‘American Water Works Association ANSU/AWWA C304-99 (Revision of ANSIIAWWA C304-92) 6 AWWA STANDARD FOR DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE cea) Pifective date: March 1, 2000. First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors June 18, 1992, This edition approved Jan. 24, 1999, Approved by American National Standards Institute Dec. 30, 1999, AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, Colorado 80235 yew pewsnkion & 5 : 5 : i g i i $ i i i E 7 z éAWWA Standard ‘This document is an Amorican Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification, AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and ‘administrative information normally contained in specifications, The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA publication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or produet type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. AWWA standards are Intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed on the first page of the classified advertising section of Journal AWWA. The faction becomes effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal AWWA publication ofthe official notice. American National Standard [An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any espect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standard or not, from manufactur- ing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard, American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are encouraged to state on their own responsibility in advertising and promotional ‘materials or on tags or labels that the goods are produced in conformity with particular American National Standards. CAUTION Notice: "The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process, This American National Standard may he revised or withdrawn at any time, ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the dace of publication, Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., New York, NY 10036; (212) 642.4900, All rights reserved, No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by. ‘any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts of quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Copyright © 1999 American Water Works Association Printed in USA, “ou oyRuans uoswoul fa paiquisid ‘payed w BupHowe 6 Uopanpaidas Joy ON “ALO aEN 5esUOD} JO} GOORIN UO 9}40} UEUOLS oF pasuENYFeuaEM PSWBUAGODCommittee Personnel ‘The AWWA standards subcommittee that reviewed this standard had the following personnel at the time of approval: Chris Sundberg, Chair ‘Samir A. Arnaout, Hanson Concrete Products Inc., Dallas Texas, cawwa) HH, Bardakjian, Ameron Concrete & Steel Pipe, Rancho Cucamonga, Calif. cawwa), Gerard Bizlen, Hyprescon Inc., St. Eustache, Que. (awwa) MM. Hicks, Montgomery Watson, Walnut Creek, Calif. (awwa) AE, Romer, Boyle Engineering Corporation, Newport Beach, Calif. (awwa) A.W. Tremblay, Price Brothers Company, Dayton, Ohio cawwa) MS. Zarghamee, Simpson, Sumpertz & Hegar Inc., Arlington, Mass. (awwa), ‘The AWWA Standards Committee on Concrete Pressure Pipe, which reviewed and approved this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval Lee B. Freese, Chair Chris Sundberg, Vice-Chair Consumer Members RAR, Beavers, Des Moines Water Works, Des Moines, Iowa (AwWwa) WE. Bradbury, Lake Shastina Mutual Water Company, Weed, Calif. cawwa) JA. Economides, San Diego County Water Authority, San Diego, Calif, (AWWA) DA, Fisseler, Fort Worth Water Department, Fort Worth, Texas (awwa) RP. Fuerst, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo, (USBR) WM. Kremkau, Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission, Laurel, Md, (AWWA) PW, Reynolds, Los Angeles Water & Power, Los Angeles, Calif. (awwa) DA. Wiedyke, Consultant, Clinton Township, Mich. cawwa) General Interest Members WR, Brunzell, Brunzell Associates Ltd., Skokie, TL cawwa) BR. Bullert,” City of St. Paul Water Utility, St. Paul, Minn, (awwa) RC. Fdmunds, Jones Edmunds & Associates, Gainesville, Fla, (awwa) WD. Ensor, Gannett Fleming Ine., Newport News, Va (awwa) AP. Ferrigno,” Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. cawwa) LB. Freese, Freese and Nichols Inc., Fort Worth, Texas (awwa) JK. Haney, HDR Engineering Inc., Austin, Texas cawwa) MM. Hicks, Montgomery Watson, Walnut Creek, Calif (AWWA) Conrad Hohener Jr," Boyle Engineering Corporation, Newport Beach, Calif. cawway “Liaison, nonvoting Alternate iil “ou “yap uoswoUL Aa po;n@UIEIG “PEHRWAd s GupioNye 10 LONANpSUNeL aN ONY “AUD 9sn 5.29sUeD1 10) OORT UO AISA} UevOLS oy PasUED YeUBIE PUEAAEODRY, Konyalian, Consultant, Huntington Beach, Calif, S.A. McKelvie, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Boston, Mass. AE. Romer, Boyle Engineering Corporation, Newport Beach, Calif, Chris Sundberg, CH2M Hill, Bellevue, Wash. M.S. Zarghamee, Simpson, Gumpertz & Heger Inc., Arlington, Mass. Producer Members S.A, Arnaout, Hanson Conerete Products Inc., Dallas, Texas HH. Bardakjian, Ameron Concrete & Steel Pipe, Rancho Cucamonga, Calif Gerard Bizien, Hyprescon Inc., St. Eustache, Que. Martin Doran, Lafarge Pressure Pipe, Stouffville, Ont. LE. Forero, ICHSA, Santa Clara, Mexico KL. Heasley, Cretex Pressure Pipe Inc., South Beloit, Il SIR. Malcolm, Vianini Pipe Inc., Somerville, NJ. Giorgio Napoletani,” Vianini Pipe Inc., Sommerville, NJ. DB. Prosser, American Concrete Pressure Pipe Association, Reston, Va. AW, Tremblay, Price Brothers Company, Dayton, Ohio * Alternate w (awwa) (awwa) (awwa) (awwa) (awwa) (AWWA) (AWWA) (awwa) (awwa) cawwa) cawwa) (awwa) (awwa) (ACPPA) cawwa) 110 Ponnuvod 5 Supiowou 20 Uoqanposdas ugg ON “Ado ABN S;98EURD JO} GOORIN UN jEeH HEUOLS oy sUeDH YUE peNUENAGOD “uy ayes uoswou fe paiContents All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this format may be ound in a particular standard, sec PAGE sec. ace, Foreword 35 Working Plus Transient Loads . ee and Internal Pressures. 8 ig Seton ee story. Teh cere 37 Load and Pressure Factors 8 ee eee : 4 Moments and Thrusts II Use of This Standard. 4, Moment o MILA Purchaser Opts an Bot a scarraon es 7 Kernatives: x 43 Moments and Thrusts. uw TILE Information to Be Provided by the Pipe Manufacturer sill 5 Design Material Properties ILC Modification to Standard XV 31 Newtons. . Te i wee XIV 5.2 Materials and Manufacturing V Comments : on ate ee a 5:3. Properties of Core Concrete. B 5:4 Properties of Coating Mortar vss 17 ‘Standard 5.5 Properties of Steel Cylinder 18 1 General 56 Properties of Prestressing Wire... 19 fe ees 1 6 Stresses From Prestressing fat eee b 81 Notation 14 Pipe Structure... 12 62 — Prestress Losses fa eee © {63 State of Stress With a Single 18 Definitions i Layer of Prestressing wnnssnunnee 22 17 Metric (I) Equivalents 6 1 ee oe ayers of Prestressing 2 Loads and Internal Pressures 65 Modular Ratios 21 Notation : 5 66 Design Creep Factor and 22 Design Loads and Internal Design Shrinkage Strain for PRESSURES en 5 Buried Pipe 24 23 Loads : 5 67 WireRelaxation Factor nce 26 oa ee . Criteria for Limit-State 3 Load and Internal-Pressure Loads and Pressures Combinations TA Notation 28 34 Notation... soman T 72 Limit States Design 29 3.2 Load Factors for Limit States 73 Serviceability Limit States Design 7 Design Criteria... 29 33 Minimum Combined Design TA Blastie Limi States Design Loads and Pressures 7 Criteria 20 34 Working Loads and Internal 1.5 Strength Limit States Bei Pressures vo 7 Criteria... : 20 “ou yang uosuou a peinausia “penued 6] BupyoNyeU 20 UoVaNpoddas UU ON “Aue BEN 5.605u90H 205 oOIEN-ZL UO JoKdoH/ UROL & PAsuEON eUeIeN paRIBUKCOsee. PAGE, 8 Calculation of Limit-State Loads and Pressures BL Notathon eninsnrnnnonenininininininene 32 82 Limit-States Design Procedures... 34 83 Maximum Pressures 84 Maximum Thrust... 85 Burst Pressure... 8.6 Radial Tension... 8.7 Combined Loads and Internal Pressures at Design Limit States sn 8.8 Lines of Action of Thrusts... 89 Conformance With Limit-States CHIEF caroninnnenninnnnennnns 38 9 Design Selection Tables 9.1 Design Example 1 53 9.2 Design Example 2 53 9.3. Design Example 3 54 94 Lined-Cylinder Pipe Standard Prestress Design Tables. 54 Appendixes A Commentary Ad Introduction... o7 2 Commentary for Sec. 3.2 of the Standard. snamnnne OF AB Commentary for Sec. 3.5.1 of the Standard, i) AA Commentary for Sec. 3.5.2 of the Standard... AS — Commentary for Sec. 3.6 of the Standard so AG — Commentary for Sec. 4.3.2 of the Standard nnn - 68 AT Commentary for Sec. 4.3.3 of the Standard nn A8 Commentary for Sec. 5.3.3 and 5.4.2 of the Standard rn 69 AQ — Commentary for Sec. 5.3.4 and 5.4.3 of the Standard 69 A10 Commentary for See. 5.3 of the Standard... 69 AJL Commentary for Sec. 5.5.2 of the Standard... sommes TO A12_ Commentary for Sec. 5.6.4 of the Standard... 70 A13 Commentary for See. 6 of the Standard... . 70 SEC. AM Als AIG AAT Als Alg cat C34 ca cas ca Cad C42 cas cad CAS cs ce cr cs. cat CB2 C83 Cad CaS C86 PAGE Commentary for Sec. 6.4.1 of the Standard. Commentary for See. 6.6 icitie| Standard seer TH ‘Commentary for Sec. 7 of the Standard.ncnneunsnnnen TH Commentary for Sec. 7.5.5, of the Standard, il Commentary for Sec. 8 of the Standard. Commentary for Sec. 8.9 of the Standard : soo 73 References 78 Pipe-Design Example Introduction se Design Parameters. ' Moment and ‘Thrust Coefficients Maximum and Minimum Wire Areas. Maximum Prestressing Wire ‘Area Based on Minimum Wire Spacing ern. 82 Minimum Aulowable Prestressing Wire Area Based on Maximum Wire Spacing sn: 83 Minimum Prestressing-Wire ‘Area Based on Burst Pressure...... 83 State of Stress Calculations 83 Modular Ratios... : 83 Creep, Shrinkage, and Wire Relaxation Initial Prestress. Final Prestress... Decompression Pressure Minimum Prestressing. Wire ‘Area Based on Maximum 82 Pressure on. 86 Stress From Prestressing for Final Design Are8 swcrnnesnnn 87 Serviceability at Full Pipe Circumference.. a) Serviceability at InverUCrown su. 89 Constants aren 90 StrAiNS eo oronne a 91 St0e8805 ern 92 Internal Forces 93 ‘Sum of Forces. 93 Internal Moments... 93 8 i sc “pened 8 Bupomou 30 uoganpezdo, sun} oN “AO On 50984 “ou owas uostous hasec Pace C.8.7 Sum of Moments z C9 Serviceability at Springline...... 95 C91 Constants. ssn oo 86 C92 Strains - 96 C93. Stresses... 97 C9 Intemal Forces 97 39.5 Sum of Forces... C95 Internal Moments 9.7 Sum of Moments About Wire..... C.10 Elastic Limit at Invert/Crown ., C.1l_ Elastic and Wire-Yield Strength Limits at Springline wescwnnn 100 CALLA Limit State of Wire Yielding at Springline . 100 C12 Critical Thrust at Invert at Cylinder Yield, Nyyeonssorscnes 101 C.11.3 Moment Capacity at Invert ‘and Redistributed Moment fat Springline.. 102 Cull Critical Thrust at Wire Yield, Ng 103 C.11.5 Moment Capacity at Wire Yield. 104 ©.12 Core Crushing at Singin. “105 C121 Constants. 106 C22 Strains... 106 C123 Stresses meee 107 C2A ForeeS.ecsnrnsnnnnnnnnnscn 107 €.12.5 Sum of Forces 107 €.12.6 Moments 108 Figures 1 Schematte Pipe-Wall Crass Sections for Lined- andl Embedded:Cylinder Pipe ssc 3 2 Stress-Strain Relationships for Concrete and Mortar in Tension and Compression 3 Stress-Strain Relationship for Stee! Cylinder in Tension and Compression i... zo 4 Stress-Strain Relationship for 6-Gauge Prestressing Wire in Tension After Wrapping at fag... 20 5 Schematic of Strain and Stress Distributions in Pipe-Wall Cross Section at Invert and Crown vor. 40 vt sec Pace 6 ‘Schematic of Strain and Stress Distributions in Pipe-Wall Cross Section at Springlinesvnrwn 44 7 ‘Schematic of Strain and Stress Distributions for Computation of Mz-Moment Limit for Ultimate Compressive Strength of Core Concrete 48 8 Schematic of Strain and Stress Distributions for Computation of My-Moment Limit for Ultimate Compressive Strength of Coating... 9 Bedding Details for Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Embankment Condition... A Mean Annual Number of Days Maximum Temperature of 90°F (32°C) and Above, Except 70°F (21°C) and Above in Alaska... A2 — Mean Relative Humidity (Ganuary-March) ooocuesunninine TA 3 Mean Relative Humidity (April-June). ‘Ad Mean Relative Humidity (Guly-September) 0 AS — Mean Relative Humidity (October-December)... 56 Tables 1 Load and Pressure Factors for Embedded-Cylinder Pipe 9 2 Load and Pressure Factors for Lined-Cylinder Pipe... a 3 Design Load Combinations and Calculation References for Embedded-Cylinder Pipe Criteria. 4 Design Load Combinations and Calculation References for Lined-Cylinder Pipe Criteria... 