The sentence is generally defined as a word or a group of words that expresses a thorough idea

by giving a statement/order, or asking a question, or exclaiming. A sentence requires at least one

subject and one verb. Sometimes the subject of a sentence can be hidden, but the verb must be
visible and present in the sentence. Verb is called the heart of a sentence.

Example:

Do it. (In this sentence, a subject ‘you’ is hidden but verb ‘do’ is visible)

Functionally, sentences are of mainly five types:

• Assertive sentence
• Interrogative sentence
• Imperative sentence
• Optative sentence
• Exclamatory sentence

An assertive sentence (declarative sentence) simply expresses an opinion/feeling, or makes a

statement, or describes things. In other words, it declares something. This type of sentence ends
with a full-stop.

Examples:

• I want to be a good cricketer. (This is an affirmative assertive sentence)

• I don’t want to be a fielder. (This is a negative assertive sentence)
• I am very happy today.
• I request/order him to carry the bag.

Interrogative sentence:

An interrogative sentence asks a question. Interrogative sentences must end with a note of
interrogation (i.e., question mark)

Examples:

• Do you want to be a good cricketer? (Present simple tense & affirmative interrogative)
• When are you going to submit your assignment? (Present continuous tense)
• Didn’t you know him when he was in Thailand? (Past simple tense & negative
interrogative)
• What do you know about him? (With wh question word)

Imperative sentence:

We use an imperative sentence to make a request, advice or to give a command. Imperative

sentences usually end with full stop.
Examples:

• Please sit down.

• Help the poor.
• Let him choose his career.
• Never insult others.

Optative sentence:

We use an optative sentence to expresses a wish or prayer.

Examples:

May Allah help you in your danger.

Long live our president.

Exclamatory sentence.

An exclamatory sentence expresses overflow of emotions. These emotions can be of happiness,

wonder, sorrow, anger, etc.

Examples:

o What a day it was!

o How sweet the baby is!

Structurally, sentences are of four types:

• Simple sentence
• Compound sentence
• Complex sentence, and
• Compound-complex sentence.

Simple sentence:

A simple sentence must have a single clause (a single finite verb) which is independent, and it
cannot take another clause.

Example:

I always wanted to become a writer. (One clause having a finite verb)

Complex sentence:
A complex sentence also has more than one clause but of one them must be an independent
clause and the other/others must be (a) dependent clause(es). There are also some particular
connectors for the clauses of a complex sentence to be connected.

Example:

I know that you always wanted to be a writer. (Here, a dependent clause is followed by a
connector and an independent clause.)

Compound sentence:

A compound sentence must have more than one independent clause with no dependent clauses.
Some specific conjunctions, punctuation, or both are used to join together these clauses.

Example:

I always wanted to become a writer, and she wanted to become a doctor. (Two independent
clauses – two finite verbs)

Compound-complex sentence:

A compound-complex sentence (or complex–compound sentence) is a mixture of the features of

compound and complex sentences in one sentence. So, it must contain at least two independent
clauses and at least one dependent clause.

Example:

I know that you always wanted to become a writer, but I always wanted to become a doctor.
(Here, one dependent clause is followed by a complex connector and two independent clauses
with a compound conjunction between them.)

Use of Active and passive voice

Active Voice refers to the form of a verb that indicates that the doer of an action
and the real grammatical subject is same. In passive voice the grammatical subject
and the doer is not same.
Only a transitive verb which can take an object can be put into the Passive Voice.

e.g. The explorers have found gold. (The word ‘explorers’ is grammatically subject
and the doer of the verb)
Gold has been found by the explorers. (The word ‘gold’ is grammatically subject
but not the doer of the verb)
Tense Auxiliary Verb Form
Simple Present am/is/are past participle
Present Continuous am/is/are being past participle
Present Perfect have/has been past participle

Simple Past was/were past participle

Past Continuous was/were being past participle
Past Perfect had been past participle

Simple Future will (shall) be past participle

Future Continuous will (shall) be being past participle
past participle
Future Perfect will (shall) have been

The Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous, Future Continuous, and
Future Perfect Continuous tenses of the Passive Voice are rarely used.

