RPL/PPL Volume 2

Private Pilot Licence (PPL)

SUPPLEMENT

Pitts Specials IE VH-SIE

Bob Tait’s Aviation Theory School

Piper Pacer VH-MBT
 CONVERSION FACTORS

AVIATION GASOLINE SPECIFIC GRAVITY .71

LITRES 1.58 POUNDS

.71
.72

3.78
3.8 2.2

6.0

US GALS 2.69
2.72 KILOS

inches 25.4 mm

feet .305 metres

WHEN FOLLOWING THE ARROW - MULTIPLY

WHEN BACKTRACKING THE ARROW - DIVIDE

Recreational Pilot Licence Supplement Page 1

 TAKEOFF CHART
TAKEOFF CHART
TYPE
TYPE 1
1
TAKEOFF CHART TYPE 1
EXAMPLE Find the maximum takeoff weight permitted under the following conditions.
Airfield pressure height 4700 ft
Shade temperature + 10°C
TODA 900 m
Slope 2° down slope
Short wet grass surface

SLOPE PERCENT
Take-Off Distance Available - metres

s
E

1500
1400
1300
1200
'

1100 \
1000

800 700 600 400

I LONG WET GRASS SURFACE
'

LONG DRY OR SHORT WET GRASS SURFACE

CLIMB WEIGHT
LIMIT - REFERENCE LINE SHORT DRY GRASS SURFACE
090
Airfield Pressure Height - Feet

42
Take-off Weight - Kilograms

£ 8000

42
4000
_
40 30 10 - 42

- 2000
SHADE
TEMP
°c
SL
AMBIENT WIND COMPONENT KNOTS

NOTES:
[ ] THE GROSS WEIGHT AT TAKEOFF SHALL NOT EXCEED THE LESSER OF [ A AND LB ] .
[ ] MAXIMUM TAKEOFF WEIGHT = 1090 KG

POWER TO BE USED FULL THROTTLE

FLAP SETTING 10 DEGREES

TAKEOFF SAFETY SPEED 60 KIAS

Answer = 1010 kg TAKEOFF DISTANCE FACTOR

4 BOB TAIT' S AVIATION THEORY SCHOOL

4
 LANDING CHART TYPE 1
LANDING CHART TYPE 1

Example
EXAMPLE Find the landing distance required under the following conditions.
Example Airfield pressure height 5400 ft
Ambient temperature 0°C
Wind 6 kt head wind.
2 up slope. SLOPE PERCENT
Landing Distance Required - Metres

650

600
5

550
on

500
Z

450 400
TAIL HEAD
AMBIENT WIND COMPONENT - KNOTS

CLIMB WEIGHT LIMIT

PP
PP
PP

PP
Climb Limit Weight - KG
Airfield Pressure Height - Feet

8000 8000

PP 1080
KG
6000 6000

P
on
PP
4000 4000
PP

PP [A]
2000 2000
800 900 1000 1100
MAX LANDING WT - KG
SL

NOTES:
[ ] THE GROSS WEIGHT AT LANDING SHALL NOT EXCEED [ A
[ ] LANDING DISTANCE REQUIRED DOES NOT VARY SIGNIFICANTLY WITH WEIGHT

FLAP SETTING 30 DEGREES

APPROACH SPEED 58 KIAS

LANDING DISTANCE FACTOR 1.15

Answer 480 m

5 Bob Tait's Aviation Theory School © 2018

THE LINEAR TAKE-OFF CHART

Another type of take-off chart is shown on the opposite page and in the supplement. This type
of chart features a linear presentation instead of the 'run around' charts we used in RPL/PPL
VOLUME 1. This is a much poorer type of presentation and much more prone to error. Shown
on the opposite page is the working for the following example [Fig 1.12].

Find the maximum take-off weight permitted under the following conditions.
TODA 850 m
Surface short dry grass
Slope 2% down
Wind 10 knot headwind
Pressure height 6000 ft
Temperature +16°C

Step 1 Enter the shade temperature scale at +16°C

Step 2 Move vertically up to hit the 6000 ft pressure height line.