5 Standard Prestress Design — 16 in. (410 mm) Lined- Cylinder Pipe: ST 6 Standard Prestress Design — 18 in, (460 mm) Lined Cylinder Pipe: 58 35 36 uso} 0} 80Z-HEV-2 UO J8}S8 UEHOLS cr pAsUROH YEUMEW PERUBHAOD ‘eneiwad | Busuomyou 20 ueronpaudasouyey ON A a8n : S i é i 7sue. 10 u 12 Standard Prostress Design— 20 in. (610 mm) Lined Cylinder Pipe Standard Prostress Design— 24 in, (610 mm) Lined- Cylinder Pipe. Standard Prestress Design— 30 in, (760 mm) Lined- Cylinder Pipe Standard Prestress Design— 36 in, (910 mm) Lined- Cylinder Pipe... Standatd Prestress Design— 42 in. (1,070 mm) Lined: Cylinder Pipe wr Standard Prestress Design— 48 in, (1,220 mm) Lined- Cylinder Pipe PAGE 59 60 61 62 soe 68 64 SEC, 13 u ca c2 c3 ca Standard Prestress Design— 54 In, (1,370 mm) Lined Cylinder Pipe... Standard Prestress Design— 60 in, (1,520 mm) Lined- Cylinder Pipe. ‘Summary of Calculations for Serviceability at InvertICroWh un ‘Summary of Calculations for Serviceability at Springline.. Summary of Calculations for Elastic Limit at Invert/Crown.... ‘Summary of Calculations for Elastic Limits and Wire-Yield Limit at Springline PAGE, 65 66 95 99 100 105 vit “our saves uoswouL fa peinausig “payed e Sunsoweu Jo uoranpoide, Jeg ON “AuO 2En SUED} 0} COR EN UO eIAOH UEUOL oF PASUSD]YeuBIeU PoqUBLAGOD‘American Water Works Association 4 ANSI/AWWA 304-99 (Revision of ANSUAWWA C304-92) AWWA STANDARD FOR DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE SECTION 1: GENERAL Sec. 1.1 Scope This standard defines the methods to be used in the structural design of buried prestressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP) under internal pressure. These methods are provided for the design of pipe subjected to the effects of working, transient, and field-test load and internal pressure combinations. The design procedures of this standard are applicable to lined-cylinder pipe (LCP) having inside diameters of 16 in. through 60 in, (110 mm through 1,520 mm) and to embedded-cylinder pipe (ECP) having inside diameters of 24 in. (610 mm) and larger. fom s0 vorpnpouas say ON “fo asn 5.S65u254 01 002-sENF2 UO JH LeU}, | PosuEDH eUeIeW PENUSHKAOD, Sec, 1.2. References Standard requirements for the manufacture of PCCP are contained in ANSI'/ AWWA C301, Standard for Prestressed Concrete Pressure Pipe, Steel-Cylinder Type, for Water and Other Liquids. Procedures for installation of the pipe are described in AWWA Manual M9, Concrete Pressure Pipe (19 This standard references the following documents. In their current editions, they form a part of this standard to the extent specified in this standard. In any case of conflict, the requirements of this standard shall prevail. AASHTO! HB-15—Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges. ACI! 209R-92—Prediction of Creep, Shrinkage, and Temperature Effects in Conerete Structures waaeia “panied 8 ou suas uoswou fa “American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., New York. NY 10036. ‘American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 444 N. Capitol St. N.W., Washington, DC 20001 American Concrete Institute, P.O, Box 19150, Detrott, MI 48218.2 RWWA c304-99 ASTM" A648—Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Hard Drawn for Pre-stressing Concrete Pipe ASTM C33—Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates. ASTM C39—Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Conerete Specimens, ASTM C192/C192M—Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory. ASTM C469—Standard Test for Static Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson's Ratio of Conerete in Compression. ASTM C512—Standard Test Method for Creep of Conerete in Compression. ANSIAWWA C301-—Standard for Prestressed Concrete Pressure Pipe, Steel-Cylinder Type. Concrete Pipe Design Manual. American Concrete Pipe Association.’ Conerete Pressure Pipe. AWWA Manual M9. AWWA, Denver, Colo. (1995). FAA! AC150/5320-6C—Airport Pavement Design and Evaluation. FAA AC150/5325-5C—Atrcraft Data. ‘Manual for Railway Engineering. American Railway Engineering Association, Washington, DC. Sec. 1.3 Applications PCCP is used principally in the transmission and distribution of water in municipal, industrial, and irrigation systems. It is also used in plant piping systems, seawater cooling systems, sewer force mains, and gravity sewers. Other applications include inverted siphons, liners for pressure tunnels, and culverts with high earth covers, Sec. 14 Pipe Structure ‘Two types of PCCP are produced: LCP and ECP, The cross sections and elements of both types of pipe are shown in Figure 1 PCCP is made up of the following components: 1, A high-strength concrete core acts as the principal structural component of the pipe and provides a smooth inner surface for high flutd flow. The core includes a steel cylinder that functions as a watertight membrane, provides longitudinal tensile ‘strength, and increases circumferential and beam strength. In ECP, the steel cylinder is contained within the core; in LCP, the steel cylinder forms the outer element of the core, Attached to the steel cylinder are steel bell and spigot Joint rings that, together with an elastomeric O-ring, provide a watertight and self-centering joint between sections of pipe. Concrete for ECP is vertically cast within steel molds. LP concrete is centrifugally cast or placed within the steel cylinder by radial compaction, 2. High-tensile steel wire, helically wrapped around the core under controlled tension, produces uniform compressive prestress in the core that offsets tensile stresses from internal pressure and external loads. PCCP can be designed to provide the optimum amount of prestress needed for required operating conditions. ‘ou suqueng uoswous fq pomnqnsic “Pankued s BupvoNseu 0 voRpnpolte! Jeu ON ~fuo 88h $:8SUR% 30} OZR UO =H NOLO pasURD “American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA. 19428-2959. ‘tAmerican Concrete Pipe Association, 222 West Las Colinas Blvd., Suite 641, Irving, TX 75039. #Federal Aviation Administration, 800 Independence Ave., $.W., Washington, DC 20591,PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 3 vo} 0 peewee fouE.eu paniButdon, — igh Tose ie Sts ins . [enti 2 z coe Mess : j conte ; Lined-Cylinder Pipe = i Mortar Coating: £ ‘agro ve : fF coating Tess i i i z cone Tickets z z E i i Stet tnx 5 conte Care i e Embedded-Cylinder Pipe Figure I Schematic pipe-wall cross sections for lined- and embedded-cylinder pipe4 AWWA c30499 3. A dense coment-mortar coating encases and protects the wire-wrapped prestressed core from physical damage and external corrosion. Sec. 1.5 Tolerances The design procedures of this standard are consistent with the manufacturing tolerances given in ANSVAWWA C301. Sec. 1.6 Definitions 1.6.1 Limit state: A condition that bounds structural usefulness. The follow: ing three types of limit states are considered in the design of PCCP: 1, Serviceability limit states, which ensure performance under service loads. 2. Elastic limit states, which define the onset of material nonlinearity. 3, Strength limit states, which provide safety under extreme loads. 16.2 Limit-states design: The Uimit-states design method required definition of all limit states that are relevant to the performance of a particular structure, followed by the design of the structure, so that the probability of not exceeding a limit state is assured. 1.6.3 Purchaser: The person, company, or organization that purchases any materials or work to be performed, Sec. 1.7 Metric (SI) Equivalents The conversion factors in this section are consistent with those provided in ASTM E380-82, “Standard for Metric Practice.” Values of constants and variables are given in both US and SI systems of units throughout the standard. In those instances where direct conversion of units {s not possible, equations applicable to both US and SI systems of units are given in this standard, “To convert from we Maiply by ‘Area square inches (in.’) ‘square metres (m?) 0.000645 Bending Moment rewton metce (Nm) 0.112985 ponindfore inch On) Force newton (N) 4.448222 pound-force (bp Length rote (nm) 0304800 font motte (mn) 0.025400 inch Gn) Weight per Unit Volume kilogeam por cuble metre kel?) 160018 poured per cuble foot (fe) Pressure or Stress pascal (Pa) 6804.57 pounds per square Inch (pst) (ibffin.2) Steel Area per Unit Length of Pipe square millimetre per metre 2116607 ‘square inch per foot (ini) (onmmélen) Temperature degree Celsius (°C) To= (Tp 3201.8 dogree Fabrenhelt (*F) ‘Volume ‘cubic metre (m*) 0.764555 cubic yard) ou) gue uoswous Aa p2!nasId “PoHuHed 5 EuppoayeL 40 uoganposdas Jeg] ON “uO BSN §/68U8D] 20 G0OREN-ZL WO JB;dEH WevOLS oF Pe=tEDHPRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 5 SECTION 2: LOADS AND INTERNAL PRESSURES Sec. 2.1 Notation inside diameter of pipe (In, [mml) height of earth cover over pipe (ft ml) impact factor internal field-test pressure (psi {kPal) P, = internal pressure established by the hydraulic gradient (psi [kPal) internal presstie established by the static head (psi [KPal) wane P, = internal transient pressure (psi {kPal) Py = internal working pressure (psi {kPal) = max (Py, P,) W, = external dead load (ibfft [Nim W, = weight of fluid (ibfft [Nim)) W, = weight of pipe (lbfift [N/m)) W, = surcharge load (tbfft (Nim) W, = transient load (bift [N'm) Ye = unit weight of concrete (Ibi [kgim*)) You = unit weight of mortar (lb/ft? [kg/m*}) ‘Yq = unit weight of steel (Ibift? [kg/m*)) Sec. 2.2 Design Loads and Internal Pressures To purchase pipe manufactured according to ANSVAWWA C301, the purchaser must specify the magnitudes of design loads and internal pressures and the distributions of external loads on the pipe. The types of loads and internal pressures given below are those normally required for the design of buried pressure pipe. The references given for determining various external loads and their distributions are guidelines that define acceptable practice. The purchaser may need to specify additional loads for special conditions not covered by this standard, Sec. 2.3 Loads 23.1 Working loads. Pipe shall be designed to include the following working loads of long duration. 23.1.1 Pipe weight W, computed using nominal pipe dimensions and the following material unit weights Ye = 145 Ibvft? (2,323 kgm) ‘Ym = 140 bite? (2,243 kg/m) Ys = 489 Ibvtt (7,833 kg/m) 2.3.1.2 Fluid weight, Ws, computed using 62.4 Ib/ft® (1,000 kg/m’) as the unit weight of fresh water. If fluids other than fresh water are to be transported by the pipe, then the actual unit weight of these fluids shall be used. 23.13 External dead load W, computed as the sum of earth load and sureharge load if any. Earth load is computed in accordance with AWWA Manual M8; ACPA's Conerote Pipe Design Manual, or AASHTO HB-15, division 1, section 17.4; or by recognized ‘and documented analytical procedures based on soil-pipe interaction. ou aynueag veswoUs Aa parnqusi ‘pound S| Gupsosyou 20 UogoNpeNde! JURY ON “AUD Bsn © USN 38 BOOEIEN-ZL UO B}4oH WENO oF pEBUSON URE PAUBNAGOD6 AWWA cs01-99 ‘Surcharge load, resulting from the dead load of structures or other surface loads that are not transient loads as defined in Sec. 2.3.2, is computed in accordance with ACPA’s Concrete Pipe Design Manual, 2.3.2 Transient loads. ‘Transient load Mf, for which the pipe shall be designed includes the following vertical surface loads of short duration, whenever applicable, 2.3.2.1 Highway live load, computed in accordance with AASHTO HB-15, AWWA Manual M9, and ACPA's Concrete Pipe Design Manual. HS20 loading shall be used unless other loading is specified by the purchaser, 2.3.22 Railroad live load shall be computed in accordance with AREA Manual for Railway Engineering and ACPA Concrete Pipe Design Manual. Cooper E-72 Toading shall be used unless other loading is specified by the purchaser, 2.3.2.3 Aircraft live load shall be computed using appropriate aircraft wheel loads (see FAA AC150/5325-5C, Aircraft Data), in accordance with FAA ACISO/ 5320-6C, Airport Pavement Design and Evaluation and ACPA Concrete Pipe Design Manual, 2.3.2.4 Construction live load, if specified by the purchaser, shall be computed using the specified load and earth cover in accordance with ACPA Concrete Pipe Design Manual procedure for highway live load. 2.3.3 Impact factor Computation of W, shall include application of appropri- ate impact factors J-in accordance with the applicable live load standard, or ACPA Conerete Pipe Design Manual, Sec. 2.4 Internal Pressures 24.1 Internal working pressure. The internal working pressure P,, for which the pipe shall be designed is: Py = max(P,, P) 421) 24.2 Internal transient pressure. (UMGaU’ ithe transient piessire Poi which th (ple shall’be designed isthe internal fin excess of the internal working Pressure P, cause by rapid changer it pipeline low velocity. The hydrate desige of the pipeline should include an analysis of transient effects. In the absence of a design transient pressure specified