Passive voice of Interrogative sentence:

Simple Present : Simple past: Simple future

A-Does he do the work? A- Did he do the work? A- Will he do the work?
P-Is the work done by him? P- Was the work done by him? P- Will the work be
done by him?

In other tense forms, the auxiliary verbs will precede the subject. As for example:

A: Is he doing the work? P: Is the work being done by him?

A- Have they played football? P- Has football been played by them?

Passive with WH question words:

A-Who + has broken the glass? (Who changes into by Whom)

P-Who has the glass been broken by? Or By whom has the glass been broken?
A-Whom have you honored in the program? (Whom is changed by Who)
P-Who has been honored by you in the program?
A-What have they repaired?
P-What has been repaired by them?

Passive voice of Imperative sentence:

Let + subject + be+ pp of verb+ by agent

A:Do the work. P:Let the work be done (by you).
A: Write an application. P: Let an application be written (by you).

Imperative with “please”:

A: Carry the bag please. P :You are requested to carry the bag . Or
P:The bag may kindly be carried (by you).
A: Let him handle the matter. P: Let the matter be handled by him.

Passive of di- transitive verb with (double objects):

A:I gifted him a book P: He was gifted a book by me. Or
P: A book was gifted to him by me.
A-He bought me a ring. P-A ring was bought for me.

Passive of Vague subject: I believe that he is an honest man. (There is no ‘it’.)

P: It is believed by me that he is an honest man.

Passive of -am going to/is going to/ are going to:

A- He is going to use a colon.

P- Colon is going to be used by him.
A-They are going to organize a meeting. P- A meeting is going to be organized by
them.

Passive voice of Infinitive:

I have no time to waste. P- I have no time to be wasted.
There is no time to lose. There is no time to be lost

In case of complex and compound sentence both clauses will turn to passive
voice (if possible)
I know that he is an honest man
It is known to me that he is an honest man. (The 2nd clause remains unchanged)
They believe that he has stolen the watch.
It is believed that the watch has been stolen by him. (Both clauses have been
changed)
Passive of Reflexive pronoun:
He killed himself. he was killed by himself.

Making questions with WH question words:

WH question words are as follows:
Who, whom, what, which, whose, where, why, how & when

‘Who’ for person/ people.

Examples: He is my uncle.
who is he?
Rabbi is helping me.
Who is helping you?
Mother prepared the breakfast.
Who prepared the breakfast?
Macbeth is a tragedy. W. Shakespeare wrote it.
Who wrote the tragedy Macbeth?

‘What’ for object/ idea/ action.

Examples:
My plan is to build a collage.
What is your plan?
He is doing his PhD.
What is he doing?
Mother prepared the breakfast.
What did mother prepare?

‘Which’ for things.

Examples: I want to take physics and mathematics.
Which subjects do you want to take this year?
I prefer blue.
Which color do you prefer?

Examples:
This pen writes well.
Which pen writes well?
‘Whose’ for possessive.
I have borrowed my friend’s bike.
Whose bike have you borrowed?

‘When’ for time.

Examples:
My next class is at 4 pm.
When is your next class?
I have visited the National Museum last month.
When did you visit the National Museum?

‘Why’ for reason.

Examples: I travelled the USA for treatment.
Why have you travelled the USA?

‘Where’ for place.

Examples:
I live in Rajshahi.
Where do you live?

‘How’ for manner

Examples: He runs fast.
How does he run?
‘How’ for condition/quality
Examples: My exam was fine.
How was your exam?
‘How much’ for price/quantity (uncountable)
Example: I have tk. 60 thousand.
How much money do you have?
This shirt costs tk. 500.
How much money does this shirt cost?

