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Structrue of Atom
Dalton considered atom to be an indivisible particle but this concept is rejected at the end of
19th Century. When Scientists contributed in revealing the presence of charge particle in an
atom.
These particles were called the Sub-Atomic particle.
• Discovery of Electrons J.J Thomson
• Discovery of Protons Rutherford
• Discovery of Neutron Chadwick
• Discovery of Canal Rays E. Goldstein

Particle Charge Mass

𝑒− −1.6 × 10−19 𝐶 9.1 × 10−31 𝐾𝑔

𝑝+ +1.6 × 10−19 𝐶 1.67 × 10−27 𝐾𝑔

𝑛 No charge 1.67 × 10−27 𝐾𝑔

Canal Ray (Or Anode Rays)

Stream of Positively charged particles, which move towards negatively charge electrode.

Structure of an Atom
Thomson’s Model of an Atom
• Compared to Christmas Pudding: Electrons are dry fruits of Christmas pudding, inside
the positive sphere.

• Compared with Watermelon: Red part of watermelon is positive part of Atom and
electrons are studded in positive part in the water melon.

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Postulates of Thomson
• An atom consists of a positively charged sphere and the electrons and embedded in it.
• The negative and positive charges are equal in Magnitude, so atom as a whole is
electrically Neutral.
“Thomson’s Model explained that atom are electrically neutral”
Rutherford’s Atomic Model
Rutherford is famous for -Ray scattering experiment. Fast moving -particles were made to
fall on a thin gold foil.
Observation made by Rutherford in his experiment.
• Most of -particles passed via gold foil undeflected.
• Some of the -particles deflected by foil by small angle.
• One out of every 12000 particles appeared to Rebound

Conclusion
• Atom consists of empty space as most of -particles passed through gold Foil
undeflected.
• Since, some of the -particles were deflected by the foil by small angle and very few
bounced back this lead to conclusion that most of the space in an atom is empty.
• Atom contain nucleus in the center of Atom (Carrying positively charged particles) i.e.
one in 12000 bounced back.
• Size of nucleus was about 10−5 times the size of the atom.
Features of Rutherford proposed Model of Atom
• There is positively placed nucleus in an atom. Nearly all the mass present in Nucleus
(Proton + Neutrons)
Mass No. = No. of Proton + No. of Neutrons

Eg. No. of Neutrons present in the Nucleus = 6

No. of Neutrons present in the Nucleus = 6
Mass No. = 6 + 6 = 12
• Electrons Revolve around the Nucleus in well defined orbit.
• Size of Nucleus is very small as compared to the size of atom.

Drawback of Rutherford’s Model

Rutherford’s model could not explain the stability of the atom
this is because according to Rutherford’s model an atom consist
of a small heavy positively charged nucleus in the centre and
the electrons are revolving around it. These revolving electrons
would lose energy as they are charged particles and due to
acceleration charged particle would Radiate energy. Ultimately
the e− should fall into the Nucleus.

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Q. Element ‘X’ has a proton number of 𝟕. It also have seven neutrons.
a) Deduce the number of electrons and nucleons of ‘X’
b) Represent ‘X’ by writing the chemical symbol [NCERT Exercise]

Sol. 𝑝 = 7, 𝑛 = 7
a) Number of electrons = Number of protons = 7
Number of nucleons = number of 𝑝 + number of 𝑛
= 7 + 7 = 14
14
b) 7𝑋

Bohr’s Model of Atom

To overcome drawbacks of Rutherford’s Model, Neil Bohr in 1912 proposed modified structure
of Atom.

Postulates of Bohr Model

1. Only certain special orbit known as discrete orbits of electrons, are allowed inside the
atom.
2. While revolving in discrete orbit, electrons do not radiate energy.
3. These orbits or shells are called Energy

These orbits OR shells are Represented by the letters

𝐾, 𝐿, 𝑀, 𝑁 or numbers 𝑛 = 1,2,3,4

Mass Number
• It is denoted by ‘A’
• Mass number of total sum of total number of protons and no. of Neutrons lying in the
nucleus of an atom.
• Mass number = No. of Protons + No. of Neutron

Atomic Number
“Total number of protons present in the Nucleus of any Atom is called the atomic Number.”
→ Atomic Number is denoted by ‘z’.

