures,
❖having a slump of (≤ 7 in.)
❖and internal vibration to a depth of (≤ 4 ft).

36
3.7 Graphical Illustration of Pressure Equations for Walls
and Columns (2)

37 .
Figure 3-6 : Lateral pressures for various rates of pour and temperatures
3.8 Effect of Weight of Concrete on Pressure (1)

❖ The unit weight of concrete for most structures is

145 to 150 lb / cu ft.

❖ However, the density of concrete may vary from

100 Ib/cu ft for lightweight concrete to 200 lb/cu
ft for high-density concrete.

❖ For concrete with densities other than 150 Ib/cu ft,

the pressure can be found by multiplying the normal-
weight concrete (150) by the ratios of the densities.

38
3.8 Effect of Weight of Concrete on Pressure (2)

❖ Equation (3-5) may be used to determine the

maximum pressure produced by concrete having a
density other than 150 lb/cu ft.

𝑫′
𝑷ʹ𝒎 = × 𝑷𝒎 (𝟑. 𝟓)
𝟏𝟓𝟎

Where:
o P’m = modified pressure, Ib / sq ft
o D' = density of concrete, Ib / cu ft
o Pm = maximum pressure for concrete whose
density is 150 lb/cu ft when placed under the same
conditions 39
 3.9 Vertical Loads on Forms (1)
❖ In addition to lateral pressure, vertical loads
are also imposed on formwork.

❖ These vertical loads are due to the weight of :

❖ newly placed concrete,
❖ reinforcing steel,
❖ form materials and hardware that fasten the
forms,
❖ tools and equipment, and
❖ weight of workers.

40
 3.9 Vertical Loads on Forms (2)
❖ For multistory structures, the design of
forms must consider the loads that are
transmitted from all of the higher floors.

❖ The weight of the form material and hardware

will not be known until the formwork is
designed.

❖ The designer may estimate a weight of 10 lb

per sq ft and then check this value after the
design is completed

41
 3.9 Vertical Loads on Forms (2)
❖The combined weight of the concrete, reinforcing
steel, and form material is often referred to as the
dead load on the forms.
❖ Live loads consist of the weights of workers, tools,
equipment, and any storage material.
❖ACI Committee 347 recommends a minimum live
load of 50 lb/sq ft to provide for workers, toots, and
equipment.

42
 3.9 Vertical Loads on Forms (3)
❖For conditions where motorized buggies are
used, the minimum live load is increased to
75 lb/sq ft, reference Table 3-6.

❖A minimum combined dead and live load of

100 lb/ sq ft is recommended, up to 125 lb/
sq ft in motorized buggies are used.

43
 3.9 Vertical Loads on Forms (4)

TABLE 3-6:
Design Vertical
Pressures for
Slab Forms

Notes:
1. All values are based on 150 Ib/sq ft concrete.
2. Weight of form materials and reinforcing steel are not included.
3. Values for non-motorized buggies include 50 Ib/sq ft live load.
4. Volume for motorized buggies include 75 Ib/sq ft live load.
44
 Example 3.7

❖ A floor system has supports at 20 ft in each

direction that must support an 8 in. thick slab
of concrete whose weight is 150 lb/cu ft.
Motorized buggies will be used to transport
and place the concrete.
The vertical concentrated load acting on the
support can be calculated as follows:

45
 Solution - Example 3.7
❖ Dead load of concrete =
𝒍𝒃 𝟖
= 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝟑
𝟐𝟎 𝒇𝒕 × 𝟐𝟎 𝒇𝒕 ×
𝒇𝒕 𝟏𝟐 𝒇𝒕
= 𝟒𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃
❖ Estimated dead load of forms and hardware =
𝒍𝒃
= 𝟏𝟎 𝟐
𝟐𝟎 𝒇𝒕 × 𝟐𝟎 𝒇𝒕 = 𝟒, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃
𝒇𝒕

❖ Live load of workers using buggies =

𝒍𝒃
= 𝟕𝟓 𝟐
𝟐𝟎 𝒇𝒕 × 𝟐𝟎 𝒇𝒕 = 𝟑𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃
𝒇𝒕
❖ Total design load = 44,000 lb + 30,000 lb = 74,000 lb
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 Example 3.8
❖ A continuous concrete beam is 16 in. wide and
24 in. deep, with 150 lb/cu ft concrete.
❖ The uniform vertical load/foot acting on the
bottom of the beam form can be calculated as:

47
 Solution - Example 3.8
❖ Dead load of concrete =
𝒍𝒃 𝟏𝟔 𝟐𝟒 𝒍𝒃
= 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝟑
𝒇𝒕 × 𝒇𝒕 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 ( )
𝒇𝒕 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝒇𝒕

❖ Estimated dead load of form material =

𝒍𝒃 𝟏𝟔 𝒍𝒃
=𝟓 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 ( )
𝒇𝒕𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝒇𝒕

❖ Live load of workers and tools =

𝒍𝒃 𝟏𝟔 𝒍𝒃
= 𝟓𝟎 𝟐
= 𝟔𝟕 ( )
𝒇𝒕 𝟏𝟐 𝒇𝒕
𝒍𝒃
❖ Total design load = 406.7 lb + 67 lb = 473.7 ( )
𝒇𝒕

48
The End of
Lecture
(3)
49