Lab Manual

CLASS

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RACHNA
SAGAR
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CHEMISTRY
LAB MANUAL
For ICSE Students

CLASS - 10

BASED ON THE LATEST ICSE SYLLABUS

Author
Dr Pankaj Kumar Singhal
MSc (Chemistry), BEd, Phd
PGDPT (FRI) Gold Medallist
Incharge in Chemistry Department
Cambrian Hall
Dehradun

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 Preface
l\'cs me immense pleasure to introduce the first edition of "Chemistry Lab Manual" for Class-Io
rud
. ents. The lab manual has been prepared strictly according to the new syllabus prescribed by the CIi
·or th I11 d. · 1
e tan C'ert1ficatc of Secondary Education Examination (ICSE).
Salient features of the Lab Manual: b h ·
0 It emphasises systematisation of expenmental work Y
realistk colou, pictures. . b visual means, i.e., y s owmg a1tnost al
.
0 Test matter has been planned giving emphasis to fun amen
systematic method. . d ta! concepts in a simple, clear iiltd
0 The tests have been presented in an interesting style wit a arg
. h 1 e number of examples.
0 Identification of gases evolved on heating the substance or its ea
been ·provided
· in a separate chapter. · tr tment with acids or alkalies has
O The producer for the analysis of substances by thermal methods has been divided _into ditferen1
tests etc. such as prelilllmaJy examination, dry heating tests, identification of metal 10ns by flam,
chapters
0 In order to facilitate anal"'is of various compounds, tests have also been given in the form of
tables so that once the stodents have understood the detailed chemistry behind various tests, they
can routinely follow the procedures provided in the Tables.
I would like to thank my family members for their constant encouragement and support. I am extremely
grateful to my colleagues Mr. Asit Katiyar, Mr. Amit MittaI, Mr. S. Thapa, Mr. H. Singh, Mr. T.S. Gusain,
Mr. M-ohan Rawat and my student especially master Nischal, Sanchit and Prabhdeep.
I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude tu Dr SC Biala (Principal Cambrian Hall, Dehradun)
and Dr. RC Uniyal, (Vice Principal, Cambrian Hall) who motivated and encouraged me in writing the book.
I am efficient
their happy tostaff
express my sincerest and indebtuess to my dynamic and versatile publishers and
thankssuccessful.
for making the project
I hope that the present book will be w-y received by the students and the teachers.
Author
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 Syllabus
In nal Assessment of Practical Work
did t wtll be skcd to observe the effect of reagents and/or of heat on substances supplied to them
unple nd may include the rceogmtion and identifieatmn of certain gases and ions hsted below The examm
h<'" , r be rc smctcd m their choice to substances contammg the listed ions.
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, C'hlonne, Hydrogen chlondc, Sulphur dioxide, Hydrogen sulphide, Ammorua
Water vapour, Nitrogen dioxide.
Calcium, Copper, Iron, Lead, Zinc and Ammonium, Carbonate, Chloride, Nitrate. Sulphide, Sulphite and Sulphate.
KnL'" ledge of a fonnal scheme of analysis is not required. Semi-micro techniques arc acceptable but candidates usmg such
tcchn1qucs may need to adapt the instructions given to suit the size of the apparatus being used.
candidates arc expected to have completed the following minimum practical work :
1. Action of heat on the following substances:
(a) Copper carbonate, zinc carbonate
(b) zinc nitrate, copper nitrate, lead nitrate

Make observations, identify the products and make deductions where possible. (equations not required)
2. Make a solution of the unknown substance : add sodium hydroxide solution or ammonium hydroxide solution, make
observations and give your deduction. Wanning the mixture may be needed. Choose from substances containing
2 2
ca2+,
Cu ', Fe ", Fe3 \ Pb2 -, Zn2 +, NH;.
3. Supply a solution of a dilute acid and alkali. Determine which is acidic and which is basic, giving two tests for each.
4. Add concentrated hydrochloric acid to each of the given substances, warm, make observations, identify any product
and make deductions : (a) copper oxide (b) manganese dioxide.

