Our formal starting point in understanding 

critical thinking is a
clear distinction between a deductive argument and an inductive
argument. All arguments are either deductive or inductive, and an
understanding of this distinction is required for criticism (Crews-Anderson,
2007).

YOUR TASK: 

1) From the book Critical Thinking by Crews-Anderson (2007), read

analytically the topics Deductive Reasoning and Inductive Reasoning
(see attached link)

2) Come up with a 3-page discussion of the differences between

Deductive & Inductive reasoning processes based from the reading

3) Provide examples for each of them for accurate understanding.

NOTE:
 Encourage you to discuss it using your own words based on the reading

 Warn you against "copy & paste" from the internet.

 When you do your own explanation, you effectively learn the process.
You may paraphrase statements from your researches and cite your
sources, though. Our google system checks the originality of your work
and shows flagged/quoted passages. 

 Make your work personalized.

 Upon reading deductive and inductive reasoning from the book of Critical
Thinking by Crew-Anderson, I understood that deductive reasoning is the
process by which we come to a certain and specific logical conclusion starting
from general premises. The simple example I came up with is all fish need
water to survive and I have a fish pet named Cookie which means that Cookie
needs water to survive. On the other hand, inductive reasoning is the process
by which we came to a probable conclusion starting from specific observations.
For example, my sister, Claire, loves reading and she is a good student which
means that good students loves reading.
I came to compare both kind of reasoning and there’s a variety of
differences from deductive and inductive reasoning. I’ll try to explain and
discuss the deductive reasoning first so that you can also understand the topic
in the way that I did. Deducting reasoning is easy to distinguish because the
conclusion is always true or factual. This kind of reasoning does not entertain
or consist untrue and not proven information. Deductive reasoning always
come up with certain conclusion.
The claim in deductive reasoning is usually general to specific which
results to sound and valid conclusion. The assumption must be relevant,
admissible and proven to be labeled as deductive. In most cases, there’s two
or more premises before concluding in deductive reasoning. Usually, the first
statement is general then the next is specific.
I will try to give simple example so that you can also comprehend
deductive reasoning easily. Think of any desserts, desserts are sweet. Cake is
a dessert which makes all cake is sweet. Look how we used desserts which is
a general term then cake which is an specific kind of dessert. The conclusion is
true and factual because cake is really sweet.
If you are still having a confusion understanding deductive reasoning,
then let’s try to use rocks. The general statement would be ‘Rocks are hard.
‘Limestone is a common kind of rock’ this is the specific statement. Therefore,
limestone is hard. Try to ask someone if they disagree to this conclusion then if
no one argued about, this is really an example of deductive reasoning.
Explaining and discussing deductive reasoning will make it easy for you
to understand the other kind of reasoning which is inductive reasoning.
Basically, inductive reasoning is the opposite of deductive reasoning. If
deductive is all about certain and factual things, then inductive is uncertain and
can be proven wrong or false.
 Inductive reasoning is based on probable cause. The premise in this kind
of reasoning can be argued and corrected because it is not certain. Most of
inductive reasoning conclusions need more data to support the cause of the
conclusion. We need repeated observations in this kind of reasoning to prove
the truth and come up with a sound conclusion. Usually, in inductive reasoning,
it is based on few specific circumstances then proceed with general premise.
Owing to this type of process, the results most likely have low probability.
Let’s try to have examples to further understand inductive reasoning,
imagine a basket of apples. We are trying to know if the all apples are raw or
ripe so we took out two apples and they are raw. Now, we will have our first
premise which is stating that the apples in the basket are all raw because
we’ve already seen two raw apples. Then, we will claim that the basket if full of
fruits. We will now come up with the conclusion that the basket is full of raw
fruits. The conclusion can be argued by other saying that it is not all raw since
we did not take out all the fruits to check one by one and they have valid
argument which is why our reasoning is inductive. We based on few certain
circumstances then came up with a conclusion which happens to be uncertain
because our statements are not fully proven and tested.
If you notice how we started with specific argument, then followed up
with general argument, that is usually the process in inductive reasoning.
Unlike deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning can be proven false and
uncertain. We may have true statements either specific or genera but if the
conclusion have low probability then it is most likely untrue.
Here’s another example to ponder so that you can understand inductive
reasoning more, I have a neighbor named Cora and she is afraid of dogs and
cats. Our specific statement is that ‘Cora is afraid of dogs and cats’ then the
general statement would be ‘Dogs and cats are animals’. The conclusion
based on those statement is that Cora is afraid of all animals. Others might
contradict our conclusion saying that Cora did not said that she’s afraid of other
animals other than dogs and cats which is true. Our reasoning would be
inductive because others can prove our conclusion as false due to irrelevance
of our statement. The conclusion in inductive reasoning is called conjecture or
not proven and may be untrue.
Basically, inductive reasoning always comes up with untrue conclusions
and deductive reasoning always have true and certain conclusions. Initially, I
immediately thought that it is hard to understand this topic but upon taking time
to really digest the meaning of both reasoning, I can say it is quite simple.
 I therefore conclude after deliberately reading and comprehending
deductive and inductive reasoning that the argument is what matters the most
to know if the conclusion is deductive or inductive. Invalid argument which is an
argument that although the claims are true, the conclusion is false. For
example, the arguments we have is that chicken is a kind of bird and birds can
fly so we came to a conclusion that chicken can fly. It is clear that we have an
inductive reasoning and it is because we have an invalid argument. Both
specific and general statement we mentioned are true but the conclusion is
false. We can make it as deductive reasoning by concluding that not all birds
can fly. This conclusion is true and certain which makes it as deductive
reasoning.
I encourage you to also try and make time to understand deductive and
inductive reasoning for the reason that it is very useful in our daily lives and it
can lead to more learning. According to Francis Bacon, we can only uncover
the natural world by using inductive reasoning which means that we have to be
argumentative with things in order to acquire more learnings. Sometime the
certain things we have in deductive reasoning is because we already did lots of
inductive reasoning that made us wise and enables us to come up with sound
and factual conclusions.