by the purchaser, the value of P, for which the pipe shall be designed is: Py max(0.4,, 40 pst [276 kPa}) (E422) 243 Internal fleld-test pressure. Internal ficld-test pressure Pj, the test pressure to be applied to the pipe after its installation. In the absence of a field-test pressure specified by the purchaser, the value of Py, for which the pipe shall be designed is: Py 12P, 423) ‘ou syne Yoswous ha peinqueC “Peunled 8 GunZoNyaU 10 UOoApOIdA! Jen] ON “AYE 8898 9eRU=D} 2} GOHAN UO Je;dOH UEUELJ oF PASUEDY NOEL PONE NAGODPRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 7 SECTION 3: LOAD AND INTERNAL-PRESSURE COMBINATIONS Sec. 3.1. Notation fez = final prestress in core concrete (psi [kPal) FTL FT2 = design-factored working-load and field-test pressure combinations FW = design-factored working-load combination FWTI-FWTG = design factored working plus transient load and internal pressure combinations Py = internal field-test pressure (psi [kPal) = internal pressure caused by the hydraulic gradient (psi [kPal) B, ~ internal pressure caused by the static head (pst [kPal) P, = snternal transient pressure (psi {kPa}) P,, = internal working pressure (psi [kPal) = max (P,P) W1, WE = design working load and internal-pressure combinations W, = external dead load (bt, {Nim]) We = weight of fluid (ibe (N/m) W, weight of pipe (Ibfift [N/m]} W, = transient load (lift [N/m)) WTL-WT3 = design working plus transient load and internal-pressure combinations By = factor equal to 1.1 for ECP and 1.2 for LCP By = factor equal to 1.3 for ECP and 1.4 for LCP Sec. 3.2 Load Factors for Limit-States Design’ ‘The factored load combinations given in this section are based on minimum recommended load factors for use with the limit-states design procedures described In Sec. 8, Sec. 3.3. Minimum Combined Design Loads and Pressures 1. The minimum combined design load and pressure shall be Py of 40 psi (276 kPa) in combination with W, equivalent to 6 ft (1.83 m) of earth cover based on trench loading at transition width, and unit earth weight of 120 tb/ft (1922 kglm®) with 45° Olander bedding for earth load and fluid weight and 15° Olander bedding for pipe weight. P, = 0, and W, = 0. 2, The maximum calculated tensile stress in the pipe wall shall not exceed f. when the pipe weight alone is supported on a line bearing, Sec. 3.4 Working Loads and Internal Pressures Pipe shall be designed for all of the following combinations of working loads and internal pressures: Wi: Wet W,+ Wp Py 43) We: W.+ W,+ We 43.2) FWI: 1.251,+ W,+ W, 43:3) “For commentary see appendix A, Sec, A.2. “24 sven uoswous Aa porngusig “BayRed 5 BunroNyeU 10 LOFDApaIde: Jey oN “UO 8En SesUIDY 50 BOOZER Uo 0}40}s CeNELJe1 PEUEDH eUmeLY eNEKdOD8 AWWA canton Sec. 3.5 Working Plus Transient Loads and Internal Pressures 3.6.1" Pipe shall be designed for all of the following combinations of working plus transient loads and internal pressures: WI: Wet W,+ Wet Py Py €434) WTR: W,+ Wy Wy Wt Py, (6435) WTS: Wet W,+ WW (43-5) FW: By(We Wy Wet Py Pd) 43-7) FWT2: B,(W,+ W,+ We+ W,+ P,) (643) Where: By = 1.1 for ECP and 1.2 for LCP 3.5.2) Pipe shall be designed for the following factored combinations of working plus transient loads and internal pressures FWT3: B,(W,+ W,+ W;+ Py +P) 439) FWT: B,(W,+ Wt Wy Py) (Eq 3:10) WTS: L6(W,+ W,+W)+2.00%, 3.1 FWTS: 1.6P,+20P, (43-12) Where 8, = 1.3 for ECP and 14 for LCP Sec. 3.6 Working Loads and Internal Field-Test Pressures* Pipe shall be designed for the following combinations of working loads and internal fleld-test pressures: FTI: 11(W,+ W,+ Wt Py) (Eq 3-13) FIZ: LAB Wet W,+ We Pr) 93.14) Where 8, = 1.1 for ECP and 1.2 for LCP Sec. 3.7 Load and Pressure Factors ‘The load and pressure factors for the various loading conditions are summarized in Table 1 for ECP and in Table 2 for LCP. “For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A. 1 For commentary see appendix A. See. Ad. {For commentary see appendix A, See. A 8 g i H z 2 2 F 8 s g Hy & : : e 7 a i z a i: el ? 2 i zPRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 9 yu ponBukdeg, Table | Load and pressure factors for embedded-cylinder pipe E a a ood rene i Wari Tat and pressure omens wi 110 Te we 1010 to = rw ete Working plus transient load and pressure combinations é wit oe Ome 0) 7 i 0 é wre 10 Lo Lo 10 10 S S 3 wrs 10 10 10 10 = i = g a ee i Fwra moka aa i wr 130133 i Fwrs 13 13 13 13 13 = g re ee eee - : Field-test condition a a ia — i q Fre tata aah =a i Table 2 Load and pressure factors for lined-cylinder pipe 5 Cen et a, a : a a an par a i Ww Te z we 10 10 10 — es = _ g a ig pine tatoo boa onl preseincconinating t wii ie i wre TO) 10 eee 0)eeee olen eee a wr oe ee i ra 7? re oe oo i Fwre 12 12 12 12 12 - = i ae mom mi Som 6 é Fwrt Te WIS 6 18 is wre SoS Se Fiokiest condition FT Ta = mn FT2 1a2 182182 = = = 13210 Aawwa c304.99 yeu powuddog SECTION 4: MOMENTS AND THRUSTS Sec. 4.1 Notation Cmte Con Gmit = moment coefficients at invert resulting from the distribution of external loads, WW, or W, and pipe and fluid weights, W,, and W Craw Cae Cnier = moment coefficients at springline resulting from the distribution of external loads, W, or W, and pipe and fluid weights, W, and Wy Cre Coipe Ente = thrust coefficients at invert resulting from the distribution of external loads, W, or W,, and pipe and fluid weights, W, and W, Croe Crap Crap = thrust coefficients at springline resulting from the distribution of ‘external loads, W,or W,, and pipe and fluid weights, W, and W, inside diameter of pipe (in. [mml) outside diameter of steel cylinder (in. [mml) core thickness, including thickness of cylinder (in. (mm) coating thickness, including wire diameter (in. Imm]) total moment at invert (IbF-in.jt [N-m/ml) total moment at springline (Ibf-in/ft [N-ma/m)) redistributed moment at springline (lbf-in./ft [N-m/ml) ‘moment capacity at invert and crown (lbf-in.fft [N-m/m)) total thrust at invert (ibfft [N‘ml} total thrust at springline (ibfft [N/m)) thrust resulting from final prestress (Ibfift [N/m]) internal pressure (psi [kPal) P, = decompression pressure that relieves final prestress in the core concrete (pst {kPal) R_ = radius to the centroid of the coated pipe wall (in, (mm) W, = external dead load (tbiift [Nim)) Wy = fluid weight (bfift [N/m)) W, = weight of pipe (bfft [N/m)} W, = transient load bffe (Nim) Sec. 4.2. Distribution of Loads ‘The total working and transient loads on the pipe shall be determined using the provisions of Sec. 2. The earth-pressure distribution on the pipe and moments and the thrusts in the wall resulting from the working and transient loads shall be determined from recognized and accepted theories, taking into account the character- istics of installation, such as those given by Olander (1950) and Paris (1921) (see appendix B). The bedding angle for Olander and Paris distributions shall be selected on the basis of design pipe-soil installation. Unless provisions are made to support the pipe weight over a wider width, the bedding angle for pipe weight shall be 15° for installation on soil beddings. Sign conventions for moments and thrusts in the references cited above may differ. The sign convention for moments and thrusts in this standard is 1. A thrust in the pipe wall is positive when creating tension in the pipe wall and negative when creating compression in the pipe wall. 2, In the vicinity of the crown and invert, a moment is positive when creating tension at the inside surface of the pipe and negative when creating compression at the inside surface of the pipe. ‘uy oy wops voswoUL he pemnaNsIG “pened s Gunioweu 10 LojanpOxdeL sy oN “ALO 8695 8U8OH 10, ROOE-AVE2L UO J0;K0} UENOLS o} Pe=UEDPRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 11 3. In the vicinity of the springline, a moment is positive when creating tension, at the outside surface of the pipe and negative when creating compression at the outside surface of the pipe. Sec. 4.3. Moments and Thrusts 4.3.1 Prostress thrust, ‘The thrust at invert, crown, and springline resulting from prestressing is N,= 6D,P, (Bq 4-1) Where: P, = the decompression pressure that relieves the final prestress in the core, as defined in Sec. 6.3.3. D, is in in., and P, is in psi. The metric equivalent of Eq 4-1, with D, in mm and P, in kPa is N,=#D,P, 4.3.2 Moments and thrusts from combined loads. The thrusts and moments resulting from pressure, external loads (earth, surcharge, transient, and construction loads), and the weights of pipe and fluld, for a pipe with uniform wall are RCo Wet W* Cm p Wp * Cm WA (44-2) My = RiCy2d Wet Wi) + Corap Wnt Cone WA (Eq 4-3) BD,P-[Cprel Wot We) * Coty Wy + Cor eW (&q4-4) BD,P=1C yz We W) + Cyay Wy Coed (Eq45) Where: Dit het hy + (Eq 4-6) When D, is in mm and Pis in kPa, substitute % D, for 6D, in Eq 4-4 and 4-5. ‘The moment and thrust coefficients are obtained from the assumed distribution of earth pressure selected for the design installation, 4.3.3 Moment redistribution.’ When the moment, Mj, given by Eq 42 is greater than the moment capacity at the invert, Mjcgp the moments at the invert and springline, M; and Mp, obtained using Eq 4-2 and 4-3, shall be redistributed as “For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A‘. {For commentary see appendix A, See. A. “ou yuan uoswous 49 peinqusic “payed s| BupHoMstJ0 uoRENposas syLN ON “KUO 9s 5.995U901 10} FO0ZENZL UO Ia}48H LeU 3} Pasueo4 eUe}eWs payBAKoD,12 Awwa csn4.09 described in this section. Micgp for ECP is the My-moment limit at the invert corresponding to the steel-cylinder stress reaching a limiting value and is computed according to the procedure In Sec. 7.4.2 and 8.9.1. Mjcap for LCP is the M,-moment, limit at the invert corresponding to the coating strain reaching the compressive strain limit after cracking of the core and is computed according to the procedure in Sec. 8.9.4. For loads exceeding the limiting load that produces Mj ap at the invert, the redistributed moment at the springline My, is Ma, = My +Mz-My cap (Eq 4-7) Where: ‘My and Mp are given by Eq 4-2 and 4-3 SECTION 5: DESIGN MATERIAL PROPERTIES Sec. 5.1 Notation concrete modulus of elasticity multiplier = concrete shrinkage strain multiplier conerete creep-factor multiplier design modulus of elasticity of core concrete (psi) average modulus of elasticity of test concrete (pst [MPal) design modulus of elasticity of coating mortar (psi {MPal) E, = design modulus of elasticity of prestressing wire (pst (MPal) E,, = design modulus of elasticity of steel cylinder (psi [MPa)) £ = design 28-day compressive strength of core conerete (pst [MPal) core concrete compressive strength at wrapping (psi [MPal) design compressive strength of test concrete (psi [MPa)) design 28-day compressive strength of coating mortar (pst [MPal) design 28-day tensile strength of coating mortar (psi (MPal) design tensile strength of core concrete (psi {MPal) tensile stress in prestressing wire (psi [MPa)) {gross wrapping tensile stress in wire (psi [MPal) specified minimum tensile strength of prestressing wire (ps! [MPal) tensile yield strength of prestressing wire (psi [MPa)) design tensile or compressive yield strength of steel cylinder (psi [MPa}) design tensile strength of steel cylinder at pipe burst (pst [MPal) (18,250) = extrapolated shrinkage strain of concrete test specimens at 50 years (18,250 days) ‘s{o) = shrinkage strain of concrete test specimens on m-th day after loading 4 = strain in prestressing wire = unit weight of concrete (Ib/ft3 [kg/m]) Ym = unit weight of mortar (Ib/ft? [kgim')) (18,250) = creep factor at 50 years (18,250 days) uy egquaps uoawouL fa peInqusig ‘pauRured 6 Gupiomeu 40 uoRINpaxdas eUT| ON “Ave 26n&,96SUED] 10 GOORIN Uo sdoH UEDOLY 0} PesuEDKFeUEIeU PEIYBUAEODPRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 13 Sec. 5.2 Materials and Manufacturing Standard ‘The concrete core, mortar coating, steel cylinder, and prestressing wire shall conform to the requirements of ANSHAWWA C301. Sec. 5.3 Properties of Core Concrete ‘The core concrete may be placed by the centrifugal-casting method, by the vertical casting method, or by the radial-compaction method. The concrete placed by the centrifugal method is referred to in this standard as spun concrete and that Placed by the vertical casting method as cast concrete. Conerete placed by radial compaction, which has been shown to have strength, shrinkage, and creep properties equivalent to spun concrete, is also considered as spun concrete in this standard. 