EVALUATION
The assignments/project work are to be evaluated by the subject teacher and by an External Examiner. (The External Examiner
may be a teacher nominated by the Head of the school, who could be from the faculty, but not teaching 1he subJect 111 the
secnon/clas~ . For example, a teacher of Chemistry of Class VIII may be deputed to be an External Examiner for Class X
Chemistry projects.)
The Internal Examiner and the External Examiner will assess the assignments independently.
Award of ma....Ks (20 Marks)
Subject Teacher (Internal Examiner) 10 marks
External Examiner 10 marks

The total marks obtained out of 20 are to be sent to the Council by the Head of the school.
The Head of the school will be responsible for the entry of marks on the mark sheets provided by the Council.
:'l.ote : According to the recommendation of International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry aUPAC), the
groups are numbered from 1 to 18 replacing the older notation of groups IA .... VIIA, VIII, IB...... VIIB
and 0. However, for the examination both notations will be accepted.
Old
IA IIA IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII 1B IIB IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 0
notation
New
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
notation

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 Contents

Exprrirnents

I. Identification of Gases ................................................................................................................. ),I

(i) Water Vapour (H 0)
2
(ii) Hydrogen (H )
2
(iii) Oxygen (0 )
2

(iv) Carbon dioxide (CO )

2
(v) Sulphur dioxide (S0 )
2

_/1JHydrogen Chloride (HCI)

(vii) Hydrogen sulphide (H S)
2
(viii) Ammonia (NH )
3
(ix) Chlorine (Cl )
2

)') Nitrogen dioxide (N0 )

2

2. Qualitative
(i) Dry Analysis-
tests rc1entification of Ions ............................................................................. ! -43
9
(a) Physical examination
(b) Action of heat (dry heating test)
(c) Flame test
(ii) Wet tests

(a) Identification of acidic radicals (anions)

(b) Identification of basic radicals (cations)

3. Distinction between an Acidic Solution and Alkaline Solution (Acidic or Basic) .................. 44-48

4. Distinction between Copper Oxide and Manganese Dioxide .................................................. 49-52

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 Chaple, 1
Identification of Gases

During qualitative analysis, when an unknown inorganic compound is hea ted in a test tube or treated with
a
acids or alkalies, a gas is generally evolved. The identification of gas evolved i~ primary and important step in
qualitative an~ysis of salts. This leads to useful information particularly about the nature of the acid radical
present in the given salt. The characteristics are helpful in the identification of a gas or a vapour:
A substance on heating may sublime, decompose with the evolution of gas with characteristic properties such
as colour, odour and other specific properties, etc., which enables us to identify a particular gas. To identify the
gas evolved, the following procedure should be followed.

Observation Inference
Examining colour of the gas
The gas may be: ,
(i) Colourless gas.
(i) (a) Water vapour (H20)
(b) Hydrogen (Hi)
(c) Oxygen (02)
(d) Carbon c;lioxide (COJ
(e) Sulphur dioxide (S02)
(f) Hydrogen chloride (HCI)
(g) Hydrogen sulphide (H2S)
(ii) A greenish yellow gas. (h) Ammonia (NH3)

(iii) The colour of the gas is deep reddish brown when (ii) Chlorine (Cl2)
hot and pale brown when cold .

Examining odour of the gas The gas may be:

The odour of gas evolved is found by wafting the gas with
thehand.
The gas evolved has :
(i) The gas has no odour. (i) Water vapour (H20), Hydrogen (Hi),
Oxygen (Oi) and Carbon dioxide (COJ
(ii) The gas has a suffocating smell like burning
(ii) Sulphur dioxide (S02)
sulphur and causes coughing.
(iii) Choking odour which causes pungent sensation in
(iii) Hydrogen chloride gas (HCI)
nasal cavity.
(iv) The gas has rotten eggs like smell.
(iv) Hydrogen sulphide (H2S)
(v) The gas has a sharp smell which brings tears in eyes.
(v) Ammonia (NH3)

