Module 1-Review of General Chemistry
Module 1-Review of General Chemistry
Module 1
Review of General Chemistry
Overview:
In this module, we will cover general chemistry principles in preparation for higher
chemistry throughout the duration of this course, CHEM7. The topics of this module
includes a recap of the basic chemistry from Senior High School, formation of
chemical bonds using lewis structures, solving stoichiometric problems using
dimensional analysis, and acids, bases, pH and pKa.
Topics to be covered:
1.1. Classification of Matter 1.4. Stoichiometry
1.2. Atoms 1.5. Acids, Bases & pH
1.3. Chemical Bonding
Learning Outcomes:
1. Draw the Lewis structure and the chemical bonds usually encountered with C, H,
O, N, S, P
2. Compute stoichiometric and concentration problems
3. Classify whether the compound is an acid, or a base
4. Compute the pH of a solution
Learning Plan:
1.1. Classification of Matter : asynchronous, forum discussion via Google classroom,
seatwork
1.2. Atoms: asynchronous, forum discussion via Google classroom, seatwork
1.3. Chemical Bonding: synchronous, Google Meet (20mins), seatwork and homework
1.4. Stoichiometry: synchronous, Google Meet (30mins), seatwork
1.5. Acids, Bases & pH: synchronous, Google Meet (30mins), seatwork
Examples of Mixtures: orange juice concentrate, sand, five spice, oil with water,
seawater, macaroni salad
Figure 2. A carbon monoxide molecule reacts with a lead oxide molecule to give a carbon
dioxide molecule and a lead atom. All of the original atoms are still present at the end; they
have merely changed partners.1
The total mass after this chemical change is the same as the mass that existed before
the reaction took place.
Carbon monoxide + Lead oxide → Carbon dioxide + Lead
(mass = 28) (mass = 223) → (mass = 44) (mass = 207)
Total mass = 251 → Total mass = 251
The element’s atomic number is equal to the number of protons and electrons. Since
majority of the atom’s weight comes from the nucleus, the mass number will reflect
that of the sum of the subatomic particles found in the nucleus, protons and neutrons.
Elements in the periodic table are arranged in groups because they share the same
properties. The group number of the elements also corresponds to the number of
valence electrons. The electrons are arranged in different energy levels (shells) to
avoid losing energy continuously and eventually collapse.
Valence electrons - are electrons found in the outermost shell or energy level and
are the ones usually participating in chemical bonding (bonding electrons). Not all
valence electrons participate in a chemical bond (nonbonding electrons). The
valence electrons can be represented as dots (Lewis dot structures).
Figure 5. Lewis Dot Structures of elements in the same group.1 Group 1 elements have a 1
valence electron, therefore, 1 dot. Group 2 elements have 2 electrons in their valence shell,
and so the lewis dot structure of group 2 elements can represented with two dots, and so on.
When the valence electrons from two or more elements come together by lowering
their total energy, they form a chemical bond.3
Ionic - a chemical bond usually formed between a metal and nonmetal; resulting from
the attraction between positive and negative ions due to the differences of the
electronegativities of a metal and nonmetal.1 Electronegativity is a measure of an
atom’s attraction for the electrons it shares in a chemical bond with another atom.3
A B
Figure 7. (A) General properties of elements in the periodic table.1 (B) Formation of ionic
bonds. 2
Covalent - formed when electron pairs are shared between two atoms whose
difference in electronegativity is less than 1.9; usually formed between two
nonmetals. 1
Exercise (3), Classify the following bonds whether they are polar covalent, nonpolar
covalent, or ionic using the difference in their electronegativity.
(a) O―H (b) N―H (c) Na―F (d) C―Mg (e) C―S
Homework (submit in a short size / letter size document on our google classroom):
(1) Using the octet rule, why do group 1 elements lose 1 electron? Group 2
elements lose 2 electrons? Group 5 elements gain 3 electrons? Groups 6
electrons gain 2 electrons? Group 7 electrons gain 1 electrons? Group 8 /
Noble gases do not gain nor lose electrons?
1. Begin with atoms that appear only in one compound on the left and one on the
right; in this case, begin with carbon (C) which occurs in C 3H8 and CO2.
Figure 10. Concept map in stoichiometric calculations.1 A is the given substance while B is
the amount of substance desired in the problem. Substance A and B can be any of the
substance in the chemical equation regardless if it is found on the reactant or product side.
How do we convert grams to moles? Using the molar mass / formula mass (may also
be referred to as molecular weight / formula weight) The molar mass is the sum of all
the atomic masses/weights in a given compound.
Example:
In water H2O , there are 2 Hydrogens and 1 Oxygen. (atomic weights: H=1 and O=16)
Molecular/formula weight of water is = (2 x 1 = 2) for Hydrogen + (1 x 16 = 16) for
Oxygen = 18. The molar mass of water is 18g per mole. It means that the weight of
one mole of water is 18g.