5.3.1 Compressive strength of concrete. The minimum design compressive strength of the core concrete, based on 28day tests of concrete eylinders in accordance with ANSIAWWA C301, shall be as follows: Cast concrete f," Spun concrete f; 4,500 psi (31.0 MPa) = 6,000 psi (41.4 MPa) 5.3.2 Minimum compressive strength of concrete at wrapping. ‘The rainimum compressive strength of the core concrete, based on tests of concrete cylinders in accordance with ANSVAWWA C301, at the time of wrapping shall be as follows Cast concrete fe = 3,000 psi (20.7 MPa) ‘Spun concrete f= 4,000 psi (27.6 MPa) bbut not less than 1.8 times the initial prestress in the core (that is, the inital prestress in the core shall not exceed 0.55 //). 5.3.3 Tensile strength of concrete.’ The design tensile strength of the core concrete is We 45.) Where: design 28-day compressive strength of core conerete in pst 058) Where: Gs “For commentary see appendix A, Sec. AS. design 28-day compressive strength of core conerete in MPa ‘uy ayueeg ues fa pe;nqsiC “panned 5 Sunsoaysu 49 uoqoNpaida! Jey ON “ZNO 889 S;e84HD} JO} gODe-HeEEL UO J94S6H UeUOL! ©} PesUEDy YevEIeN PoNIBUKdD14 awwa caos-a0 5.34 Modulus of elasticity of concrete” ‘The design modulus of elasticity of the core conerete is TAC (845-2) Where: Ye = 145 twin Ef = design 28-day compressive strength of conerete in psi E,= 007ay, (4,998 Where: Yo = 2,823 kylm* fe = design 28-day compressive strength of concrete in MPa Each factory where PCCP ts to be manufactured shall perform a quality: assurance test to determine the modulus of elasticity of the conerete mix with the aggregates and cement to be used in the pipe manufacture. If the measured modulus of elasticity is less than the value computed from Eq 5-2, the design modulus of elasticity shall be modified for all pipe manufactured using these aggregates and cement. The average modulus of elasticity of concrete produced at the factory shall be determined from tests of at least five molded cylindrical test specimens of concrete ‘meeting the requirements of ANSI/AWWA C301. The test specimens shall be molded and cured in accordance with ASTM C192 and tested in accordance with ASTM C469 at an age of 28 days to determine their modulus of elasticity. Five companion test specimens shall be molded and cured in accordance with ASTM C192 and tested in accordance with ASTM C39. The mean 28-day compressive strength and the standard deviation s of the sample of five test specimens shall be computed. The design 28-day compressive strength of the test concrete shall be [p> F-084s 453) For purposes of these tests, /; shall range between 4,500 and 6,500 psi (31.0 to 44.8 MPa). ‘The modulus of elasticity multiplier is E, Ce= 45-4) f 1587 Where: Ez, (psi) = the average of the five or more modulus of elasticity test results Ye = M5 tite “For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A, 2 uweI9g uoRWoNL ha BaNRWREG “Pen}Usad s! SupuoMsU 10 oqonpaide stun} ON “AO Bsn Ke8=uEN 20} OZ~sEN-Z! Uo ede} UAUOLJ of po=uEDH URE peIYbKHEPRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 15 E, Ce ct dora ES Where: F(MPe) = the average of the five or more modulus of elasticity test results, Ye = 2,823 kgim? If Cis less than 0.9 for all pipe manufactured using the aggregates and cement used in the test, the design modulus of elasticity shall be reduced by multiplying the result of Eq 5-2 by Cp, and the modular ratios given in Sec. 6 and 8 shall be increased by dividing them by Cp. ‘The quality-assurance test to determine modulus of elasticity shall be made annually or whenever the sources of aggregate or cement are changed, 5.3.5. Stress-strain relationship of concrete” The design stress-strain rela. tionship of the core concrete is shown in Figure 2A. 5.3.6 Creep and shrinkage properties of concrete. Bach factory that manufac tures PCCP shalll perform a quality-assurance test of concrete creep and shrinkage on a mix with the aggregates and cement to be used in the manufacture of pipe (without additives or admixtures). If either the measured concrete creep factor or shrinkage strain is more than the value computed in accordance with ACI 209R-82, the design creep factor and shrinkage strain shall be modified for all pipe ‘manufactured using these aggregates and cement, The creep and shrinkage-strain properties of concrete produced at the factory shall be determined from tests of at least one set of molded cylindrical test specimens of concrete meeting the requirements of ANSIAWWA C301. The test specimens shall bbe molded in accordance with ASTM C192. Each set of test specimens shall include Specimens for creep tests, 5 specimens for shrinkage tests, 9 specimens for ‘modulus-of-elasticity tests, and 10 specimens for compressive-strength tests. Each of the specimens shall be cured and stored in accordance with the requirements for “Standard Curing” in Section 6.1 of ASTM C512. Creep specimens shall be tested in accordance with ASTM C512, Compressive strength and modulus of elasticity shall be determined in accordance with ASTM C39 and C469, respectively. Immediately before loading the creep specimens, the compressive strength of concrete shall be determined by testing five of the strength specimens in accordance with ASTM C39, Creep-test specimens shall be loaded at 7 days to a compressive stress level ranging from 30 to 40 percent of the compressive strength of the concrete at loading age. Strain readings of loaded specimens shall be taken immediately before and after loading, 7 days after loading, and 28 days after loading. Shrinkage strains shall be measured at the same times as strain readings of loaded specimens. Additional strain readings may be taken at other times, ‘The 28-day compressive strength of concrete shall be determined by testing the remaining five strength specimens in accordance with ASTM C39 and averaging their results. The 28-day modulus of elasticity of concrete shall be determined by testing five test specimens in accordance with ASTM C469 and averaging their results. *For commentary see appendix A, Sec, A.10. 122020] 10, 90zEHZ1 UO 0IdoH VepOL or HEBBEN FNRI PANEKADD 2 oy ws;9g UoRWOUL Ka pers ‘pEnuZed & Cupsomou 10 uoHNpaAde:oKgTY ON “AEN16 Awwa can4.o9 4 Onsot of neat ot Visibe Cracking 4 3 Vl 2 | onset ot & | Visible Cracking | ; iB 5 3 8. Assumed for mortar coating of the pipe Figure 2 Stress-strain relationships for concrete and mortar in tension and compression ponds: Bunvoneu 0 lang voswiouy Aa paras “ouPRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 17 In addition to the items required by ASTM C512 to be included in the report, the following items shall be reported: 1, Shrinkage strains at designated ages (j-n./In, [mm/mm). 2. Compressive strength at 28 days of age (pst [MPal). 3. Modulus of elasticity at 28 days of age (pst [MPal), 4. Cement content of the concrete (lb/yd? [kg/m’)} 5. Water/eement ratio, The average of five specific creep strains plus the initial clastic. strains measured up to 28 days after loading shall be extrapolated using the BP-KX model of drying creep (Bazant, Kim, and Panula (1991, 1992) or the ACI 209R-92 model of drying creep to compute the specific creep plus instantaneous strain at 50 years, A procedure for the extrapolation is discussed in Ojdravic and Zarghamee (1996), The resulting creep factor at 50 years is computed by dividing the speeific creep strain at 50 years, (18,250) by the specific initial strain, ‘The concrete creep factor multiplier C, is the ratio of the creep factor at 50 years to the computed value of the ereep factor using ACI 209R-92, & (18,250) 2.0 If Cis greater than 1.1, for all pipe to be manufactured using the aggregates ‘and cement used in the test, the design creep factor shall be increased by multiplying the creep factor @ given in Eq 6-16 by Cy. ‘The average of five shrinkage strains measured at 28 days after loading of the creep specimens shall be extrapolated using the BP-KX model of shrinkage (Bazant, Kim, and Panula [1991, 1992]) or the ACI 209R-92 model of shrinkage to compute the shrinkage strain at 50 years, s(18,250), A procedure for the extrapolation is discussed in Ojdrovic and Zarghamee (1996). The concrete shrinkage strain multiplier C, is the ratio of the shrinkage strain at 50 years to the computed value of the shrinkage strain using ACI 209R-92. c, = 118.250) 700 If C, is greater than 1.1 for all pipe to be manufactured using the aggregates and cement used in the test, the design shrinkage strain shall be increased by multiplying the shrinkage strain s given in Eq 6-17 by Cy Creep and shrinkage measurements shall be made whenever the sources of aggregate or cement are changed. Properties of Coating Mortar ‘The mortar coating is a cement-rich mixture of sand and cement that is applied as a dense and durable coating with a minimum thickness of 0.75 in. over the outer layer of prestressing wire. 54.1 Compressive strength of mortar ‘The design compressive strength of the coating mortar Is f,"= 5,500 psi [37.9 MPa], 5.4.2 Tensile strength of mortar’ ‘The design tensile strength of the coating mortar Is, Vln (Bq 5:5) For commentary see appendix A, See. A. ‘uy ayueiog vos fq payqeC “panned s| BupsoNysu 29 uoRanpaida! xy ON “AO BSN S,98UE0} 40, 9OOEHENKZ: UO aM=H UEUOLS oY PesUED]YeumEW PoRYBIAGOD18 AWWA.C204.99 Where: fg” = design 28-day compressive strength of coating mortar in pst Fin = 0:58,[Tyr Where: fn’ = design 28-day compressive strength of coating mortar in MPa 54.3 Modulus of elasticity of mortar” ‘The design modulus of elasticity of the coating mortar is, 158 yf) E956) Where Ym = 140 tite? fpr = 8,500 pst wordy! (408 Where Ym = 2,242 kg/m? fn’ = 37.9 MPa 5.44 Stress-strain relationship of mortar: ‘The design stress-strain relation- ship of coating mortar is shown in Figure 2B (page 16). Sec. 5.5 Properties of Steel Cylinder ‘The cylinder shall be fabricated from either hot-rolled or cold-rolled steel sheet, conforming to the requirements of ANSVAWWA C301. The minimum wall thickness of the steel cylinder shall be USS 16 gauge (1.52 mm). 5.5.1 Yield strength of steel cylinder. The design yield strength of the steel cylinder in tension shall be yy = 33,000 psi (227 MPa) or the specified minimum yield strength, whichever Is greater. 5.5.2 Strength of steel cylinder at burst! ‘The usable design strength of the steel cylinder at burst for a pipe subjected to hydrostatic pressure shall be “For commentary see appendix A, Sec, A {For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A.11 “uy suqueag uosweUL f9 peypausig “payed 5 Bupsomsu Jo UoqonpeidesJlgiy ON “AUD 98n §:98U991 30; gOO-EHZI UO Ide} UEUOL oF PesUEDHFeHOIeW PoIyBUAdoDPRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 19 Figure 3 Stress-strain relationship for steel cylinder in tension and compression If the specified minimum yield strength of the eylinder steel is greater than 45,000 psi [310 MPal, the larger value may be used for fy 5.5.3 Modulus of elasticity of steel eylinder. The design modulus of elasticity of the steel cylinder shall be By = 30,000,000 psi (206,850 MPa) 5.5.4 Stress-strain relationship of steel cylinder. “The design stress-strain rela- tionship for the steel cylinder is shown in Figure 3 Sec. 5.6 Properties of Prestressing Wire ‘The prestressing wire shall be hard drawn steel wire conforming to ANSI/ AWWA C301. The minimum diameter of wire shall be USS 6 gauge (4.88 mm) for all pipe sizes (see Figure 4). 5.6.1 Gross wrapping stress of wire. ‘The design gross wrapping stress fu, the stress in the wire during wrapping, Is 75 percent of the specified minimum tensile strength of the wire. fog = O.T5 hay 5.6.2 Yield strength of wire. ‘The design yleld strength of wire fy is 85 percent of the specified minimum tensile strength of the wire. “24 syuens uoswour fa pring ‘peued s Bupuomeu 40 upTaRpalcas Joy oN “sO Os S;9e8URD} JO} gOOR-FENEZL UO 12j40}4 UEUOLS 0} PEsUED)JeusIeN PayBAEOD20 AWWA .c304.09 eu pension Wire Sess (fa) ° {3 "ao2"odoa'o.dos'ados 0.10°0.gr2 odie Wire Strain Figure 4 Stress-strain relationship for 6-gauge prestressing wire in tension after wrapping at fog This stress level corresponds to the 0.2 percent strain offset in a wire before prestressing. 5.6.3 Modulus of elasticity of wire, ‘The design modulus of elasticity of wire, after wrapping at fp for stress levels below fp, shall be 28,000,000 psi (193,050 MPa) 5.6.4 Stress-strain relationship of wire’ The design stress-strain relation- ship for prestressing wire, after wrapping at fg is shown in Figure 4 and is given in the following equation: fy = eBy for ey feglEy (457) Fyy( 1 [1 ~0.6133(0,£/f,)I°?* or 04> fig/ B, bu oy qses uosuou £4 PENNER] ‘PERRUH 8} BuRvOMoU 20 uoRoNpEAdes ULI ON, “uO esn 5e08UeOR 2) 9007-FEREZI UO Jeo} UENOLS oy pes “Por commentary see appendix A, Sec. A.12PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE. 21 SECTION 6: STRESSES FROM PRESTRESSING™ Sec. 6.1 Notation PPARs oP WPF PPO L LS “For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A.13. core concrete area, excluding steel-cylinder area (in.ift [mm*/m)) total area of prestressing wire (in.