Identification of Gases 7
 ("r) The gas has pungent odour (vr) Chlorine gas (OJ
(tJir) The gas has pungent and irritating odour. (vii) Nitrogen dioxide gas (NOJ
Effect of introdudng lighted wooden splinter into the gas The gas may be:
(i) 11,e lighted wooden splinter goes off, but the gas (i) Hydrogen (H:z)
burns with a 'pop' sound.
(ii) The lighted wooden splinter bums more brightly. (ii) Oxygen (O:z)
(iir) l11e lighted wooden splinter is extinguished.
(iii) (a) Water vapour(H20)
(b) Carbon dioxide (C0:z)
(c) Sulphur dioxide (S0:z)
(cf) Hydrogen chloride (BC!)
(e) Hydrogen sulphide (B2S)
(f) Ammonia (NH3)
Action with moist litmus paper
The gas may be:
(i) No change in moist blue/ red litmus paper.
(t) (a) Watervapour(H20)
(b) Hydrogen (H:z)
(ii) The moist blue litmus paper changes to red colour. (c) Oxygen (O:z)
(ii) (a) Carbon dioxide (C0:z)
(b) Hydrogen sulphide (H2S)
(iii) The moist red litmus paper changes to blue colour. (c) Nitrogen dioxide (N0:z)
(iv) The moist blue litmus paper changes to red colour (cf) Hydrogenchloride (HCI)
and then gets bleached.
(iii) Ammonia (NH3)
(iv) (a) Chlorine (O:z)
The above details may be summarised in the form of confirmative test.
1. WaterVapour(H 2O)
Experiment
Observation
Hydrated salts when heated in a Inference
dry test tube. The salt becomes anhydrous and
Evolution of water vapour
Examples: the vapours condenses to give
colourless liquid
(i) Hydrated copper sulphate is
(1) The blue colour of the salt
heated in a hard glass test- slowly changes to white and
tube.The colourless liquid is the vapours condenses to
dropped over anhydrous give colourless liquid.
white copper sulphate.
The salt turns blue.
8 7 ~ ~ ® Lab Manual Chemistry (ICSEJ-X
 (i Wamvapou:nare
flO onftrmed
lnvolvl'd
CuSl\.5H 20
(Bh11•)
N,1;_C03 • l OH 20
(\\1,ite)
CoC1 2.2H 20

~ CuS04 + "il-1 20
(Whit<')
,\ ➔ Na,CO, + 1 OH,O
(White amorphous)
-"\➔ CoC\ 2 + 2H 20
~
-~ Water
vapour
(Pink) (Blue) Colourless '
liquid
2. Hydrogen (H2)
Experiment Inference
Observation
1. Take an active metal like zinc, A colourless and odourless gas \ GasmaybeH2 .
iron, magnesium etc. in a test evolved.
tube and add to it small amount
of dil. HCl or dil. H 2S04 •
2. Moist blue litmus paper is Nochangeappears. \ Gasmaybe~.
brought in contact with the gas.
3. Burning splinter is brought in The burning splinter extinguishes \ ~ confirmed.
contact with the gas. with a pop sound.
Chemistry Involved:
Zn+2HCl(dil.) ~ZnCl2 + H 2i
Mg+ H 2S04 (dil.) ~ MgS04 + H 2i
3. Oxygen (0 2)
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Heattheheavymetallicoxidein \ A colourless and odourless gas \ Gasmaybe0 2t.
ahardglasstesttube. evolved.
Examples:
(i) Lead dioxide heated in a
hard glass test tube.
(ii) Red lead heated in a hard
glass test tube.
Identification of Gases
 ting

htmu paper is Nochangeappears.

n cont ct with the gas
Oxygen confirmed.
A ~IO\\'lng splmter is brought in The splinter glows more brightly·
contact with the gas.

Cheml!1try Involved:

2Pb02 ~ 2Pb0 +0 2t
2Pbp4 ~ 6Pb0+02t
Dark red Yellow
6
2KCI03 Mno/ 2KCI +302t

4. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Experiment Observation Inference

l. Metallic carbonate is added to A colourless and odourless gas Carbon dioxide (CO)
2 is
dilute hydrochloric acid or evolveswithbriskeffervescence. suspected.
dilute sulphuric acid
Examples:
(i) Add few marble chips in a
test tube and add dil.
hydrochloric acid.
(iz) Add sodium bicarbonate in a
test tube and add to it dil.
hydrochloric acid.

2. Moist blue litmus paper is Thepapertumsred. The evolved gas is acidic in

brought in contact with the gas. nature.

3. The evolved gas is passed Limewaterturnsmilky. CO2 confirmed.

through lime water.

Chemistry Involved:
CaC03 + 2HC1 (dil.) ~ CaCl2 +Hp +CO2t

NaHC03 + HCI (di!.) ~NaCl + Hp +CO2t

Lime water White Metal Effervescence with Lime water al 1he

Ca,-bonate carbonates evolving right test tut.
carbon dioxide turns milky

1O 7~ ~ ® Lab Manual Chemistry (ICSE)-X

 e mall amount of
m 1" sulphite in a test
l,'leand add dil. H~4 •

C' ~t blue htmus paper is Thepapertumsred. The evolved gas is acidic in

brought m contact,,ith the gas.
nature.