Distribution of electrons in various shells

Distribution of electrons into different orbits of an atom was suggested by
“Bohr – Bury Scheme”

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1. Filling of electrons in an atom is done by 2n2 Rule where n = no. of shell.
If 𝑛 = 1, K (1st shell) = 2𝑛2
= 2 × (1)2
= 2 × 1 = 2𝑒 −
If 𝑛 = 2, K (2nd shell) = 2𝑛2
= 2 × (2)2
= 2×4
= 8𝑒 −
2. The outermost shell; Can’t hold more than 8 electrons
Name of Element Atomic No. Electronic Configuration
1 𝐻 1 𝐾(1)
2 𝐻𝑒 2 𝐾(2)
3 𝐿𝑖 3 𝐾(2) 𝐿(1)
4 𝐵𝑒 4 𝐾(2) 𝐿(2)
5 𝐵 5 𝐾(2) 𝐿(3)
6 𝐶 6 𝐾(2) 𝐿(4)
7 𝑁 7 𝐾(2) 𝐿(5)
8 𝑂 8 𝐾(2) 𝐿(6)
9 𝐹 9 𝐾(2) 𝐿(7)
10 𝑁𝑒 10 𝐾(2) 𝐿(8)
11 𝑁𝑎 11 𝐾(2), 𝐿(8), 𝑀(1)
12 𝑀𝑔 12 𝐾(2), 𝐿(8), 𝑀(2)
13 𝐴𝑙 13 𝐾(2), 𝐿(8), 𝑀(3)
14 𝑆𝑖 14 𝐾(2), 𝐿(8), 𝑀(4)
15 𝑃 15 𝐾(2), 𝐿(8), 𝑀(5)
16 𝑆 16 𝐾(2), 𝐿(8), 𝑀(6)
17 𝐶𝑙 17 𝐾(2), 𝐿(8), 𝑀(7)
18 𝐴𝑟 18 𝐾(2), 𝐿(8), 𝑀(8)
19 𝐾 19 𝐾(2), 𝐿(8), 𝑀(8), 𝑁(1)
20 𝐶𝑎 20 𝐾(2), 𝐿(8), 𝑀(8), 𝑁(2)

Valency
“Combining capacity of any Element is known as Valency”
• From Bohr – Bury Scheme, we also know that If outermost shell of an atom has of 8e− in
outermost shell it become very stable.
• It means if in any Element outermost shell contain 8 electron, It is already stable so, it
will not combine with other element so it’s valency will be zero.
• These Elements are know as inert Elements.
• In case of Helium, It has two electrons in it’s outer-most shell, due to small size of
Helium. We cannot comp. it’s octate so 𝐻 and 𝐻𝑒 are exceptions of octate Rule.

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 Octate Rule Duplet Rule
The tendency of atom of prefer Duplet Rule, states that an elements is stable if its
to have eight electrons in atom has 2 electrons in it’s outermost shell and to
outermost shell. When atoms attain this state, elements lose, gain or share electrons
have fewer than 8e− s, they tend and form Chemical Bond.
to React and form more stable The only elements known to follow this Rule are
compound Hydrogen, 𝑯𝒆 , 𝑳𝒊

You know what!

Protons + Neutrons = Nucleons

Protons and Neutrons are Collectively known as Nucleons.

Representation of an Atom
A
A Represent mass number
Z Represent atomic number X
X Represent element Z

14
N 14 is mass number of Nitrogen
7 7 is Atomic number of Nitrogen

Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of same element, having same atomic number and different mass number.
Eg. a) 126C and 146C b) 35
17Cl and 17Cl
37

Uses of Isotopes
• Uranium isotopes is used as fuel in Nuclear Rector
• Isotopes of Cobalt is useful in treatment of cancer
• An isotope of Iodine is used in the treatment of goiter.
Isobars
Isobars are the atoms of those elements, which have same mass number but different atomic
number are called Isobars.
Eg. (1) Ca40
20 and Ar18 have same mass number and different atomic Number.
40

Average Atomic mass

The Average atomic mass of an element is the sum of the masses of it’s isotopes, each
multiplied by it’s natural abundance.
Chlorine occurs in nature in two isotopic forms, with masses 35 𝑢 and 37 𝑢 in the ratio of 3 ∶ 1.
The average atomic mass of chlorine atom, on the basis of above data, will be
75 25 105 37 142
[(35 × 100 + 100) = ( 4 + 4 ) = 4 = 35.5 𝑢]