[Continue through to the climb weight limit box above and hit the 6000 ft line.
Move horizontally to the left and note the climb weight limit for 6%. It is 990 kg.]

Step 3 Make a note of the climb weight limit and continue. Move right from the 6000 ft
pressure height line to hit the reference line for surface. If the surface is sealed,
go straight through. In this case it is short dry grass, so move parallel to the guide
lines until you hit the short dry grass line. From this point, continue horizontally
to the slope reference line.

Step 4 From the slope reference line, move back up parallel to the guide lines for an up
slope, go straight through for level and move down parallel to the guide lines for
a down slope. In this case, move down to 2%, then continue horizontally to the
wind reference line.

Step 5 From the wind reference line, move back up parallel to the guide lines for a tailwind,
go straight through for no wind and move down parallel to the guide lines for a
headwind. In this case, move down to the 10 kt headwind line and then continue
the line horizontally through the weight box. Leave this line waiting.

Step 6 Now enter the TODA scale on the right hand side of the chart at 850 m and move
back up parallel to the guide lines to intersect the line you left waiting in step 5.

Step 7 From this intersection, move vertically down to the take-off weight scale to read
the maximum take-off weight of 960 kg.

Because this is less than the figure obtained from the climb weight limit box, it becomes the
limiting weight for take-off.

ANSWER MAXIMUM TAKE-OFF WEIGHT = 960 KG

6 Bob Tait's Aviation Theory School

 Step 2

Bob Tait's Aviation Theory School

Take-off Chart Type 2

Step 4
Step 4 Step 5
Step 7
Step 3
Step 2 Step 3
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Fig 1.12

Step 1

7
THE LINEAR LANDING CHART

The presentation of the linear landing chart is much the same as that of the linear take-off chart.
The main difference is that aircraft weight has no effect on the landing distance required. This is
often the case with small aircraft, where the increased rolling friction and braking effectiveness
after touch-down cancels out the penalty of extra weight.

The following example is shown worked in Fig 1.13.

Given the following conditions

Runway 15/33
Wind 150°M at 10 kt
Slope 4% down to the NW
Airfield pressure height 4000 ft
Shade temperature 14°C

Find the landing distance required.

Step 1 Enter the chart at 14°C.

Step 2 Move vertically up to the 4000 ft pressure height line.

Check for a climb weight limit on the scale above. Read the maximum weight
permitted on the left hand scale against the pressure height on the right hand
scale. At 4000 ft there is no climb weight limit.

Step 3 Move horizontally to the right to hit the reference line in the slope box. If there
is a down slope, move back and up, parallel to the oblique guide lines to the ap-
propriate value. If there is an up slope, move forward and down, parallel to the
oblique guide lines to the appropriate value. In this case, the slope is given as
4% down to the north west. Since the wind is coming from the south east, you
will be landing up-hill, so move forwards to the 4% up slope line.

Step 4 From this point, move horizontally to the right to hit the reference line in the
ambient wind box. If there is a tailwind, move back and up, parallel to the oblique
guide lines to the appropriate value. If there is a headwind, move forward and
down, parallel to the oblique guide lines to the appropriate value.
In this case, there is a 10 kt headwind so move forward and down to the 10 kt
headwind line.

Step 5 From this point, move horizontally to the right to read the landing distance re-
quired on the perimeter scale

The landing distance required is just under 510 m.

8 Bob Tait's Aviation Theory School

 Landing
Take-offChart
ChartType
Type2 2

Step 1

Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6

9 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED © 2018

 AIRCRAFT WEIGHT AND BALANCE - LOADING SYSTEMS.

EXAMPLE FOR THE USE OF LOADING SYSTEM ALPHA.

Step 1 Enter the basic empty weight of 1050 kg in the weight column on the right, and
enter the top of the chart at the basic index units of -260.