3 The €\'OlYed gas is brought in The paper turns green. Sulphur dioxide confirmed
contact ";th the filter paper
dipped in acidified potassium
dichromate solution.

4 The e\'oh·ed gas is brought The paper decolorizes. Sulphur dioxide confirmed.
in contact"·ith the filter
paper dipped in potassium
per-manganate solution.

Chemistry Involved:
~a:5() 3 + H:504 (dil.) ~ Na2S04 +Hp+ 502t
2.'\aH.503 + H 2S04 (dil.) ~Na2S04 +2H20+2S02t

bisulphite
6. Hydrogen Chloride (HCI)
Expe1iment Observation Inference
1. Metallic chloride is added to A gas having pungent suffocating HCI (Hydrogen chloride)
concentrated sulphuric acid. smell evolves which fumes in gas is suspected.
Example: moist air.
Concentrated sulphuric acid is
added to rock salt (NaCl.)

2 Moist blue litmus paper is brought The paper turns red. The evolved gas is acidic in
in contact with the gas evolved. nature.

Identification of Gases 11
 Hydrogen chi
3. Bring a gIass rod dipped in Dense white fumes appear. confirmed.
amm onium· hydroxide in
contact With the evolved gas.
. f ed which Hydrogen c
4· P_ass the evolved gas through White precipitate ,s orm . confirmed.
O
f mmonium
silver nitrate solution. is soluble in excess a
hydroxide.
uunu~ r.irl'f

Chemistry Involved:
Colourless
NaCl+ H2SO4(conc.) bdow 200C> NaHS0.1+ HCl t ga~ with
pungent ~111ell
Metallic chloride
7 · Hydrogen Sulphide (H S)
2
lnfon•nce
Experiment Observation
A colourless gas having rotten egg Hydrogen sulphide (l-i
,S) ~
1. Metallic sulphide is added to
suspected.
dilute hydrochloric acid or smell evolves.
dilute sulphuric acid
Examples:
(i) Take a small amount of
Ferrous sulphide in a test
tube and add dil. H2SO4 and
warm gently (if necessary).
(ii) Take a small amount of zinc
sulphide in a test tube and
add dil. HCl and warm
gently (if necessary).

2. Moist blue litmus paper is The paper turns red. The evolved gas is acidic10
brought in contact with the gas. nature.
--1-----------+--~-----=
The paper turns black. Hydrogen sulphide confirmed
3. The evolved gas is brought in
contact with the filter paper
dipped in lead acetate solution.

Chemistry Involved:
FeS + H2SO4 (dil.) ---t FeSO4 +Hi5 t

ZnS + 2HC1 (dil.) ---t ZnCl2 +H2S t

12 7 ~ «dd-®Lab Manual Chemistry aCSEJ-X

 a Ammonia (NH )

1 A nnioniun1 salts whc-n rt'ill ts A l olourll'ss gas evolved having Ammonia~) uspected
\\ 1th ;ilk h 8 1' l'S pung<'nl suffocating smell is
t'volved
( ) A m 111 o n I u n~ c h I n r i d <' i s
oddcd to sodmm hydroxide
and\\ anncd.
(II) Ammoniun~ chloride is
added to calcium hydroxide
and warmed.

2. Bring a rod dipped in con- Densewhitefumesappear. Ammonia confirmed.

centrated hydrochloric acid in
contact with the evolved gas.

3. The evolved gas is brought in The paper turns brown. Arnrnoniaconfirmed.

contact with the paper dipped
in N essler's reagent (K2 [Hg 14]).

Chemistry Involved: Dense white fumes

NH4 Cl + NaOH ~NaCl+ H 2O + NH3 t
2NH4Cl + Ca(OH) 2 ~ CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NH3 t

9. Chlorine (Cl2 )

Experiment Observation Inference

1. When an oxidizing agents is A greenish yellow coloured gas is Chlorine (Cl;) is suspected.
heated with concentrated evolved having pungent suffocating
hydrochloric acid it gives smell.
Examples:
(z) Concentrated hydrochloric
acid is added to manganese
dioxide and warmed slightly.
(ii) Concentrated hydrochloric
acid is added to red lead and
warmed slightly.

2. Moist blue litmus paper is The paper first turns to red and Evolved gas is acidic in
brought in contact with the finally bleaches to white i.e., it nature and is a bleaching
evolved gas. decolorizes. agent.

Identification of Gases 13