“/ft [mm®/ml) area of the /th layer of prestressing wire (int {mm?/m)) area of the final layer of prestressing wire (inf {ram@/ml) steel-cylinder area (in.2/ft [mm2/ml) concrete modulus of elasticity multiplier wire intrinsic-relaxation multiplier concrete shrinkage strain multiplier concrete creep factor multiplier outside diameter of steel cylinder (In, fmm) design modulus of elasticity of core concrete (psi {MPal) design modulus of elasticity of prestressing wire (psi [MPal) design modulus of elasticity of steel cylinder (pst [MPal) design 28-day compressive strength of core conerete (psi [MPal) initial prestress in core concrete (psi [MPal) initial prestress in core concrete after applying the j-th layer of prestressing (psi [MPal) final prestress in core concrete (psi [MPal) .gr0ss wrapping stress in prestressing wire = 0.75 fy, (psi [MPal) initial stress in a single layer of prestressing wire (psi [MPa}) initial stress in the j-th layer of prestressing wire (psi [MPal) final prestress in a single layer of prestressing wire (psi [MPal) final prestress in the jh layer of prestressing wire (psi [MPal) specified minimum tensile strength of prestressing wire (pst [MPal) Initial prestress in steel cylinder (psi {MPa}) final prestress in steel cylinder (psi [MPal) thickness of inner core concrete (in, {mm)) thickness of outer core conerete (in. {mm} thickness of coating, including wire diameter (in, [mm}) intrinsic relaxation of wire at 1,000 h, percent of initial stress modular ratios of prestressing wire to core concrete at wrapping and ‘at maturity, respectively modular ratios of steel cylinder to core concrete at wrapping and at maturity, respectively decompression pressure that relieves final prestress in the core concrete (psi {kPal) Wire-relaxation factor for a single layer of prestressing Wwire-relaxation factor for the outer layer of prestressing \wire-relaxation factor for the j-th layer of prestressing relative humidity (percent) design shrinkage strain for a buried pipe uy aypuaas vos fq payqUIEIG “panned 5 Bupsouyeu 40 uoRanpaidal JsquTY ON “~\UO @sn§/98U20] 50} GOORIN UO HeIdeH UEUoLY e}pesusSH eUBIEW PaNUAdoD22 AWWA c30499 Sc: Scom: Sm = Shrinkage strain for inner core, outer core and coating, and coating. only, respectively Si. % = shrinkage strain for inner core and outer core, respectively, when, volume-to-surface correction factor = 1.0 t= time period of exposure of pipe to outdoor environment (day) fy = time period of exposure of pipe to burial environment before water filling (day) = design creep factor for a buried pipe = creep factor for inner core, outer core and coating, and coating only, respectively = creep factor for inner core and outer core, respectively, when volume-to-surface correction factor = 1.0 (= creep and shrinkage volume-to-surface ratio correction factor, respectively ‘creep and shrinkage relative humidity correction factor, respectively Pe” Sec. 6.2 Prestress Losses ‘The state of stress in PCCP is governed by the prestress lasses resulting from ereep and shrinkage of conerete and mortar and relaxation of the wire. Sec. 6.3 State of Stress With a Single Layer of Prestressing 6.3.1 Initial prestress. The initial prestress in the concrete core, the steel cylinder, and the prestressing wire is Ad, E ig fie Ran At wa (Eq 6-1) a mA nA, fy = Bile 96-2 leg + Pilic {Eq 6-3) ‘where compression is taken as positive, and tension is taken as negative. 6.3.2 Final prestress, ‘The final prestress in the concrete, the steel cylinder, and the prestressing wire, after creep and shrinkage of the concrete core and the mortar coating and relaxation of the prestressing wire. Is og = Act tea yA) —(AgE + ALS AR, en AS WAS 1, AYTFO | Adbidbn' + By) ~ Agog (49) fy Aen Ast ae ANU +8) cee Adhgoiig E,9)~ RAglgn {1 +9) fag = Ligh Rg MeLidte FeV RA shag 1+ 9) (59 6-5) AS GAP aA YL oePRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 23 6.3.3 Decompression pressure. The decompression pressure P, the pressure that just overcomes the final prestress in the core, is p, = falc Act aA) on 6D, Sec. 6.4 State of Stress With Multiple Layers of Prestressing 64.1 Applicability” This section applies to pipe with multiple layers of prestressing where the clear radial distance between layers is nominally equal to one wire diameter, For designs with greater radial distance between prestressing layers, special designs are required. 64.2 Initial prestress. The initial prestress in concrete for a pipe with multiple layers of prestressing is the sum of the initial prestress caused by each layer of prestressing fic = fier + fica * fies (Eq 6-8) Where: Aah fre ——Ast fe Eq 6-9) ASH Ag* aA, Aa f, S ba fag fea” Fafa tA aA, a 6-10) Ags fica a (Eq 6-11) AF RAg + Ag* Ag mA, ‘The initial prestress for each layer of prestressing wire is Fin eg + mies * foe * Fed (q6-12) fia hg + mUliea + besd (296-13) fram lg + M4 bes (eq614) ‘The initial prestress in the stec! cylinder is given in Eq 6-2. "For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A.14 “ou oynuons voswous Aa poinqiisc “pened s! Sunpomeu 10 Loyanpeidos sunny ON “vO SUA 405 BOOR"sENZ1 UOs8}SOH UEUELS cr pasuoDH aE PNBKdOD24 AWWA ca0499 64.3. Final prestress, ‘The final prestress is given in Eq 6-4 for concrete core and Eq 6-5 for steel cylinder, with Ay= Ay + Ag + Ag. The final prestress in the jth layer of prestressing is ALi an,+ #9-(S% 4a) Fag dl +O) fay © lass Rylog* aya fag AaAeh (Bq 6-15) Dare 6.4.4 Decompression pressure. ‘The decompression pressure for a pipe with ‘multiple layers of prestressing is given in Eq 6-7, with A,= Ay. + Ag + Ag, Sec. 6.5 Modular Ratios The modular ratios for concrete where fis in psi are as follows: Cast Concrete ‘Spun Conerote ‘Ae Wrapping %, 109 (72799 100 (6°22 nf 17 (fey 107 (4799 ‘Alter Maturity. m% 93 (49°08 95 (478 ag 99 (eyes 302 (4°8 Where f is in MPa, replace fin the above equations with 145 /. Based on the quallity-assurance test of concrete modulus of elasticity discussed in Sec. 5.3.4, if the design modulus of elasticity needs to be reduced, then the modular ratios described in this section shall be increased by dividing them by Cp Sec. 6.6 Design Creep Factor and Design Shrinkage Strain for Buried Pipe’ For a buried pipe, the creep factor @ and shrinkage strain s are co * Mn) %com= nm * Meter Bert Beg (Eq 6-16) = Ceo* Bm) Scom= MnSn* MesSes es meee feo Where: cr Geom Yn Sct Scom aNd 5, are creep factors and shrinkage strains for the inner core, the outer core plus the coating, and for the coating, respectively. If, based on the quality-assurance tests of concrete creep and shrinkage discussed in See. 5.3.6, the design creep factor and shrinkage strain need to be Increased, the values of and s computed in Eq 6-16 and 6-17 shall be multiplied by Gand C,, respectively, “For commentary see appendix A, Sec, Al ‘4 oyquens uosuus fa psinqsa “poynuued s Supsonyou 1 Ueanpaidas un} ON “ALO BBN 983482) 2} EODZENKE UO JA;deH UevOLY oi pAsvADH UREN PERENACEDPRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE. 25 ‘The volume-to-surface ratio of a cylinder with only one exposed surface is equal to its thickness. Creep factors and shrinkage strains are expressed in terms of volume-to-surface ratios as follows: Gar = Orr) (Eq 6-18) Geam™ Q24(Beo + Hin) (Eq 6-19) m= Q2Y(lnd (Eq 6-20) and Sea = S11 (hed) (Eq 6-21) Scom™ SAY (Bey + Pr) (Eq 6-22) Sm = 2g) (Eq 6-23) Where: ‘yand 7’ are volume-to-surface correction factors for ereep and shrinkage. 1, Si. G2, and s2 are the ereep factors and shrinkage strains for inner core conerete and outer core conerete for the special case of 7 = 7’ = 1.0. The functions (4) and ¥(b) of the volume-to-surface ratio h are: yh) = %g(1 + 1.136") (Eq 6-24) (hy = 1.26012 (Bq6.25) Values of 61, 62, si, and 52 are determined on the basis of the following design scenario for exposure of buried pipe 1. ‘The inner and outer surfaces of the pipe are exposed to an outdoor environment with a specific relative humidity RH for f days: 2. The inner and outer surfaces of the pipe are exposed to @ burial environment with 92.5 percent relative humidity for an additional fp days. 3. The inner surface of the pipe is exposed for the remainder of the plpe's service life to a 100 percent relative humidity environment (water-filled condition), while the outer surface continues to be expesed to the burial environment The minimum values oft; and f far which the pipe shall be designed are 1, = 210 days (® months): = 90 days (3 months) Longer exposure periods may be specified by the purchaser, Values for $, $2. 5). and s, are given in the following table for ( = 270 days, t 10 days, and two different relative humidities of the preburial environment. The design relative humidity before burial may not exceed 70 percent. For a design relative humidity between 70 and 40 percent, the constants @). 2, , and sp shall be ‘computed by linear interpolation between the values given in the table, For a design uy auquaes uosueus fa porngusg ‘peunued 8 Supiomyeu 0 Uo»npeides syn} ON “AV Asn s28sus09 2 GONEHEN-Z1 UO 0Id0H UEHOLY cH pesUEDY eUReW eRYEUAdOD26 AWWA CaD490 relative humidity less than 40 percent, the constants 9, 62, $1, and s2 shall be those given in the table for RH = 40 percent. Cast Core Constant RH= 70% _RH= 40% e 176 Bie & 179 24 - - a 184 x10 262 x 10° nix10% 157 x 10-6 2 20910 —a77 x 10% = = Values of 1, 6 51, and for cast core concrete when rf #270 days or f # 90 days may be calculated from the following expressions: 4 ase 206s, + 008 +08] ©4 6-26) 1+10/6,°° 14 10/(4, + &) ee 209 2265, +065] 4627) T1074) sexo 9f = 022594, 022544, 6) | sy = 312x10 | cramer (Eq 6-28) = rap OAD 804 95] tea0.29) Where: p= 0.8 and p’ = 0.7 for RH = 70 percent P= p’= 10 for RH = 40 percent Values of 44, $2, sj, and se for spun core concrete are 60 percent of the values calculated for cast concrete, Sec. 6.7 Wire-Relaxation Factor 6.7.1 The wire-relaxation factors for pipe with a single layer of prestressing. using ASTM A648 wire with normal intrinsic relaxation and prestretched to fog = 0.75 fay, ave as follows: R= 0.111 ~ 3,5(A,/A) for cast concrete (Eq 6-30) R= 0.132 ~ 3.1(4\/4,) for spun concrete (€g631) 6.7.2. The wire-relaxation factors for multiple layers of prestressing, using ASTM A648 wire with normal intrinsic relaxation and prestretched to fyy = 0.75 fy, are as follows: ‘uy synue9g voswouL, Aq pargtsiG “peyuUd = BupyoMeu 10 UENoNpeIdaL Joys ON “Auo Bsn $.998V90N 0) o02-HEH ZL WO JOHIEH UROL o PEEUED} eUEREU RaWBUKdODPRESFRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 27 A R= 0.113 ~ssfo.orat +0. a0(4s Aex)] forcast concrete 46.32) Ay A, A = 0.427 ~5.0f0.17( 42427) «0.8348) for cast can : Re= 027 sofa ue “) 83) fm t concrete (Eq 6-33) A y= ent -2s[0es4s 0.39 e909 Ree 0.27 -2,5[0.00(32 (£9 6-35) Where: Ry = the relaxation factor for the first layer Ry = the relaxation factor for the final layer of prestressing ‘The relaxation factors for the other layers of prestressing are obtained by linear interpolation. 6.7.3 Each factory where ASTM A648 wire is made for PCCP shall perform a quality-assurance test of wire relaxation. The normal intrinsic relaxation of wire for an initial stress of 0.7 /, at 1,000 h, determined in accordance with the requirements of ASTM A648, is denoted by J. For normal intrinsic relaxation, / = 6.8 percent of the initial stress. The wire intrinsic relaxation multiplier, Cig = 116.8, is the ratio of the intrinsic relaxation of wire to normal intrinsic relaxation. If Cg > Ll, the wire-relaxation factors shall be calculated based on the provisions of Sec. 6.7.4 and 675, 6.7.4 The wire-relaxation factors for pipe with a single layer of prestressing, using ASTM A648 wire with higher than normal intrinsic relaxation and pre: stretched to fyy = 0.75 fyy are R = 0.035 + 0.146 Cp - (0.95 + 2.55 Cy V(As/A,) for cast concrete (Eq 6-36) R = 0.004 + 0.128 Ce ~ (2.01 + 1.08CR)(Ag/A, for spun concrete (Eq 6-37) 6.7.5 The wire-relaxation factors for multiple layers of prestressing, using wire ‘with higher than normal intrinsic relaxation and prestretched to fuy= 0.75 fyy ate Ast ‘A, An Ry = 0.044 +0.069 Cx S.8[0.6158 +0.36(5 3) for cast concrete (Eq 6-38) Rp= 0.050+0.077 Cp-5. ofo 17 for cast concrete (Eq 6-39) “2 ynuaps uosuouL Ka peynqrs10 “pays 5} BupvoNTeU 10 uoRanpOsAs Jay ON “fuO AEN =.998U=OH JO} SZ~HEN-Z: HO JAKdaH UeUOLY O paBUEdK eUSIew! pEWOUKdoD28 AWWA C0499 | for spun concrete (Eq 6-40) Ry= 0.050+0.077 Cy— 25[0.00(4 for spun concrete (Bq 6-41) SECTION 7: CRITERIA FOR LIMIT-STATE LOADS AND PRESSURES Sec. 7.1 Notation Ac = core conerete area, excluding steel-cylinder area (in.2/ft [mm@/mnl) A, = total area of prestressing wire (in.2/ft [mm/m]) Ay = steel-eylinder area (in 2/ft (mm?