TsqHT KerzecneN oAs KeFRACTIO

9Light It is a orm enegy thad Can be delected

by eyes.

OR
Liqhl a orm 0 engy
enegy which produce the gensation
sight
2) Luminous objects -

The objecds whtch emit thek Own

üght s called luminoua objecds.
Sun, slans, bulb elc

3Non-uminous ebjecls The object which doe not emit

thein own light is Called non-luminous
object. E -loon , pe el.

LAMS
The angle
The ange inddence is equal to the angle rehlectiou

1 The Mcldent Vay, the novmal to the mirror at the point

4 inctdlene and the relected Yauy, all e in th same
plane.
Wormal
Inddent Ray Ryteted ra

Ingle eh Tndidene Angle Ryiedlon

PRoreRnes
Lmage size objed Size

Image distance = Objeu aiglane

Image ia always laterally Invexled

Image u alway laterally nuerted

5Image always virlual

ShERICAL MARORS
The rejlecding Swhace a spheical mivror may be
Cuvved Inwandb o oulwnda.
spherlcal mlror, whose rehtecling Smkace s CUNvea
nwonda, thad i. haces towonds the Cenre the sphere, ü called
aConcave miror
A spherical mlimor whose relecling Suwhave is Curved oulwanda
s caited a conve miror

LL,
Concave
L L L L mirror bConvex miwor
 Conve
Concave- Miror
Mirror
axis
Principle Pole Principle
axs Po1e
C C
Center % Centve 8
Cuvvalwne \(urvaluwe

The Cente , Curvalwe

I is the Point in the Centre o the mior which passes
through the Curve t h e mirror and has the Same tangent
and uvaluwre al thad poind
by the lettex
Il is denoled c'.
-

Kadiw o Curvalvwe (r):

Il's the lineax distane belween ele and the Cenle CLAvaduwe.

Pole (P):
It's the mdpont h e sPherical miwo

tow
Il's any
any gven poind, whexe Ught xas poralll to the prinipal axis,
will onvenge al gettng releded rom he miror.

Prindpal
A
Axis
stvaight line passing through the pole ond the entre o urvalwe
a sphentcal miov.
Focal Lengqlh
The distance belwen the Pole and the prndpal fouu oa sphevical
mirvor s Called the foal ength and s represented as
 Felattow belween R and tocal Cength F
F
R 2F
A numbe vays parallel to the Prindpal axls aMe
atling
talling
6n a concave miror.
Obsexvethe retected vays.
l h e axe all intesecting aa point Gn the prindpat axis o
the mirror.
-Thts poin ts called the prinúpal ou the Concave mirror.

At
B

Stmilanly, the reflecded rays appea to Come rom a point on the

prindpal axis.
- This point s called the prinlpal. ocus the wnvex mivrov.
-

The prinipal ous is reprauented aF.

F
B
At
ininity
Pepresentatiom Tmaqu Tormed ty Spheical Mron Jaing
Uing
Kay Dlogran
A A oy Parallel to the pinipal axis, aftex reHection, , will pass
thvough the prindpal ouus in COse a oncave mirvor or appean
o dlvenge wom the prinpal ou in CObe a Conve miror

Concave Convex
Ray
or aray
passing through the prindpal Ao
which
which s diveded owards the prindpal
a concave miro
ou ofa COnve
mivror, passes parallel to the pindpal.

Rau Passing, through the centre urvatue h a COncave

mior or direcíed în e diredlion the centre wwvalwre
a Conve mirror, ayten retectien, is reglecded back along, the
Same patk.
A Yau incldenl obliquely to the prindpal axs, towardls a
pointP(pole of the miror),on the Concave mror or a onvex
mior, Is rehleuted obliquely
- The inidenl and reflecded rays make qual angls wth the