‘How many’ for quantity (countable)

Examples:
I have passed six years in the USA.
How many years have you passed in the USA?

‘How long’ for duration

Examples:
I want to stay two years here.
How long do you want to stay here?

‘How far’ for distance

I want to go the last border.
How far do you want to go?
How old= age. He is 70 years old
How old is he?

Some more examples:

Rabindra Nath Tagore wrote the Sanchaita.

What did Rabindra Nath Tagore write?

I went to Chittagong by plane.

Where did you go by plane?

I went to Chittagong by plane.

How did you go to Chittagong?

He could not come due to illness.

Why couldn’t he come?

Green mangoes taste sour.

Which mangoes taste sour?

He prefers blue.
Which color does he prefer?

He is a government officer.
What is he?
Do you know what he is?

Four main kinds of conditionals:

Zero Conditional: If + first clause (sub+ base form of verb) + 2nd clause (sub +
base form of verb)

Example: If he comes to my house, I offer him tea.

If we mix hydrogen and oxygen, we get water.
First Conditional: If + first clause (sub+ base form of verb) + 2nd clause (sub +
will/shall + base form of verb)

Example: If he works hard, he will succeed.

You will keep good health if you exercise regularly.

Second Conditional: If + first clause (sub+ past form of verb) + 2nd clause (sub +
would/ could + base form of verb)

Example: If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky.

I would help him if he were my brother.

Third Conditional. (if + past perfect, ... would + have + past participle)

Example: If he had invited me, I would have attended his program.

Articles & its use

Rule #1 - Specific identity not known: Use the indefinite article a or an only
with a singular countable noun whose specific identity is not known.
Use a before nouns that begin with a consonant sound.
Example: A book, a cat, a dog ,

N.B. Words beginning with u/eu have an initial ‘y’ sound, so they take a.
Example: A university, a unit, a European
‘O’ pronounced like w is a consonant sound. So such words tale a.
Example: A one eyed man. A one taka note, a one act play

Rule #2- Use an before nouns that begin with a vowel sound. Example:
 I think an animal is in the garage
That man is a scoundrel.
We are looking for an apartment

Rule #3-Words beginning with a mute ‘h’(silent h) take ‘an’ not ‘a’.

He is an honest man.
We had an hour’s rest.

Rule #4- An is used before acronyms / abbreviations beginning with- f, h, l ,m ,n, r

,s ,x. Because each of these consonants has an initial vowel sound e/a.

Example: He is an FBI agent. This is an RCC pillar.

Rule #5- A/an + noun (rate/per). Example:

We go to masjid five times a day.
He goes home once a week.

◊ Sometimes an adjective comes between the article and noun:

an unhappy boy, a red apple

Rule #6 - Specific identity known: Use the definite article the with any noun
(whether singular or plural, countable or uncountable)

Use the article the when a particular noun has already been mentioned previously.

I ate an apple yesterday. The apple was juicy and delicious. Example:

I do not want a gun in my house (any gun).

The gun is in his closet (implies there is a specific gun).
I have a dog (one dog).
The dog is very friendly (the dog that I have already mentioned).

Rule # 7-Use the article the when an adjective, phrase, or clause describing the
noun clarifies or restricts its identity.

The boy sitting next to me raised his hand.

Thank you for the advice you gave me.
Rule # 8- Use no article with plural countable nouns or any uncountable
nouns used to mean all or in general.

Trees are beautiful in the fall. (All trees are beautiful in the fall.)
He was asking for advice. (He was asking for advice in general.)
I do not like coffee. (I do not like all coffee in general.)

Rule # 9-Use the with: united countries, large regions, deserts, peninsulas, oceans,
seas, gulfs, canals, rivers, mountain ranges, groups of islands

The Sahara Desert

The United Arab Emirates
The Meghna River

The West Indies

Rule #10-Use ‘The’ before a thing unique in the world. Example:

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. The moon borrows light from the sun.

