BUBENDORFF MEMORIAL GRAMMAR SCHOOL, ADAZI- NNUKWU

SUBJECT: BASIC TECHNOLOGY

TERM: THIRD
CLASS: JSS 1
WEEK: 4 - 10

Types of Building and Building Materials

A building structure simply means a close structure with walls and a roof. A building can be defined
as a shelter where we can live, play, worship, transact business and produce goods and services.
Examples: houses, classroom block, church, warehouse, factory etc.

Types of Building

Buildings are classified based on:

1) Their usage
2) According to the materials used in constructing the building.
3) The number of floors/designs.

Classification of building based on usage:

1 Residential building-living houses

2 school buildings- these are educational houses where teaching and learning take place.

3 commercial buildings- these are buildings built for commercial purposes such as malls,
warehouses, business of transaction, buying and selling

4 hospital building- buildings where health care services are rendered

5 office buildings- building used primarily for office work

6 Religious Buildings- worship centres for traditional, Christianity and Islamic

7 Cultural Building

8 bank building

9 Hotel Building

Classification of Building Based on Material

1 Thatched Building: this is a building made with roofing materials such as dry vegetation of straw,
water reed, and palm branches etc.

2 Mud Building: this is a building construction that makes use of soil excavated from the land.

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3 brick house:

4 Glass Building

5 Timber House

6 Stone Building

7 Zinc House

8 Asbestos House

9 Aluminium House

Classification of Building based on the number of floors/design

1 Bungalow: is a small house or cottage that has only one floor i.e. ground, and maybe surrounded
by wide verandas

2 Duplex: is a house plan that has two living units attached to each other either next to each other or
above each other like apartment

3 Storey Building: is a building with more than one floor that accommodates people for living,
business and other uses

4 Skyscraper: a building with many storeys (i.e. floors).

5 semi detailed or terraced building. These are series of unit building along a line joined together
with common dividing walls

6 Hut: this is a small unit and usually round and covered with thatch

BUILDING MATERIALS

Building materials are the materials used in construction of buildings. They are classified into natural
and artificial building materials.

Natural building materials include water, mud, wood, stone, grass, leaves, clay, sand and gravel.
They occur naturally.

Artificial building materials: these are man-made materials. They are obtained by the application of
technology. These materials include: cement, concrete, seasoned timber, plywood, bricks, block,
aluminium, ceramics, steel, glass, asbestos, paints etc.

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Uses of Common Building Materials

1 Cement: cement is used as a building material for sand aggregates, bricks and block.

2 wood: is used in making doors/windows, ceiling hangers, roofing, staircases etc.

3 Glasses: glasses are used to beautify and illuminate buildings. Nowadays, they are used in making
windows, doors, walls etc.

4 Ceramics: are used for making tiles, bricks, bathrooms and kitchen wares such as tubs, sinks, WCs
etc.

5 Sand: it is used with cement to make mortal for mason work and plaster.

6 Gravels: gravel and are used in mixing cements for making materials such as concrete and mortal.

7 Steel Rod: steel rod is used to reinforce concrete.

8 Water: water is required for mixing concrete and sand etc.

9 Concrete: this is the mixture of cement, sand, gravel and water. It is generally for bearing load in
buildings.

10 Burnt Bricks: bricks are used for building furnaces, incinerators, and most especially for
decoration of some buildings. It can also be used for walls of buildings.

11 Blocks/concrete blocks: these are block produced from the mixture of cement, sand and water.
They are used for erecting walls.

12 Aggregates: these are crushed granites, gravels and sand. They are used as concrete.

13 leaves: leaves and other dry vegetation are used mainly for roofing houses.

14 Plastic: plastic is used for making tiles, pipes, ceiling etc.

SIMPLE BLUE PRINT READING

Blueprints are of two dimensional architectural design drawings that indicate the size of a planned
building, the materials to be used in its construction and the placement of its features. Blueprints are
also known as working drawings or building plan.

The term blueprints reading means interpreting ideas expressed by others on drawing.

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SIMPLE BLUEPRINT

Interpreting Simple Blueprint/ Building Plan

Key to understanding and interpreting simple building plan is the language of lines, codes and
symbols.

Types of lines and their uses in building plan/blueprint/working drawings.