So how many moles of water are there in 36g?
1.00 mol H2 O
36.0 g H2O x = 2.00 mol H2O
18.0 g H2O
Exercise: How many grams of nitrogen, N2, are required to produce 7.50 g of
ammonia, NH3? N2 + H2 → NH3
Step 2: How many moles are there in 7.50 grams of NH 3. The given is 7.50 grams of
ammonia and there 17.0g in 1 mole of NH3.
1 mol NH3
7.50 g NH3 x = mol NH3
17.0 g NH3
Step 3: How many moles NH3 was produced? There 2 moles of NH3 produced in 1
mole of N2
weight of solute
volume of solution
40mL ethanol
x 100 = 40% (v/v)
100mL solution
Molarity 1
Molarity (M) = moles of solute (n)
liter of solution (L)
M1V1 = M2V2
Exercise: How would you prepare 200. mL of 3.5 M aqueous solution of acetic acid if
you have a stock solution of 6.0 M acetic acid.
(3.5 M)(200mL)
x= =120 mL
(6.0M)
Exercise: given the balanced equation, how much calcium hydroxide in g is needed to
neutralize 100. mL of 0.125M of acetic acid?
? 0.125 M, 100. mL
Ca(OH)2 + 2CH3COOH → Ca(CH3COO)2 + 2H2O
Calcium Acetic acid Sodium Water
hydroxide acetate
= 0.463g Ca(OH)2
0.463g of Ca(OH)2 is needed to neutralize 100. mL of 0.125 M acetic acid,
Arrhenius definition 1:
Acids- substances that when dissolved with water releases H+ ions in the form
of H3O+ ions
Bases – substances that when dissolved with water releases OH- ions
Limitations: This definition is only limited to water as a solvent and the production
of H3O+ and OH- ions
Brønsted-Lowry definition 2:
Acids - proton donors in a chemical reaction; can be positively charged, neutral,
or negatively charged; examples of each type are H3O+, H2CO3, and H2PO4-
Lewis definition 3:
Acids – electron pair acceptors
Bases – electron pair donors
Amphiprotic substance – substances that can both donate and accept protons
Amphoteric substance – substances that can act both an acid and a base
Amphoteric
Amphiprotic
“Not all amphoteric are amphiprotic but all amphiprotic are amphoteric”
Because the concentrations of H+ and OH- ions in aqueous solutions are frequently
very small numbers and therefore inconvenient to work with, Soren Sorensen † in
1909 proposed a more practical measure called pH. The pH of a solution is defined as
the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration (in mol/L):
Exercise:
Determine the pH and pOH of the following acids given their molar concentrations:
(a) 1.0 x 10-3 M HCl = -log (1.0 x 10-3) = 3.0
(b) 1.0 x 10-7 M HNO3 = -log (1.0 x 10-7) = 7.0
(c) 2.0 x 10-5 M NH4+ = -log (2.0 x 10-5) = 4.7
Conjugate pairs
A conjugate acid–base pair is a pair of molecules or ions that are related to one
another by the gain or loss of a proton.1
The conjugate base of an acid is the form of the acid where it lost one proton while
the conjugate acid of a base is the form of the base where it gained one proton, as
seen in figure 13. This relationship maybe used to determine the direction of the
acid-base equilibrium.
Strength of an Acid
The strength of an acid is characterized by how easily the acid releases its proton
(H+). The easier for the acid to donate its proton, the stronger the acid. The more
difficult for the acid to donate its protons, the weaker the acid. Since weak acids, do
not completely dissociate in water, this consequently creates an equilibrium constant
for the reaction, called the acid-dissociation constant or Ka. Strong acids completely
dissociates or ionizes in water and therefore will have a Ka that is too large to account
(>1). Ka’s also have a negative logarithm, expressed as pKa.
Assessment Tasks:
1. Seatworks (1―1) to (1―7): Submit via Google Classroom under Assignment
dropbox labelled “Module 1 Seatwork (1―#)” with your LAST NAME as
filename.
2. Homework from 1.3 Chemical Bonding of this module: Submit via Google
Classroom under Assignment dropbox labelled “Module 1 Homework” with
your LAST NAME as filename.
References
1 Bettelheim, et. al. (2013). Introduction to General, Organic, and
Biochemistry, 10th edition. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
Survey Form
Download the Survey Form template from our class at Google Classroom. Use the
template to evaluate this module’s session. Save the document as .doc file with a
filename Yourclasssection_Chem7 evaluation (ex. BSN1-A_Chem1 evaluation) and
submit at the google classroom assignment drop box labelled Module No. ## survey
form.