Rule #11-Use ‘The’ before the name of any newspaper, magazine or periodicals.
The Ittefaq, the Daily Star, the New York Times

Rule #12- Don’t use any article before any public institution when they are
mentioned for the purpose they have been built for.

We go to university every day.

He goes to masjid for prayer.

If otherwise, ‘the’ is used. Example:

He is now at the university to meet his uncle.
My house is adjacent to the school.

Subject-verb Agreement
1. Subjects and verbs must agree in number. This is the common rule that forms the background
of the concept. It is to be remembered that Noun+ s = Plural, verb + s = singular form.

The dog barks at night when it is angry.

The dogs bark at night when they are angry.
2. Subordinate clauses that come between the subject and verb don't affect their agreement.

The boy who is carrying mangoes is my cousin.

The dog which is barking is usually very good.
Boys who are playing football are my cousins.

God helps those who help themselves. It is I who am responsible for this work.

3. Prepositional phrases between the subject and verb usually do not affect agreement. (a phrase
that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun is called a prepositional phrase)

The color of his eyes is beautiful. (color singular - is singular)

The teachers of this school know me very well.(teachers plural – know also plural)

4. When sentences start with "there" or "here," the subject will always be placed after the verb.
Some care needs to be taken to identify each part correctly.

There is a problem with the balance sheet.

Here are the papers that you requested for.

5. The verb is singular if two subjects (parcel subjects) separated by "and" refer to the same
person or thing as a whole.

Bread and butter is my mom's favorite dish.

Horse and carriage stands at my gate.
Slow and steady wins the race.

6. If one of the words "each," "every," or "no" comes before a subject or subjects, the verb is
ever singular.

No smoking or drinking is allowed.

Every man and woman is required to check in.
Each day and night shows the existence of God.

7. If two subjects are connected by the words "or," "nor," "neither/nor," "either/or," or "not
only/but also," the verb is determined/regulated by the second subject.

Either Jerin or her brother is accused for the accident.

Neither Jerin nor her brothers are accused for the accident.

8. “A number of, a good number of , a lot of , a part of, a couple of, most of, much of, lots
of, A handful of, some of, plenty of”- when a singular noun/pronoun used after these indefinite
number/quantity , the verb is singular. But a plural noun takes a plural verb. Uncountable is
always singular.

Plenty of milk is required in summer. Plenty of eggs are required for our family.
A lot of books are put on the shelf. Lots of food has been wasted.

9. The singular verb form is usually reserved for units of measurement, weight or distance.

Four liters of oil was required to get the car running.

Thirty kilos is a long distance to walk.

10. If two subjects are connected and preceded by article ‘The’, they denote separate persons and
then the verb will be plural. But if the subjects are preceded with ‘The’ once , they denote a
single person and the verb is then singular.

The president and the secretary are invited to the meeting.

The president and treasurer is liable for this corruption.

11. If one subject is singular and the other is plural, and the words are connected by the words
"or," "nor," "neither/nor," "either/or," or "not only/but also," use the verb form of the subject that
is nearest the verb.

Either the bears or the lion has escaped from the zoo.
Neither the lion nor the bears have escaped from the zoo.

12. If two infinitives are separated by "and," they take the plural form of the verb.

To walk and to recite poems at the same time require great skill.

13. When gerunds are used as the subject of a sentence, they take the singular form of the verb.
However, when they are linked by "and," they take the plural form.

Standing in the water was impossible for him.

Swimming in the ocean and playing drums are my hobbies.

14. A collective noun, such as "team, staff, class, gang, series, set, herd, group, shoal, army etc.
typically take the singular form, as the collective noun is treated as a cohesive single unit.

The herd is eating grass.

A gang of robbers has been arrested last night.

15. Titles of books, movies, novels, and other similar works are treated as singular and take a
singular verb.

Gulliver’s Travels is an English novel.