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Q. The average Atomic mass of sample of an element ‘𝑿’ is 𝟏𝟔. 𝟐 𝒖. What are the % age
of isotopes 𝟏𝟖𝟖𝑿 and 𝟏𝟖𝟖𝑿 in the sample? [NCERT Exercise]

Sol. Let the % age of isotope 168𝑋 = 𝑋 % age of isotope 188𝑋 = 100 − 𝑋
Average atomic mass
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 168𝑋×𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 168𝑋+𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 188𝑋×𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 188𝑋
= 100
𝑥×16+(100−𝑥)×18
= 16.2 = 100
16𝑥+1800−18𝑥
= 16.2 = 100
= 1620 = 16𝑥 + 1800 − 18𝑥
1620 = −2𝑥 + 1800 or 2𝑥 = 1800 − 1620
2𝑥 = 180
180
∴𝑥= = 90
2

Thus % of isotope 168𝑋 = 90%

% of isotope 188𝑋 = (100 − 90) = 10%

Notes End

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 Important NCERT Questions
Q1. Which of the following are true for an element?
i) Atomic number = number of protons + number of electron.
ii) Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons
iii) Atomic number = number of protons = number of neutrons
iv) Atomic number = number of protons = number of electrons
a) (i) and (ii) b) (i) and (iii)
c) (ii) and (iii) d) (ii) and (iv)
Sol. Points (ii) and (iv) are correct.
Q2. Will 𝟑𝟓𝑪𝒍 and 𝟑𝟕𝑪𝒍 have different valencies? Justify your answer.
Sol. No. 35𝐶 𝑙 and 37𝐶 𝑙 have same valency. 35𝐶 𝑙 and 37𝐶 𝑙 are the isotopes. So, they have same
number of protons and electrons and have the same atomic number viz. 17

𝐾 𝐿𝑀
Electronic configuration = 2, 8, 7

Valency 8 − 7 = 1

Therefore, both of them have valency = 1

Q3. Why did Rutherford select a gold foil in his 𝜶-ray scattering experiment?
Sol. Gold is a heavy metal with high mass number. A light metal cannot be used because on
being hit by fast moving 𝛼-particle, the atom of light metal will be simply pushed forward
and no scattering can occur. Moreover, gold is the best malleable metal. A very thin foil
(≈ 1000 atoms thick) can be made from gold to get the clear observations.

Q4. Calculate the number of neutrons present in the nucleus of an element 𝑿 which is
represented as 𝟑𝟏
𝟏𝟓𝑿.

Sol. 31
15𝑋 represents
Atomic number, 𝑍 = 15
Mass number, 𝐴 = 31
∴ Number of neutrons = 𝐴 − 𝑍 = 31 − 15 = 16

Q5. Why do helium, neon and argon have a zero valency?

Sol. Helium (𝐻𝑒), neon (𝑁𝑒) and argon (𝐴𝑟) have completely filled outermost shell, i.e.,
𝐾 𝐾 𝐿
2𝐻𝑒 → 2 (𝑑𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡) 10𝑁𝑒 → 2 8(𝑜𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑡)
𝐾 𝐿 𝑀
18𝐴𝑟 → 2 8 8 (𝑜𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑡)

Thus, they have stable electronic configuration. They neither lose electrons nor gain
electrons. Hence, their valency is zero.

Q8. a) If the number of electrons in anion is 𝟏𝟎 and number of proton is 𝟗 then

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 i) What would be the atomic number of the ion?
ii) What is the charge on the ion?
b) An ion 𝑴𝟐+ contains 𝟏𝟎 electrons and 𝟏𝟐 Neutrons what is the atomic
number and mass number of the element 𝑴? Name the element.

Sol. a) i) Atomic number (𝑧) = No. of protons = 9

ii) Charge on the ion = −1
b) No. of electrons in 𝑀+2 ions = 10
Atomic number of atom 𝑀 = 10 + 2 = 12
No. of protons atom 𝑀 = No. of protons + No. of Neutrons
12 + 12 = 24
The element 𝑀 with atomic number 12 is 𝑀𝑔.
23
N 6.022×10
⇒ 𝑚 = 𝑀 × N = 28 × 23 = 28 × 1 = 28 𝑔
0 6.022×10

Ab Phod Do!

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