princtpal axis,(tolouing lawseettou

Tmage toumadiou by Concave Miboor
M

At
inlinity
B

(a) (b)
M

&BF

N
(c) (d)
M

B
AL
nlinity

(e)
 Object position Inage position Size of inage Nature of inage

At infinity Focus F) Point sized Real

Beyond C BetweenF and C Small Real and inverted

At C At C Same as that ofthe object | Real and inverted

Between C'and F Behind C Enlarged Real and inverted

At F At infinity Highly enlarged Real and inverted

| Between F and P Behind mirror Enlarged Virtual and erect

Uses G Concave Mirror

Concove
Concave miors are commonly used in tovches, search- lqhts and
vehicles headlights to ge pouwerful pavallel beam Bght.
Thay're enused aa Shaving mirrors see a Carger Image
Image
the face.
The dentists use Concave mirors te see
Covae images the
lorge othe
teeth patients.
Lorge COncave mirrovs are used t toncentrate sunlight to produce
he at n sola unnae.
Alue wed in shaving mirvors.

Lmage Formation y a Cone* Mtror Miror

Position of the Position of the Size of the Nature of the
object image image image
At infinity At the focus F. Highly diminished. Virtual and erect
behind the mirror point-sized

Between infinity Between P and F Diminished Virtual and erect

and the pole P of behind the mirror
the mirror
 M

infinity

Uses Cenvex Mtror

Convex mirors are Commonly wed as vear-view wna) mirrors in
veht lea.
Thae mivrovs xe fted on the sida the vehtclea, enabling
the dviver to see tvakic behind him /he to aciltale Safe
dvivina
Conve mirrors axe preerved because the always gve an
erect,thoug diminished, image.
the
Alse. they have a wide rld view as they one wved
oulwond

SaR
The obed is aluwaus placed to the let the mior.
This implia that the ligh rom the obje allh on the mirror rom
rom
the t - hand stde.

Al ätonu measured o the ght o the ognalong t x- axs ) ave

take a positive while those meawwed to the the orlghalong-x X-arin)
axe taken egative.

Au dslances Paralel the prindpal an OHe meaawNed rom tke

pele the miv.

Dislanaa
(along+
meauned Perpendiular i
axis) axe take 0a paitive.
and above the prinuipal avis
Dislance meauved Pepundila and blos the
ke prinipal axu
(along-axis)oe taken galiue.

Object on the leit

M
Direction of
incident lught

Height
upward Distance towards Distance towards_
(+ve) the left -ve) the ight (+ve)

Height
dowwards (-ve)

MirTor

MKROR FoRMuL
Cdh
Magrifeotn
m - f e t g t t h e image (h')
tHegnt the objut' ((h)

V image di'slante
U obje dsslane
Ocal engih

KeFRaeTaN
Reroclion Gaht is the phenomen Change
chang in the path
Talkt in
0ing rom 0ne medium te anethon
Whan Gght go ro rare to dense medrum ft bends tewads
he nomal.

Whentght goes rom derue to Yare medium t bends auay

rom the normal.

Laws Rehacti
Inddant roy, normal and the rerauled ra ie in the Same
plaue.
The ratto si anqle e incidence to the Sine angle
rraction
r aton Conutant gte pai o media.

Sini = COntant
Sin

- This Constant value ucatled the rerative index the

Seuond medium with ruped to the u.
This a Called Snell's aut.

Ketlecltn thrdugh a Glaas Slal

Air

Glass
B

N
Glass
slab

D Air

M
Constder a recdangula gass stab ABCD having pavaltel oce AB
and D as ghwr arove.
A Yay
Yay dght er n a inctdent on the glass Swace AB at
polnt 0.
As he ray £0 enters rom aix (rarex medtum) to qlaas (dense
medium), the ray bends towands novmal and olgus the Path 00
uide the glaus slab.
At point 0, refraclion take place aqain
As the ray 00' enteu trom glas ldenser medium) te ain (rarer
medium), the ray bends away om nmal and olgw the path
0'H culside glaus slab.

Hexe, the ray EF called inddent ray, 00,the regracded ray and
the emegenl Yay O'H parallel s the incident ray EF.
The Pependiulan dütance OL between the original palh ef incident
ray
Vay and the emengent ray à calted the laleral diaplaement.