16. There are some words to express fractions like half, one third, two thirds etc. Verbs agree
with the words used near to them (verbs).
Half of the work has been done. (Singular)
Two thirds of the pencils were broken. (Plural)
17. In the world of games and sports the name of a state / country denotes a team. It is usually
considered a plural collective noun. So it takes a plural verb.

Australia have lost the test match by six wickets.

Bangladesh have won the toss and have chosen to bat.

18. A noun denoting weights/ measures/amount/ distance etc. takes a singular verb.
Five miles/ kilometers is a long way to walk.
Ten liters of petrol is required for my journey.

19. Two subjects may be joined with the words or phrases like -along with, together with, as well
as, accompanied by, including, excluding. Then the verb is determined by the first subject.
Second subject does not have any effect on the verb.
The man along with his subordinates has joined the party.
The boy together with his friends is attending the program.

Modal auxiliary verbs

What are "modal auxiliary verbs"?

The verbs can, could, will, would, should, may, might, must, ought and
shall are verbs which 'help' other verbs to express a meaning: it is
important to realize that these "modal verbs" have no meaning by
themselves. A modal verb such as would has several varying functions; it
can be used, for example, to help verbs express ideas about the past, the
present and the future. It is therefore wrong to simply believe that "would
is the past of will": it is many other things.

A few basic grammatical rules applying to modal verbs

Modal verbs are NEVER used with other auxiliary verbs such as do,
does, did etc. The negative is formed simply by adding "not" after the
verb; questions are formed by inversion of the verb and subject:

You should not do that.

Could you pick me up when I've finished?
Modal verbs NEVER change form: you can never add an "-s" or "-ed",
for example.
 Modal verbs are NEVER followed by to, with the exception of ought to.
Let's look at each modal verb separately, and the functions they help to
express:

WILL
Making personal predictions

I don't think the Queen will ever visit us.

I doubt if I'll stay here much longer.

Making a decision
I'm very tired. I think I'll stay at home tonight.

Making a semi-formal request

Will you open the window, please? It's very hot in here.
Sign this, will you?

Making a promise or a threat

You can count on me! I'll be there at 8 o'clock sharp.

If you don't finish your dinner off, you'll go straight to bed!

SHALL

Making offers

Shall I fetch you another glass of water?

MAY & MIGHT

May & might sometimes have virtually the same meaning.
May is sometimes a little bit "more sure" (50% chance); whereas might
expresses more doubt (maybe only a 30% chance).

They are used to talk about possibilities in the past, present or future.
("Could" is also sometimes used).

She may be back in her office: the lecture finished ten minutes ago.
I may go shopping tonight, I haven't decided yet.
England might win the World Cup.

Talking about the past with uncertainty. (Modals + perfective)

He failed in his exam. I suppose he might have been ill on the day of the
exam.

I am not getting my wallet. I might have dropped it in the bus.

Saying that something was possible, but did not actually happen

You saw me standing at the bus stop! You might have stopped and given
me a lift!

WOULD
As the past of will, for example in indirect speech

"The next meeting will be in a month's time" becomes

He said the next meeting would be in a month's time.

Polite requests
Would you like another cup of tea?
Would you give me a ring after lunch?

Talking about past habits (similiar meaning to used to)

When I was small, we would always visit relatives on Christmas Day.

Would you mind/ would like: can be used for making a request.
Would you mind waiting a few minutes?
Would you like to have a cup of tea?

CAN & COULD

Talking about ability
Can you recite the holy Quran ? (present)
She could play the piano when she was five. (past)

Making requests
Can you give me a ring at about 10?
Could you speak up a bit please? (slightly more formal, polite or 'softer')
Asking permission
Can I ask you a question?
Could I ask you a personal question? (more formal, polite or indirect)

Reported speech: Could is used as the past of can.

: He asked me if I could pick him up after work.

MUST/ Have to/ Has to

Necessity and obligation

Must is often used to indicate 'personal' obligation; If the obligation
comes from outside (impersonal e.g. a rule or law), then ‘have to/has to’
instead of ‘must’ is often (but not always) preferred.