/m)) d= conter-to-center wire spacing (in. {mm} d, = wire diameter (in. [mm] Dy = outside diameter of steel eylinder (in. [mml) E, = design modulus of elasticity of core concrete (psi [MPal) - design modulus of elasticity of coating mortar (psi [MPa)) final prestress in core concrete (psi [MPal) = design 28.day compressive strength of core concrete (psi [MPal) = design 28-day compressive strength of coating mortar (psi {MPal) 0.75 fy = gross wrapping stress (psi [MPal) = specified minimum tensile strength of wire (psi [MPal) = 0.85 f,, = wire tensile yield strength, corresponding to 0.2 percent offset strain (pst [MPai) ‘= design tensile yield strength of steel cylinder (psi [MPal} design tensile strength of core concrete (psi {MPal) design tensile strength of coating mortar (psi [MPal) FTI, FT2 = design factored working-load and field-test pressure combinations FWI = design factored working-load combination FWTI-FWT6 = design factored working. plus transient-load and internal-pressure PPPnap Pay combinations P, = decompression pressure (psi (kPal) Pj. = maximum internal-pressure limit under working plus transient condition (pst {kPa} WI, W2 = design working-load and internal-pressure combinations WTI-WT3 = design working- plus transient-load and internal-pressure ‘combinations “For commentary see Appendix A, Sec. A.16. “uy “ounuees uoswout Ka parnquisig ‘penjuied 8 Bupvonou Jo Lorpnposdes soy ON “Ao aBn $.20sue04 30} zz HO JAH Ue. OF pAEURDH eHOREW PENBIdODPRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 29 ex = tensile strain limit in core concrete at first visible cracking EK = tensile strain limit in coating mortar at first visible cracking £/ = tensile elastic strain corresponding to tensile strength of concrete core, f° Fim = tensile elastic strain corresponding to tensile strength of coating mortar, fn ey = tensile strain limit in core concrete for working conditions alone Ewin = tensile strain limit in coating mortar for working conditions alone Sec. 7.2 Limit-States Design PCCP shall be designed for the following limit states: 1, Serviceability limit states 2. Blastic limit states 3. Strength limit states Sec. 7.3 Serviceability Limit-States Design Criteri: The serviceability limit-states design criteria for working and working plus transient conditions shall be as follows: 7.3.1 Core crack control, The tensile strain at the inside surface of the core shall be limited to the following: load and pressure combination W1: ey’ = 1.5e/ load and pressure combinations FTI, WTI, and WT2: ¢,’ = lle, 1.3.2 Radial tension control. The calculated radial tensile stress at the interface between the inner core and cylinder of ECP shall be a maximum of 12 psi lunder working-load combination FW1 and under working-plus.translent-load combination WTS, 1.3.3. Coating crack control. The tensile strain at the outside of the coating shall be limited to the following: toad and pressure combination WL: Eyiny = O.8€ im Toad and pressure combinations FTI, WTI, and WT2: ey = Ben ‘The tensile strain at the outside surface of the concrete core shall be limited to the following load and pressure combination WI: ¢,/ = 1 5e/ load and pressure combinations FT1, WT, and WT2: ey’ = Ley 7.3.4 Core compression control. The maximum compressive stress at the in- side surface of the core shall be limited to the following load combination W2: 0.55 (2 load combination WT3: 0.65 /; ou aunuepg uosuou. 4a pemained “pemued | GuRvON.eL 20 LoFINpOIdeL RAIN ON “AUD 8a = 9e8UD] 20} POET ZL UO syHo} UENOLY 0 pose30 AWWA Cs01.99 7.3.5 Maximum pressures. The maximum internal pressure shall be limited to the following: ECP load and pressure combination Wi: P, load and pressure combination WTI: min. (14 Py Py) LP load and pressure combination W1: 0.8 P, load and pressure combination WTI: min, (1.2 Py, Pj) where: Pj = the internal pressure that, acting alone, produces (1) strain in the coating of 0.5 en; or (2) axial tensile stress in the core of 5/7 where ff is in psi or O.41,[ where f; is in MPa for ECP, and 3,ff, where £; is in psi or 6.25.7; where f; is in MPa for LCP, calculated using the uneracked properties of the net section, which- ever Is less. Sec. 7.4 Elastic Limit-States Design Criteria ‘The elastic limit-states design criteria also represent serviceability require- ments, because exceeding the elastic limits does not cause failure of the pipe. These criteria apply to working-pressure and load plus transient-pressure and load conditions or to working-pressure and load conditions if no transient condition is required. The elastic limit-states design criteria are as follows: 74.1 Wire-stress control. The maximum tensile stress in the prestressing wire from load and pressure combinations FWT1, FWT2, and FT2 shall remain below the gross wrapping stress, fi and the maximum compression in the core from the same load combinations shall not exceed 0.75 f. TAZ Stool-cylinder stress control for ECP. The maximum tensile stress in the steel cylinder of ECP from load and pressure combinations WT, WT2, and FTI shall remain below the design yield strength of the steel cylinder f,, should the concrete crack at the inside of the pipe wall at the crown and invert, Also, to preclude separation of the cylinder from the outer core, should the inner core crack, the tensile stress in the cylinder caused by external load alone (with zero pressure) from load combination WT3 shall not exceed the compressive prestress in the cylinder. Although the application of pressure increases the tensile stress In the cylinder, the pressure also compresses the cylinder against the outer core concrete so that the ‘maximum condition for separation occurs with zero pressure in the pipe. Sec. 7.5 Strength Limit-States Design Criteria ‘The strength limit-states design criteria, applied to the working plus transient conditions, are as follows: 7.5.1 Wire yield-strength control. The maximum tensile stress in the pre stressing wire shall not exceed its yield strength, £,, when the pipe is subjected to the factored load and pressure combinations FWT3 and FWTA. “uy oyquaog uoswous 49 peinqasi ‘penuued s: Bupsowou 40 uoponpoidas JaguTy ON “AUD 8EN §8SU99)20} gOOZ-EN-ZL UO IEE} UELOLY 9 pesUeDy JeuD}eu PSWBIAdODPRESTRFSSRD CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 31 7.5.2 Core compressive-strength control. ‘The maximum combined moment and thrust at the springline shall not exceed the ultimate compressive strength of the core concrete when the pipe is subjected to the factored load combination FWTS. 7.5.3 Burst pressure. ‘The stress in the prestressing wire shall remain below the specified minimum tensile strength of the wire when the pipe is subjected to a factored pressure combination FWTS. 7.5.4 Coating bond'strength control. ‘To ensure satisfactory mortar-coating bond strength, the minimum design spacing of prestressing wires in the same layer shall be d/d, = 2 for ECP and d/d, > 2.75 for LCP. The maximum center-to-center design spacing of prestressing wires in the same layer shall be 1.5 in, (38 mm), except for LCP with wire 4 in, (6.35 mm) in diameter and larger, the maximum design spacing of prestressing wires shall be 1 in. (25 mm). 7.5.5 Pipe manufacture and storage in adverse environments.” Pipe manu factured and stored in hot andor dry environmental conditions should be protected against excessive heat and drying effects. Adverse environments for pipe manufac- ture and storage exist when (I) the normal maximum daily temperature exceeds 90°F (82°C) during the two-month period after pipe manufacture, referred to as a hot environment; or (2) the mean relative humidity is less than 40 percent during the two-month period after pipe manufacture, referred to as an arid environment. Protection of pipe in adverse environments shall be provided by the treatments Indicated in the following matrix and list. Pipe Treatment) Environmental Condition Not Arid ‘Ani Not Hot None 12 Hot 13 14 Pipe treatments: 1, Mortar coating shall have a minimum moisture content of 7.5 percent of the total dry weight of the mix. 2, A curing membrane shall be applied to the exterior of the pipe to retard moisture loss from the mortar coating, 3, Whitewash, paint, or other material shall be applied to the exterior of the pipe to reflect solar radiation. 4, A curing membrane shall be applied to the exterior of the pipe to retard ‘moisture loss from the mortar coating. The curing membrane shall be light in color. Whitewash, paint, or other material shall be applied over the curing membrane to reflect solar radiation, “For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A.1782 AWWA C304.00 SECTION 8: CALCULATION OF LIMIT-STATE LOADS Sec. 8.1 Notation > > SR ote ar 3G £0, flO GO AND PRESSURES core concrete area, excluding steel-cylinder area (in.2/ft [mm?/ml) total area of prestressing wire (in.7/ft {mm?/m]) area of the j-th layer of prestressing wire (in.2ft mm?m)) steel-cylinder area (init {mm@/m]) width of pipe erass section equal to 1 ft (0.30 m) wire diameter (in. (ram)) distance between midsurface of steel cylinder and inner surface of core (in. {mm)) clear distance between two layers of prestressing wire in pipe with multiple layers of prestressing (i. [mm outside diameter of steel cylinder (in. fmm), radial distance of ine of action of thrust N from inner surface of core (én. fmm) radial distance of line of action of thrust N, from inner surface of core (in, fmm) design modulus of elasticity for core concrete and coating mortar, respectively (pst [MPal) design modulus of elasticity of prestressing wire and steel cylinder, respectively (pst [MPal) = design 28-day compressive strength of core conerete (psi {MPal) design tensile strength of core concrete (psi [MPal) concrete stress at inner surface of core (psi [MPal) concrete stress at outer surface of core (psi [MPal) final prestress in core concrete, stee! cylinder, and prestressing wire, respectively, compression 1s positive (pst [MPal) = concrete stress at midsurface of steel cylinder (pst [MPal) = stresses at inner, middle, and outer fibers of coating, respectively (si [MPal) coating stress at center of prestressing wire (psi [MPal) specified minimum tensile strength of wire (pst IMPal) stress in the outer wire relative to the state of decamprossed core concrete (pst IMPal) stress in core, the jth layer of prestressing wire, and steel cylinder, respectively, corresponding to strain e (pst IMPal) final prestress in outer layer of prestressing wire, compression is positive (psi [MPa)) stress in steel cylinder relative to the state of decompressed core concrete (pst [MPal) tensile yield strength of steel cylinder (pst [MPal) design tensile strength of steel cylinder at pipe burst (pst [MPal) “For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A.18. ou “oynuees uosuous hq peynausig “pespuued 5) Busyonsu Jo Larenpouas syn ON “Auo Bsn ,965U0H 0} 0z-EN-Z1 UO Ja¥doH UEUCLY 6} PasUEDH eMSIeW! PEIBKdoD,Fein Ey Feo: Fey Fin PTL, PTZ FW FWTI-FWT6 fe fret By KR Ry My Me Mais Myy Meo: May Min Fess Eco Ems Emmy Emo ty Aes PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 33 stress resultants in the inner core section, steel cylinder, outer core section, prestressing wire, and coating, respectively (ibfft (Nim) design factored working-load and field-test pressure combinations design factored working-load combination design factored working. plus translent-load and internal-pressure combinations core thickness, including thickness of cylinder (in. fmm) (D,-Dj/2 ~ t= thickness of inner core conerete (in. mm)) coating thickness, inckuding wire diameter (in. [mml) dimensionless factors related to locations of neutral axis, defined in Sec. 8.9.1 through 8.9.4, separately ‘modular ratio of coating mortar to core concrete bending moment at invert and crown or springline, respectively bf-inJt [N-m/m}) ‘moment of stresses in the inner core section, steel cylinder, outer core section, prestressing wire, and coating, respectively (IbFin, [N-m/m) modular ratio of prestressing wire and steel cylinder to concrete, based on design moduli of elasticity thrust, resulting from final prestressing (Ibfift (N/m) thrust that produces fy and fy stresses in prestressing wire (ibfft N/m) thrust that produces fy, stress in steel cylinder of ECP (bt /ft {Nim thrust from internal pressure and loads at invert or crown, and springline, respectively (Ibift [Nim}) ‘maximum thrust limit under working plus transient conditions (bf/t [N/m}) burst pressure (psi [kPal) maximum pressure limit under working plus transient condition, Eq 8-1 and 8-2 (psi {kPa)) part of core under tensile