Kefratiwe Tndex
L t v1 be the speed a üght in medium 1 and v2 be the
SPeed ght n medium 2.
The refractive index medium 2 wilhn upect o medium 1
glven by the ratio the Speed Gight in medium 1 and
the Sped úghl ta medium ..
This a uually represeníed by the Sumbol nz
Tha can be preused in an a equalion

1
nSpeed light_in medium
Speed dgkt in mtdium 2
 N
Medium
Air)

Medium 2
(Glass)
N

1{ medium1 i vaccum or
a , then the refracliue indor
medium 2 Congidered wth raped t vaccum.
This i Called the a bsoule ehractive index the medium.

n
Spad ignlin
in
a
Sped ebl the medtum

Optal Doriy
The obilty
obility a medtum reraut ght & alue exprased in torms
tems
fls optical
- Oplilal
denstty.
denstly ha a definite Connolattonw.
-

Tt u net the Same aD mass

densiys
Peracton Spheical Lensu
A transpanent matoial bound by
by we Surfau ave spheical ane
sphextical, orma Cens.

Convex or
onvenging ens
Il thiken al the enbe than al the tdgu.
- II onveng
a parallul beam ghi on
reerucliou through it.
- Il fa real otus
Concave or
divoging anu
Il thinne the Cenkve than at the edge
at
divengeu a beam Gghl on Yefraction thraugh .
-If has a virlual ocu
Ihe centres thee spheves axe Calied centrea Urvalue the
Cons.
Ihe Centre Curvalue a ens uualy. repruented a C.
-

Stnce theve aNe tuo Cenbu Curvabiu,we may pruend them a

(1 and (2.

An imaginany straighi Gne pauing through the we entre urvalwe

a lens caled ib prncipal axis.
- The Central lens a th optlal cene.
Polnt a
Oplicat Rodius
Cen re Kadiuu lunle
Centre o Curvalue Curvatuve Optical Cuwvatue
Curvatune lenlre
O
R Prindpal Prinipal
axis
axis

Trage tormaton Lersu

A ray
)A ray 0gh rom the objed, parallel te the prindpal axis aqto»
ate
reradien rom Convex lens, pauses through the prindpal ous on the
othe side the Cens.
- In Cens, the
Case a Concave Ya
Yay appe aru
divengerom
the principal fo located on the Same side the lens
lens

Convex Concave Lenu

)A ray . Gghpasing hrougha prinipal ouu, afler rtracion (rom
a Conve lens, will emenge araltel ta the prindpal axis.

Convex ens Concave Zens

m)Aray ight passing hrough he

the optkal Centre a ens will
emenge without any devlalion.

(onvex enu Concave un

Image tormaton by Convex Tense

Posltion ot Positlon of Relative stze of Nature ot
che object the ima
1) At infinity Focal point Highly diminished Real andinverted
2) Beyond centre of Between Point size Real and iverted
curvature (C)
E, and C, diminished
3) At the centre of At C Same size Real, inverted
curvature (C)
|4) Between centre of Beyond centre |Magnified Real, inverted
curvature fecal of curvature
point (C and F)

5) At focal point (F)At infinity Highly magnified Real and inverted

6) Between focal point | On the same side | Magnified Virtual and erect
and pole F and P of the lens of the
object
 (a) (b)

( ()

F
:*20 A

(o)
(

Image tormatior Concave Lense

Positton Fosition th Relative stze Natwe he
the objed mage the tmoge image
At inirily At ouwF Highly diminished, Vivtual and ered
point- sized

Belueen injiily 8elween fpuu fh Diminishd Virtual and eret

and oplcal entre and oplial ntre
0 the lens

2F

(a) (b)
 Tens Formula And Magriftaton

m
Hdght _the image -

Highl the objeu

fower a ens

P
The SI unit power a lens is 'dioplre.
-

It is denoled by 'D.
-The Powe a onve lens Is postive as a onvex luu ha
apostifve ocal length, while the powox aOncave lens u
neqative a Loncave ens has a negaliveocal
Cength