Step 2 Move vertically down until you hit the 'Row 1 ' line, then move horizontally in the
direction of the arrow , in this case left, by an amount equal to the weight in that
row. Weight divisions are given as 50 or 77 kilos, use whichever is convenient. In
this case, move left for a distance equal to 3 of the 50 kg divisions ie 150 kg.
Add 150 kg to the right hand column .

Step 3 Move vertically down again to the forward facing row 2 line. The example gives
the weight in row 2 as 160 kg, so move horizontally in the direction of the arrow
for a distance equal to 160 kg on the scale. Add 160 kg to the right hand column.

Step 4 Move vertically down to row 3 and then horizontally in the direction of the arrow
for 120 kg on that weight scale. Add 120 kg to the right hand column.

Step 5 Move vertically down to the nose locker line and left for 40 kg on the scale. Add
40 kg to the right hand column.

Step 6 There is no rear baggage and the fuel in this particular aircraft is on the datum, so
it has no arm. It therefore generates no moment. Add the weight of the fuel
[113 kg] to the right hand column. Drop the line from this position down into the
shaded envelope at the bottom of the chart.

Step 7 Add the weights in the right hand column to get a zero fuel weight total of
1520 kg and a take-off total of 1633 kg.

Enter the vertical weight scale on the right hand side of the shaded envelope at 1520 kg and
move horizontally to intercept the vertical line which resulted from step 6 above. This locates
point B . Because it falls within the shaded envelope, you can be sure the aircraft is safely
within limits with no fuel on board.

Now enter the same scale at the take-off weight of 1633 kg. Move horizontally to intersect the
line which resulted from step 6 above. This locates point A. It is on the maximum take-off
weight limit for the aeroplane, but it falls within the shaded envelope. The aircraft is safely
within limits after the fuel has been added.

Because both A and B are within the envelope, you can be sure the aircraft will remain in
balance throughout the flight.

10 BOB TAIT 'S AVIATION THEORY SCHOOL

Fig 1.19 Landing Chart Type 2
LOADING SYSTEM ALPHA
AIRCRAFT BASIC IDEX UNITS
ENTER
HERE WEIGHT KG
-400 -300 -200 -100 0 +100 +200
1050

50 kg / Div
ROW 1
OCCS 150
77 kg / Div

50 kg / Div
ROW 2 FORWARD FACING

OCCS 160
77 kg / Div

R0W 2 AFT FACING 50 kg / Div

OCCS
77 kg / Div

50 kg / Div
ROW 3
OCCS 120
77 kg / Div

10 kg / Div
NOSE 45 kg MAXIMUM
40
BAGGAGE

10 kg / Div
REAR 45 kg MAXIMUM
---------
BAGGAGE
ZERO FUEL 1520
WEIGHT
FUEL 113
MAXIMUM 356 LITRES 252 KG nil scale

TAKE-OFF
1633
WEIGHT
MAXIMUM TAKE-OFF WEIGHT - 1633 KG

POINT 1600

A
1500

1400

POINT
B 1300

1200

1100

1000

11 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED © 2018

 LOADING SYSTEM BRAVO

This system has been designed for a four place aeroplane like the one illustrated below.
Note: This aircraft is fitted with standard fuel tanks

engine oil
32 inches

sD
H
<
O fuel & row 1 - 9 1 inches
<- >
row 2 - 126 inches
<- >
baggage - 151 inches
1
< -
>

In this case, the empty aircraft weight does not include engine oil, so it must be included as a
weight item in any balance calculation. The weight of oil would have to be given in the ex-
amination question, but it would normally be about 15 lbs.

To use this system, it is necessary to set up a table [called a load sheet], listing the weight,
arm and moment about the datum for each weight item. You can get the moment index by
multiplying each item of weight by its arm [given in the example] , and dividing the result by
1000, or you can obtain a moment index from the loading graph.