softening in the descending section of stress-strain diagram (in. {mm) part of core under tension in the ascending section of stress-strain diagram (in (ram) thickness of cylinder (in. [mm design working-load and internal-pressure combinations design working- plus transient-load and internal pressure combinations ratio of the depth of Whitney block to the depth of the compression region for core and coating, respectively strain in the inner and outer surfaces of the core, and in the inner, middle, and outer surfaces of the coating, respectively strain increments in the midsurface of steel cylinder and center of the outer layer of wire, relative to the state of decompressed core, respectively concrete strain corresponding to fe tensile strain limit in core concrete at first visible cracking tensile strain limit in coating mortar at first visible cracking prestressing wire strains corresponding to fay. fy and fyy Fespectively tensile strain in the extreme fiber of the core clastic strain corresponding to tensile strength of core concrete, ff reuorew pasinkdog “ou oyguiag uostwous Aa penaatc “Pound | SuoyoMou 49 Lojonpeides atpny oN “uO sn =8UeD) 2} BONT~HEN-ZL UO J0}S0H UEYOLS or poe34 AWWA .C304.99 dy/t, in Sec. 89.1 and (he ~ dit, in Sec. 89.2 iigin “ d,i2h, IY Wd, * J- Day Wh. dye ele; ~ 1 = 10 Eqglt{ ~ 1 oF teilej ~ 1 © egmltygim Lat G, = radial tension between inner core and cylinder of ECP (pst [MPal) he Sec. 8.2 LimitStates Design Procedures ‘The design internal pressures, stresses, strains, and moments in the pipe wall shall not exceed the Limiting design criterta given in Table 3 for ECP and in Table 4 for LCP. Stresses and strains in the pipe wall shall be calculated from moments and thrusts in the pipe wall resulting from internal pressures, external loads, and the ‘weights of pipe and fluid. Moments and thrusts in the pipe wall shall be calculated by the procedures given in Sec. 4 using load and pressure factors presented in Sec. 3 and summarized in Table 1 for ECP and in Table 2 for LCP. The calculation of stresses and strains from moments and thrusts and the calculation of limiting pressures and moments shall follow the procedures defined in this section, Sec. 8.3 Maximum Pressures ‘The maximum pressure Py’ as defined in Sec. 7.3.5, is as follows: For ECP Ost Sf) eas Where ff and fy are inp Py = Pymin (Si. tt) Where f and fare in MPa For LCP Cee Tew Py = Pymin, (ess, 1 oft) e982) Where f2 and f,are in psi PK * Where f: and f,, are in MPa, ‘ syqueg uoswous fq pajnasig “Pannued 5 Bunsoaysu 10 Loganpaude up| EN “AU 8sN $,908U00] 4 G90eENZ} UO J2}40H UEvOL] oF P=SUEDH YUE PUBLAGODTable 3 Design load combinations and calculation references for embedded-cyli PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 35 Tinie Sates ‘Applieable Lond and Location Parpose Limiting Critestat Combinationst ‘Seviceablity To proce core Per wi ‘at Fall Pipe decompression Clreumferenee ‘To predlude coating cracking Pressure nie wr P= min (Pe. 1.4 P) ‘Sericeablty at To precde onsct of care Inside core tense strain Umit wr Secaat TaveriCrown — mleroeracking eg 1 5ey Innor core-t-eyinder radial tension rw e859) Tinie: 0, = 12 ps (082 MP) To preclude onset af core aside core tensile strain limit WEL, WT2, FTL See.89.1 sible cracking ee = Me? Inner core-to-eylinder radial tension wis 485) Tim 0, 5 12 pst (0.82 MPa} ‘Scviceabiiy tT preclude onsot of ore Outer care tensile ora Timi we See BOE Springline mlerocracking and to conteol yy = 1-5 ticroeracking of coat " "BOF AtINE Outer coating tensile strain lim: ne ¥ 08m = BAC ‘To preclude coating sible Outer core tensile strain limit: WTLWTZ,FTL — See892 cracking tes ty = Mey ‘Outer coating tensile strain lint: nw = = Bein ‘Tocontral core compression Inner core compression limi we See. 89.2 fy 20.55 fe Taner core compression limit: wrs See. 89.2 f= 085 fe insti Limit at To precade exceeding Hint’ Cylinder srers reaching yl WHI, Wi2, FT Sec 8 Invertrown stress in steel cylinder “bye Whe * Aly hy, (Onset of tension tn cylinder: wrs See. 89.1 “het Why Aly 20 Elastic Limit at To preclude exceeding wire fg wire tress Tit plus core PWT, FWT2,FT2 Sen 692 ‘Springing limit stress, p and maintain eampeesson limit ‘ote compression below 0.75, hy + Aly +A, = hy hye 018 fe Strengih at To preclude wire yelding fy wire stress Hit FWTS, FWTA Sen 892 ‘Springline Ig eg BE, = fy ‘To preclude core crushing Ultimate moments f= Mu WTS, See. 898 Bias Pressure To prevent burs failore P= Pp RWIS tea See See. 8 15ee Ser 4 “out oynwapos voswou Aq parntsig “payed s BupyoNyou 0 uoNpnpauda Jun ON {uO Bsn 5,3e5uEN 4} B902-EH-Z1 UO J0}60H UBUD Cr posueDH eUSTEW pEIUEHKAoD36 AWWA C0409 Table 4 Design load combinations and calculation references for lined-cylinder pipe criteria ae Timi States “Applinble Load Calculation and Location Purpose Limitog Cetterla™ Combinations? Reference Serviesbiity To preclude core decompression P= 08 P, wi Cr Cianetee Te preclude coating cracking Pressure mit: wrt ea P= mln (Py. 12 PD Secviceabilty at To preclude onset of core Tre cove tenalle strain Hit wi Se 8a TnvervGrown —mlercracking, f= b56 To precude onset of care Inside core tenale strain mit: WEL, WT2, PTL Sec. 89.4 se cracking w= ey = Ile Servicebilty at To preclude onset of core ‘ter core venaie strain Te wr Bec 882 Springing mlereracking and to control yy 1.5) a ute coating ens strain init Soy = OR i= 88 To preclude coating visible Cuter core Censlle strain WT1, WT2, FTI Sec. 8.92 cracking ea Ie (Outer coating tensile strain Hint na = hn = Min ‘To control core compression Inner cae compression Hint we See. 892 f= 058 fe Inge coe compression limit wr Sec 892 13065 Elastic Limit at To preclude exceeding wire fg wire stress limit pls coe WIT, FWT2, PT2 Sea 89.2 ‘Springline Umit stress, ag and core ‘Compression inte sompression stress of 0.75 f@ for ly + Bs = fg Petia Sirength at To predade wire yielding Ty wire sires Tn Fwrs, FWTa Sec 92 Sprinaine hg ie Ale by ‘To prelude core crushing Ulimate moment: M= My Fwrs See 8.93 Barat Pressure To prevent burst fallore FoF, wre en *See Section 8 ‘See Seton 4 Sec. 84 Maximum Thrust ‘The maximum thrust Ny’ is Ni = OD,Py’ (483) Where Dy is in in. and Py’ Is in psi Ny = MDP Where D, is in mm and Py is in KPa. “ou ynuops ussuous fa parnqusig “PayUUad 6 Bunsoyau 20 uonanpowda! Js4HN ON “uO 98N §.98UE0H 30} B9ER-IEN-ZL UO MOH UELOLS 1 PesUaDY feUE}eW PONPRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 97 Sec. 8.5 Burst Pressure ‘The burst pressure of the pipe is Py py Al Aah (Eq 8-4) 6D, Fy and fy 37 in ps and Dy isin in Py 2 Bal ie Asly y Where 4, and A, are in mm®, fy and fy, are in MPa, and 2, is in mm, Sec. 86 Radial Tension ‘The maximum radial tension, 6,, developed between the inner core and steel cylinder of ECP at the invert or crown of the pipe subjected to the bending moment (M; is computed as the maximum of ee so b Ge = HAF vA) By at va ve $1 and v, >: ~Fe2-2)] for As 1 and vz>0 rey a bet g-Taca vy) -%2 Ma sv) veal for A> 1 and y, . a [2c a7 gey) ah] fo A> Landy,>0 — (Eq8-5) 8 Vp ~ j/¢¢~ I ranges from ~1 to 10, The value of k is computed by the procedure described in Sec. 8.9 for computation of stresses and strains in the pipe vall subjected to moments and thrusts Sec. 8.7 Combined Loads and Internal Pressures at Design Limit States “The maximum loads that may be combined with any sperified internal pressure and the maximum internal pressures that may be combined with any specified external load for each of the design limit states defined in Sec. 7 shall be determined using the combined moment-thrust design limits described in See. 8.2, together with the relationships between internal pressure, external loads, pipe ancl fluid weights, and moments and thrusts given in Sec. 3 and 4 Sec. 8.8 Lines of Action of Thrusts ‘The radial distance from the inside surface of the pipe to the line of prestress thrust Vy is O5bh.+ MAL +2) + DA . Bh.+ nA, (A= DA, (Bq 8-6) “ou yes uoswou fg peingisio “pened e SunHoNaU 10 UojanpaNdaL Ja ORY “AUD AEN S9=SUeD] 20} BOOR-eRE-TL UO ;daH WELLS 0% paU=O38 AWWA .C304.99 and to the line of combined-load thrust \V resulting from internal pressure and loads \s, O.Sbhig+ (n= MAL + hg)+ (l= DAyy* mbbig( 1+ hn) OSbhet (a- MALL + A+ (E—DApyt mili thm) ag e Dh, =(n— MA, (ai LA, + mh, Gas Where: n= EYE, ri = E,/E, for both cast and spun concrete Sn fot Cy Sf, fe “EnmSEhm m (Eq 8-80) fOr ef ] 20} 9OGZ-N' ZI HO JIEoH MeL O pesUeDy eNETEU PERE HKD, ——— eg = (tv), fy = (14Ve)fy for v.50 = (2) for O0 » a = igasvg(i-¥) fy = fecvtvy (1-4) for vgs and atta for all vz and A2 1 f[t- Baw] toroevysv and net or for vy>vand 1-Lv and 4s 1-¥ VePRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 41 fo tel4-1) fae Gtevg(t-t) seg = e {EB 1) a= pcrryy (22-1) fie = mf eC +vg)( 1) — ta] tom = fb fam = fics vp( 2-1) tee (EM airsoft ‘The ratio of moduli of mortar and concrete m is computed from Eq 8-8a, in Which Emm is the strain in the mortar coating resulting from the combined effect of thrust Vj and moment Mj. EF = 0 implies Noo Ny ® Foyt Fyt Foot Fat Fy, (Eq 8-9) Where Fay =~ bk + Ve) for v2.0 = fag # Bey = — WOT AVL + OEY —Ve)hey for O Ne. M; shall not exceed the Mj-moment limit corresponding to the clastie limit stress fy in the steel cylinder: This will ensure that the limit criterion specified in Tables 3 and 4 is met, This Mj-moment limit at Nj ts computed by linear interpolation between the calculated My-moment limit at Ny and the zero moment corzesponding to the axial thrust N,, that causes yielding of the steel cylinder in the sence of external loa. P Ny Allo tert Bg) At B Aa Cast My) Where: [ete + btyy) = the stress in softened concrete calculated for strain at the onset of cylinder yielding where t= fr! Ee ‘Aeyy = the circumferential strain increment that produces eylinder yielding and fy(Caj + Aey) 1s the stress in the jth prestressing wire layer, calculated using Eq 5°7, for strain ty7;+ At,y where fq, = ~faylE 8.9.2 Serains stresses, thrusts, and moments at springline. The strain equa- tions stated below express the strains at the critical points of the pipe wall using the assumed value of strain at the outer surface of the core as expressed by the nondimensional factor vz and the assumed strain gradient expressed by the nondimen- sional factor X° (See Figure 6). The stress equations stated below are based on the stress-strain relationships of Sec. 5 and the strains at the critical points of the pipe wall i 5 Z 2 5 3 “uy woes unser Aa psinansia “pauRued | EupOMYoU 10 UoHoNpENdes LAA ON “uO as S28544 awa fey 3 ty ce Tesh Me b= vt f= be-we eee a Ee Stan Diagram ‘Stross Diograme Figure 6 Schematic of strain and stress distributions in pipe-wall cross section at springline Strain Equations Stress Equations f= (tye fy = (M4 v2)he for vz 0 for O¥ i i : i i g he wary ee) fy = Ce yp (G1) for yzs0 and alt or all v, and 421 for Ovand 1-¥sh<1PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 45 : for v,>v and 2< 1% ° oven ee ligt he for be, "far Mr AG = n(l vy) Ai = Hagley oe hy ag Note that £(¢,) denotes the stress in the prestressing wire calculated for a wire strain of e, from the wire stress-strain function (Eq 5-7). EF=0 implies INj“Ny = Fat Fy Fog Fy (Eq 8.11) Where: Fy = WA KOHL Fy = AlMh~fy) Fag = — WOR HL +VD) for ps0 = (Feo + Feo) where F,, =~ 4bi(1+ vyf‘and Fg = HOt —Vadlowy for 0v Fos - AMG EM about wire = 0 implies My + NLL +R dhic~ egl-Ng (1 +2.) fie el = Myyt M+ Me, (48-12) Where: ¢,and care given in Eq 86 and 8-7, respectively, and 7 d-kheg Mey = Fel (1 +2)b.