Types of Line Symbols Uses

1. Thin continuous line For construction
2. Thick continuous line For outlines
3. Thin short dashes -------------------------------- For hidden details
4. Thin long chain For centre lines
5. Thick ruled line with For long breaks
short zigzag
6. Wavy line For short breaks
7. Thick long chain with
arrow

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Building Symbols

1. Single door (Single swing) -

2. Double door (single swing) -

3. Single door (double swing) -

4. Double door double (door swing) -

5. Wall -

6. Window-

7. Staircase -

8. Roll rim bath -

9. Kitchen sink -

10. Septic tank –

11. Water closet (W/C) –

12. Revolving door –

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13. Top hinged window -

14. Right hinged window -

15. Soak away -

16. Bricks -

17. Glass –

18. Wood –

19. Concrete - :: :: ::
::

20. Water -
------…..-
--

;;..
21. Earth -

22. Wardrobe -

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Electrical symbols

Features Symbols

1. Single pole switch-

2. Socket outlet -

3. Water heater -

4. Control switch -

5. Intermediate switch -

6. Ceiling rose -

7. Fluorescent bulb -

8. Ceiling fan –

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CONCEPT OF MAINTENANCE

Maintenance can be defined as efforts taken to keep the condition and performance of a machine
always like the condition and performance of the machine when it is still new.

It is also simply defined as the act of keeping our equipment or items in good working conditions.

It is not only equipment or machines that can be maintained. Everything in the world requires
maintenance, your body, clothes, business, building, relationships etc. Everything around you, no
matter how big or small, no matter how cheap or expensive, it won’t last long the without the
proper attention.

IMPORTANCE OF MAINTENANCE

1. It makes our equipment or machines to work well or efficiently.

2. It makes the equipment or machines to last longer
3. Maintenance helps to reduce time wastage. Equipment or machines that are in good
condition work faster and efficiently.
4. It reduces injuries and fatalities; working with machines or equipment that are in good
condition helps to prevent accidents due to the sudden breakdown of the machines.
5. It helps to save some money: Repairing and correcting the small problem noticed in working
equipment or machines on time saves some amount of money that would have been used
to repair them when they are totally breakdown.
6. Inconvenience due to the breakdown of the machines or equipment will be prevented by
preventive maintenance.
TYPES OF MAINTENANCE
There are four types of maintenance:
1 Preventive maintenance
2 Predictive Maintenance
3 Corrective maintenance
4 Periodic maintenance
The main two types of maintenance are preventive and corrective maintenance

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
This is maintenance that is regularly performed on a piece of equipment to lessen the
likelihood of it failing or breaking down. It is done while the equipment or machine is still
working so that it does not break down unexpectedly. Examples of preventive maintenance
is the normal gauging of oil in the engine of vehicle before running the engine every day.
Oiling, cleaning, checking and greasing of machine parts on regular basis is form of
preventive maintenance.
IMPORTANCE OF MAINTENANCE
1. It prolongs the life of an equipment
2. It reduces the unexpected waste of time due to equipment failure
3. It lessen the unnecessary maintenance and inspections.
4. It improves reliability of equipment.
5. It reduces the risk of injury.

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CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE

Corrective maintenance are maintenance tasks that are performed in order to restore and repair
faulty systems and equipment. The purpose of corrective maintenance is to restore the broken
down systems or equipment. It is grouped into planned and unplanned corrective Maintenance is
initiated when an additional problem is discovered during a separate work order. For example,
during emergency repair as part of a routine inspection or in the process of conducting preventive
maintenance, a technician spots or observes another issue that needs to be corrected before other
problems occur.

Upon discovering an additional problem, corrective maintenance is planned and scheduled for a
future time. During the execution of corrective maintenance work, the equipment or asset is
repaired, restored or replaced.

Example of corrective maintenance, if you are performing preventive maintenance on car engine
and notice significant wear on a critical part or component, you may initiate a corrective
maintenance order to repair or restore that part within the next month.

BENEFITS OF CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE

Corrective maintenance coupled with good preventive maintenance helps to extend the lifetime
equipment, reduces injury and optimize resource planning.

Corrective maintenance work orders are often less expensive to implement than emergency
maintenance work orders which may need to be completed during overtime hours.

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