In the example given below , the empty weight is given as 1260 lbs and the empty moment
index is given as 100.80. In practice, these figures would be obtained from the aircraft's flight
manual. Working through this load sheet example, it will look like this:

ITEM WEIGHT [lbs] ARM MOMENT INDEX

Empty aircraft 1260 100.80
Oil 15 32 .48
Fuel 222 91 20.20
Row 1 320 91 29.12
Row 2 350 126 44.10
Baggage 25 151 3.78

Take-off 2192 198.48

Plot the total weight and total moment on the centre of gravity envelope opposite. If the point
falls within the envelope, the aeroplane is safe to fly. Note that two envelopes are given, one
for normal and one for utility category. Utility category is defined in the flight manual. Nor-
mally the aircraft is considered to be in the utility category providing there are no aft passen-
gers and , in some cases, a limit to the fuel on board . If the aircraft is loaded in the utility
category , it is permitted to perform specified training manoeuvres such as intentional stalls,
spins and some gentle aerobatic type manoeuvres such as wing-overs. Note that the aft limit is
brought much further forward and the maximum weight is restricted in the utility category.

12 BOB TAIT 'S AVIATION THEORY SCHOOL

 500
LOADING GRAPH Cargo
LOAD - WEIGHT IN POUNDS

Pilot
il t & Co-
o pilot
400
STD Fuel [37 gals useable @ 6 lbs/gal]
Row 2
Row 1 Rear
e r sseat
a ppassengers
ss n e
300 OPT Fuel [51 gal useable @ 6 lbs/gal]

Fuel
200

100
Baggage
a
Baggage

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
MOMENT - 1000 INCH POUNDS
Fig 1.23

If you don't want to multiply each weight by its arm to obtain the moment index, you can use
the loading graph above. Enter the weight scale at the appropriate weight, move horizontally
to hit the compartment reference line, then vertically down to obtain the moment index.
Fig 1.23.

Enter at 2192 lbs OK but no utility category operation permitted

2200 CENTRE OF GRAVITY ENVELOPE

LOADED AIRCRAFT WEIGHT IN POUNDS

2100
ry
go
2000 ca
te
al
rm
No
1900

1800

1700
ryo
teg
ca
ty
ili

1600
Ut

1500

1400
120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210
MOMENT - 1000 INCH POUNDS Enter at 198.5

13
12 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED © 2018
 LOADING SYSTEM CHARLIE

Charlie is very similar to loading system Bravo except for the centre of gravity envelope.

In the case of loading system Bravo, the envelope is presented as a graph of weight against
moment. In loading system Charlie, the envelope is presented as a graph which plots weight
against centre of gravity position [or arm].

Let ' s work through the example given below referring to the envelope on the opposite page.

EXAMPLE: We begin by completing a load sheet which totals weight and moment index as
usual. Note that in this case the moment index is obtained by multiplying weight in kg by arm
in mm and dividing the result by 100 [not 1000 as with Bravo]. The empty aircraft weight and
moment are given as 687 kg and 19 522 index units.

ITEM WEIGHT ARM MOMENT

Empty aircraft 687 19 522
Full oil* 7 1230 86
1 pilot and 1 passenger in Row 1 140 2750 3 850
2 passengers in Row 2 160 3600 5760
Baggage 20 4210 842
ZFW 1014 30 060
Fuel 99 2950 2 920
Take-off 1113 32 980

* Note that like Bravo, this loading system does not include engine oil with the empty aircraft
weight. Oil must be added as an item in the load sheet for each calculation [Please don 't ask
me why ?].

To check the Zero Fuel Weight condition, it is necessary to find the centre of gravity position
[ie arm], when the weight is 1014 kg and the moment is 30 060 index units.

Since the weight multiplied by the arm gives the moment, it follows that the moment divided
by the weight gives the arm. To find the ZFW centre of gravity position as mm aft of the
datum, we must multiply 30 060 by 100 to turn it into kgmm, then divide it by the weight.

30 060 x 100 4- 1014 = 2964 mm aft of the datum. When we go to the centre of gravity enve-
lope, we plot the weight of 1014 kg against the centre of gravity position of 2964, call this
point A.