- 4] My = Fyhlth,-2,) Feandret£) forvy0 ‘uy ounuseg uoswoUL fa psiNqUIEIG “PSHRUHed 5 Cupsomyou v0 LoTONpaISa! UN} ON “UO as Sesu804 4 GOORENEZL VO FId=H UEUOLY 1 esUEDH FEUD Pen/BUKdOD46 AWWA .ca04.09 refnaeri(ele > tey[ha rednactifvss =] tor yg>¥ For serviceability criteria, set e = ¢, This requirement Is consistent with the requirement that tensile stress in the mortar coating at the springline be neglected. For a pipe with multiple layers of prestressing (f= 2 or 3), the expressions for Aty Aly fen Fy. and A, defined earlier in this section refer to the outer layer of prestressing wire, and 22] fordeyes 2 )d+2U-Nedy dy = GaDdst?2U- dy 2h, Where: dy, = the total clear mortar thickness between wire layers, For the /th layer of prestressing wire, the strain in the wire ey is fa her E, Where: ok e ae fey = a0) ‘Ae, = the strain in the outer layer of prestressing wire. ‘The stress in the /th layer of prestressing wire fy is calculated from the stress~ strain function (Eq 5-7) substituting ey for In Eq 8:11 £ DFe A Where: Fy = ~AyAly, and Afy is expressed by Af, with Ay f, and fy, replaced by yy. fy. and fy, respectively. EM is calculated about the center of the outer layer of prestressing wire by adding Fihhor hy) to the right-hand side of Eq 8-12. Equation 8-12 is valid for Np < Ng. "ou sgnueps ueswouL fa parnqu “pemuued 8 SupsomeU 20 uopanpaida! Jeu ON “fo 9en geRUeRI 20} ;OOZENT ZI UO 2;deH UepOLS 9 PsUEDH YeuEVeU PEWBUIOD,PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 47 For Nz > Ny, Mz shall not exceed the Mz-moment limit corresponding to the elastic limit stress fy in the outer layer of prestressing wire (= 1, 2, or 3). This will ensure that the limit criterion specified in Tables 3 and 4 is met. The Mp-moment limit at Nz 1s computed by linear interpolation between the calculated My moment limit at Ng and the zero moment corresponding to the axial thrust Ng that causes elastic limit stress in the outer layer of prestressing wire without external load. “ Nag = ALL er Mag) + Ay lt yet sa)? Dal Ey Beg) Where: fe (eg + bags by (Eye + Stag), and Ly (Cay + Atgg) are the stresses in the core conerete, steel eylinder, and the jth layer of prestressing wire, caleulated from the stress-strain relationships of Sec. 5.3.5, 5.5.4, and 5.6.4, respectively; typ = GlE ys &scj=~Loy/Es +8 the wire tensile strain’ corresponding to the final presiress in the jth layer; and Aes, = tgp ~ Grr 18 the circumferential strain increment. For Nz > Nj’, My shall not exceed the Mz-moment limit corresponding to the yyleld strength fof the outer layer of prestressing wire (f'= 1, 2, or 3). This will ensure that the limit criterion specified in Tables 3 and 4 is met. The Mymoment it at Np is computed by linear interpolation between the calculated .M,_moment limit at Nj and the zero moment at the axial thrust N,, that causes yielding of the outer layer of prestressing wire without external load. ‘ Nay = ALS Bert Bly) + Alley, * Mey) * DAalaleas* Bea) Where: Fr er + Mey), fy (Eyr + Atay) and fy (Cary + Ae.) are the stresses in the concrete core, steel cylinder, and the j-th layer of prestressing wire, calculated from the stress-strain relationships of Sec. 5.3.5, 5.54, and 5.6.4, respectively; ty, = fly: 25, ~Lorj(Egis the wire tensile strain corresponding to the final prestress in the fth layer; and At, = ey, ~ egris the circumferential strain increment. 8.9.3 M2-Moment limit for ultimate compressive strength of core concrete. ‘The strain equations stated below express the strains at the critical points of the pipe wall using the ultimate strain of 0,003 at the inner surface of the core and the assumed strain gradient expressed by the nondimensional factor k’ (see Figure 7) ‘The stress equations stated below are based on a rectangular (Whitney) stress block for core concrete in compression, the stress-strain relationships of Sec. 5, and the strains at the eritical points of the pipe wall. “uy Suna Hoswous Aa peingnsG ‘Pannuod 5 BupuoMyeu 40 UoHONBe:dAs py ON “A\UO-8EN 98480934 G002-EN-ZL UO :0}46H UEUOLS oy PE=UED LOEW poRUBLKEED48 AWWA Ca04.09 —s ae ‘Strain Diagram ‘Strese Diagram Figure 7. Schematic of strain and stress distributions for computation of M;-moment limit for ultimate compressive strength of core concrete Strain Equations Stress Equations ey = 0.008, fey = 08562 KAY 4d) : bey = 0 fy = 0856; for dys BKd o for dy> Bkd Le Aly = B,Aty and shall not exceed fy ~ by + 2p Ah fle) + be~ hy ae f= 0) + foe Bhig In the above equations, f (¢) denotes the stress in the prestressing wire calculated for a wire strain of ¢, from the wire stress-strain function (Eq 5-7), and be, = 6, p= 085-0 03( 1 - 4) for £24,000 psi If fy is in MPa, substitute 145 f: for /: in the equation for B. EF =0 implies Ng- Np = Foyt Fy Fy (E4813) Where: Fy = WBKAq0.856.) & : ae fy) Ag ponuBshdog z 3 & = 2 H : “uy sunuans uoswou fe peinavsig “penned & Bupsonsau Je uofanpoidas sigiy ON “AD O8n 83908400} J0} 2002-20PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 49 Note that if Ae, 2 Atay = (L63/jy + fie Mfa)/Ey then set Af, = fay + ler ~ Mfr and Ae,y. Furthermore, if f, 163, eB 225 fis 0, < POY, then set Af, = fu) 1 -(1 0.613322) a Bicep thon set 3h, jul 1-(1-0.5133 z) fg le Ae, EM about wire = 0 implies My +(Ny~ NgM(L #2, )e~ &9) Ma* My (Eq8-14) Where: @, is given by Eq 8:6, and = Fd BK Ma = Fe t-EE) M, = Fid~ dp. Fora pipe with muliple layers of prestressing wie (f= 2 o ), the expressions for ty A fp Fy ad Ay defined earlier in thls Seton refer tothe outer layer of prestrssing wire, and ng = EBM 2U= Diy aS a 2h, Where: dy = the total clear mortar thickness between wire layers. For the jth layer of prestressing wire, the strain in the wire ey is fay Bler by Bey ten Where: dey = Ae, thal hye k and Ae, is the strain in the outer layer of prestressing wire, ‘The stress in the j-th layer of prestressing wire fy is calculated from the stress~ strain function (Eq 5-7) subsituting ey for €, “our syuans uoswous 4a pernansi “payed 8 Sunuomou 10 Uoponpaudes syn} of “KUO @6n 288U90) 40 9902~EN-Z1 UO s0}40H UENO o1 POsuEDH euRYEW PEIYBLKEOD50 AWWA can4.09, Strain Diagram ‘Stress Diagram Figure 8 Schematic of strain and stress distributions for computation of M,-moment limit for ultimate compressive strength of coating In Eq 8.13 Where: Fel = ~AyAly and Afy is expressed by Af, with 2. f, and f, replaced by hy fy. and fy respectively EM is calculated about the center of the outer layer of prestressing wire by adding = St eh) & to the right-hand side of Eq 8-14, 8.9.4 MyMoment limit for compressive strength of coating. ‘The Mj-moment limit for LCP computed in accordance with the procedures of this section is used in the moment-redistribution procedure described in Sec. 4.3.3. ‘The strain equations stated below express the strains at the critical points of the pipe wall using the ultimate strain of 0.003 at the outer surface of the coating and the assumed strain gradient expressed by the nondimensional factor ky (see Figure 8). The stress equations stated below are based on a rectangular (Whitney) stress block for coating mortar in compression, the stress-strain relationships of Sec 5. and the strains at the eritical points of the pipe wall “ou oyu uostoKs Aa peinaasa “paked | uoMoU 40 UoRoMpEAdes thn} ON “uO ean se8=uE J} BoNesENEZ: UO Ja;SeU UEUOLJ cr pEsuERY ENE PRUEUKEODPRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 51 Strain Equations Stress Equations © eg = eMC kd td] fy = 0 ice se dy +) Emote (kd, te, = meter Kye, af. S24 nee, oy deh AO b= aah, 7 ler Bend 5 byt ye ler fy = boo Emote Eeimat fe tag = Smet ter yooh fa = gather ae co Re Mh foo = ETRE ith for hye > 0 = 0, otherwise ‘, Ex, ne Berks + t= ni hath a Yaarereatal ds) hia, +h, rhs) Tins = O.85lqj, ——£0F Py Hehe < Britny =0 otherwise Smo = 0.003 fn = 085fy’ for kyc > -hM =0 otherwise In the above equations, mali dh +, fat en tno Ber ‘The depth of the Whitney block Bi¢fiq, in which By = 085 ~005( 8-4) wn f= 5500p should not be taken greater than the mortar thickness Hy If fis in MPa, substitute 145 for fin the equation for Br EF'= 0 implies No~ Ny = Foyt Fy + Fe Ft Fry (&q8-15) Where: 0 = Asal) Wok, di fey Ad, ~ fins Brit Polling Fae ap ‘ou oyuang uoswouL Ka paInqusig “penNuZEd s| BopsoML 20 oEMpOIKa! sR ON “AUD 9EN §:808UEDH 10, 9OG2-IFI-Z} UO 9} 40} UEDOLy 0} pasuEDs AUBIN PENNIES52 AWWA ca04.09 2M about cylinder = 0 implies M+ Ny(eg~d,)~Ny(e~ dy) = Mog't Met Moy (&q 8:16) Where: epand eare given by Eq 8-6 and 8-7, respectively, and k My = Fegdh(1- 2 mee) My = Fldy + hedg) Myy = Fg( dh + Bay YB yon) For LCP, the cylinder and the first layer of prestressing wire are lumped into an equivalent steel area, Analysis is performed using the following modifications: 1. Set A,.d, = 0 2. Replace t by n* where = of AWD] treo Ay nf 2 Ae for ky <0 an 3. Replace wire diameter d, by a, where eee eA ee nA, (Ay easton Ary for ky <0 74,4 0A, For a pipe with multiple layers of prestressing (f= 2 or 3), the expression for ey Aj Fy and A, defined earlier in this section refer to the outer layer of prestressing wire, and (jd, 2U- Vdy ty OE for f= Loom f Where: dy = the total clear mortar thickness between wire layers. In Eq 8-15 Where: Fy = Ad fy~ fing) and A fy and fng are given by the expressions for Af, and fn, with 2, replaced by Ay powBustog bur synuees uoswour 4a pernautg “pewued s| Gupsonyeu 40 uogonpoxdes sun) ON “AUD 96m &:96U80N 2, 9002 INL UO }dOH UEHOLJ C1 PoBuEOH LYPRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE §3 EM is calculated about the center of the outer layer of prestressing wire by replacing M, in Eq 8-16 by M, a rly thy) SECTION 9: DESIGN SELECTION TABLES In order to make AWWA C304 easier to use, design selection tables are included for 16-in, through 60-in. [410-mm through 1,520-mm| LCP. Sec. 9.4 summarizes the criteria used in these tables. Designs for conditions other than those listed in Sec. 9.4 ‘or the selection tables must be obtained by implementing the design procedures specified in this standard, The following three design examples are presented to cemonstrate the use of the design selection tables. Sec. 9.1. Design Example 1 Given conditions are as follows: pipe size 24 in, (610 mm) working pressure (P,) 175 psi (1,206 kPa) transient pressure (P,)_ = 04 Py field-test pressure (Pj) = 1.2 Py earth cover = 12 f&G.65 m soil density = 120 tb (1,922 kgim) bedding = type Ri All of the design conditions fall within the eriteria given in Sec. 9.4. Using the design selection table for 24-in. (610-mm) LCP with type R-1 bedding, an earth cover of 12 ft (3.65 m), and a system working pressure of 175 psi (1.206 kPa), the required Ag $s 0.32 inilin ft (677 mm2/m), Sec. 9.2 Design Example 2 Given conditions are as follows: pipe size 36 in. (015 mm) working pressure (P,) 150 pt (1,034 kPa) transient pressure (P;) 50 psi (345 kPa) field-test pressure (P,,) 165 psi (1,138 kPa) earth cover = 8h 244m) soil density = 120 Ibi? (1,922 kg/m’) bedding = type R2 The specified transient pressure of 50 pst (345 kPa) is less than the transient pressure used in the selection tables (0.4 x 150 psi = 60 psi [0.4 x 1,084 kPa = 414 kPal) ‘and the specified fleld-test pressure of 165 psi (1,138 kPa) is less than the field-test pressure used in the selection tables (1.2 x 150 psi = 180 psi [1.2 x 1,034 kPa = 1,241 KPa), therefore the selection tables can be used. From the table for 36-in. (915-mm) LCP with type R-2 bedding, an earth cover of 8,ft 244 m), and a working pressure of 150 pst (1,034 kPa), the required Ag s 0.37 infin ft (783 mm?/m). nynusing uosweu hq angela “Panyu s) Suniomyeu 30 uoqnnezdes ayn ON “AUS en Se8=uRO 1} BODTEN-Z! HO eISRH UeHELY cr pesuADH eEAREW PERYBUKEOD54 AWWA can4o0 Sec. 9.3 Design Example 3 Given conditions are as follows: pipe size = 48 in, (1,220 mm) working pressure (P,) 150 psi (1,034 kPa) transient pressure (P) = 0.4 Py field test pressure (P;) = 1.2 Py earth cover = 16 fe (4.88 m) soil density 120 Ibi? (1,922 kg/m) Find the required , for each bedding las. Al of the design conditions fall within the criteria stated in Sec. 9.4. Using the design selection table for 48-in, (1,220-mm) LCP with a working pressure of 150 psi (1,034 kPa) and an earth cover of 16 ft (4.88 m), the required A, for each of the five bedding details is as follows: Bedding Detail ——=SSS=CRequired An) RE Re 66+ RS 63+ 58+ 53 The hyphen (-} in the Required A, column for R-1 bedding indicates that a special design is required. This could include a second layer of prestressing wire, a larger-diameter prestressing wire, a higher concrete strength, a thicker steel cylinder, a thicker concrete core, or some combination of these items. ‘The two plus signs (++) next to the A, value under R-2 bedding indicate that a 28-day compressive strength of 7,000 psi (48.3 MPa) is required. The single plus sign G) next to the A, values under R-3 and R-4 beddings indicates that a 28-day compressive strength of 6,500 psi (44.8 MPa) is required. Standard 28-day compressive strength of 6,000 psi (41.4 MPs) is sufficient for the design under R-5 bedding Sec. 9.4 Lined-Cylinder Pipe Standard Prestress Design Tables ‘Tables 5-14 and Figure 9, which follows list the amount of prestressing wire (A), {in square inches per linear foot, for working pressure and earth cover combinations commonly used. These designs are based on the criteria specified in this standard and the following: 1, Conerete-core thickness = pipe diameter « 16. 2. Mortar-coating thickness = % in, (19 mm) over the wire. 3, Transient pressure (P,) = 40 percent Py or 40 pst (276 kPa), whichever is greater. 4, Bleld-test pressure (Pp) = 12 Py. 5. Transient external load = AASHTO HS20 truck loading (two trucks passing) on unpaved road. 6, Prestressing wire = 6 gauge ASTM AG48 class II. 7. Steel-cylinder thickness ~ 16 gauge (1.52 mm). “ou oyguang uosuious Aa pains ‘Peed s Bupvonteu 20 vosnpoides ssn} ON “UO Ben §o~sUERR 4) B9OZIENTZL Uo 4o}doH WENO o} euEDYJLOIBW PEIUELKEOD