Now check the take-off condition. The centre of gravity position at take-off is
32 980 x 100 4 1113 = 2963 mm aft of the datum. Plot 1113 kg against 2963 mm and call it
Point B.

Since both point A and point B fall within the envelope, we can be sure that the aircraft will
remain in balance at all stages of the flight.

14 BOB TAIT 'S AVIATION THEORY SCHOOL

 LOADING SYSTEM CHARLIE
1200

1150
MAX AUW 1115 kg

1100 B

1050

1000 NORMAL CATEGORY

A
KILOGRAMS

950

900

850

AFT LIMIT 2896

AFT LIMIT 3004

800 UTILITY CATEGORY
FWD LIMIT

750

700
2680 2760 2840 2920 3000

CENTRE OF GRAVITY POSITON - mm AFT OF THE DATUM

Another example

An aircraft with a Charlie loading system is loaded at take-off as follows:

Gross weight 1050 kg Moment Index 31668

Find the minimum amount of weight that must be off-loaded from the baggage compartment to
place the aircraft within the centre of gravity limits [Fig 1.27].

Solution :
The centre of gravity at present is 31 668 x 100 ÷ 1050 = 3016 mm aft of the datum. Plot this
point and call it point A. This is outside the aft limit of the centre of gravity envelope. Subtract
any convenient weight from the baggage compartment [say 100 kg].*

ITEM WEIGHT ARM MOMENT

Present condition 1050 3016 31 668

Subtract from baggage* -100 4210 -4210
New condition 950 2890 27458

The centre of gravity position is now 27 458 x 100 ÷ 950 = 2890 mm aft of the datum. Plot this
point and call it point B. Join point A to point B and note the point where this line crosses the
back of the envelope. Estimate the weight loss this represents on the weight scale. It is about 10
kg. So 10 kg must be off loaded from the baggage compartment.

15 Bob Tait's Aviation Theory School

 LOADING SYSTEM CHARLIE
1200

1150
MAX AUW 1115 kg

1100

A
1050

1000 NORMAL CATEGORY

About 10 kg
KILOGRAMS

950
B

900

850
AFT LIMIT 2896

AFT LIMIT 3004

800 UTILITY CATEGORY
FWD LIMIT

750

700
2680 2760 2840 2920 3000

CENTRE OF GRAVITY POSITON - mm AFT OF THE DATUM

16 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED © 2018

 NOTE: The examination will provide you with this table to allow you to obtain index units
for various weights in various locations. However it is faster and easier to calculate the index
units by multiplying the weight in a given location by the relevant arm and then dividing by
100 as shown in the example on page 10 . That example will be given to you in the examina-
tion .

OBTAINING INDEX UNITS FOR LOADING SYSTEM CHARLIE

FUEL [ARM : 2950] BAGGAGE [ARM: 4210]

LITRES KG INDEX UNITS KG INDEX UNITS
20 14 413 10 421
40 28 826 20 842
60 43 1,268 30 1,263
80 57 1,682 40 1,684
100 71 2,095 50 2,105
120 85 2,507 60 2,526
140 99 2,920 70 2 ,947
160 114 3,363 80 3,368
180 129 3,806 90 3,789
200 142 4,189 100 4,210
216 153 4,513 110 4,631
122 5,136

OCCUPANTS
ROW 1. [ARM: 2750] ROW 2 [ARM: 3600]
KG INDEX UNITS INDEX UNITS
40 1,100 1,440
45 1,237 1,620
50 1,375 1 ,800
55 1,512 1,980
60 1,650 2, 160
65 1,786 2,340
70 1,925 2,520
75 2,062 2,700
80 2,200 2,880
85 2,338 3,060
90 2,475 3,240

OIL [ARM: 1230]

US Quarts LITRES KG INDEX UNITS
6 5.7 5.0 62
7 6.6 6.0 74
8 7.6 7.0 86

17 BOB TAIT 'S AVIATION THEORY SCHOOL

17