I really must get some exercise. .(personal)

People must try to be more tolerant of each other. .(personal)
If you own a car, you have to pay an annual road tax.(impersonal)
This file has to be prepared by 4 pm. .(impersonal)

Strong advice
I think you must make more efforts.
You must go and see the film - it's brilliant.
You must come and see me next time when you're in town.

The negative is expressed by can't:

You can't be serious. You can’t do such silly work.

Logical Deduction
The door is shut down. The light is off. He must be asleep.
Rahim tries to attend his class at anyhow. He is absent today. He must be
sick.

Must + Perfective Uses.

Examples. Must have + P.P.
Logical conclusion on a past event. Peter has arrived late. He must have
been in a traffic jam.
SHOULD
Giving advice

I think you should study at least four hours a day.

You shouldn't drink as it is strictly forbidden in Islam..

Obligation: weak form of must

The university should provide more sports facilities.

The equipment should be inspected regularly.

Things which didn’t happen but supposed to be. (Modals + perfective)

I should have renewed my TV license last month, but I forgot.

You shouldn't have spent so much time on that first question.

Ought to
Ought to usually has the same meaning as should.
You should/ought to get your hair cut.
Should is much more common (and easier to say!), so if you're not sure,
use should.

Used to: it indicates past habit which no longer continues now.

Examples: · She used to cook nice biryani when she was young. When the
sisters were younger, they used to wear Burka. · He used to train lions
until he was forty.

Needn’t: I needn’t go there. He needn’t use phone as he is only 10.

They needn’t wash their clothes as they are not dirty.
There is enough time. You needn’t hurry.

Daren’t: (not to be courageous enough)

He daren’t challenge me to wrestle.
I daren’t oppose my parents’ decision.
 Prepositions and its use

For years, months, seasons, centuries and times of day, use the preposition in:

• I first met Jobaer in 1997.

• It’s always cold in January
• The Second World War occurred in the 20th century.
• We take tea in the morning/ afternoon/evening.

For days, dates and specific holiday days, use the preposition on.

1. We go to school on Mondays, but not on Sunday

2. Christmas is on December 25th.
3. Buy me a present on my birthday.
4. The ceremony starts on the evening of April 7.
5. I begin the work on Monday evening.

For times, indicators of festivals, use the preposition at:

• Families often argue at Christmas time.

• I work faster at noon/night/midnight.
• Her shift finished at 7pm.

No preposition is used before Today ,Tonight, Tomorrow, the day after

tomorrow.
He will do the work today /Tonight/ Tomorrow/ the day after tomorrow.

By means not later than or up to the time indicated.

Finish the work by 9 pm. (not later than 9 pm)
I shall come back home by next December. (no how in January)

By + means of travel or transport.

We travel by bus/ train/air.

In is used when a means of transport is modified by an article or an adjective.

He came in a big bus. We set out in a small boat. He came in his car.

On is used with foot or horseback.

He came here on foot or horseback.

Behind means position (at the back of)

There is a park behind the house.
The hills are behind the clouds.

Beside indicates next to or by the side of:

He is sitting beside his friend. The hut is beside the river.

Before and after -Both are used to explain when something happened, happens or
will happen, but specifically in relation to another thing.

• Before I discovered this masjid, I used to offer prayer at home after work.
• We will not leave before 3pm.
• He had come before his father called him.

Other prepositions of time may include: During, about, around, until and
throughout.

• The concert will be staged throughout the month of May.

• I learned how to ski during the holidays.
• He usually arrives around 3pm.
• It was about six in the morning when we made it to bed.
• The store is open until midnight.

On is used to indicate contact of one thing with another:

• The sculpture is set on the wall.

• The images are on the page.

Over indicates absence of contact, not touching a thing.

A lamp is hanging over the door. There is a spider over your head.
A plane is hovering over the field.
(Over and above can be interchanged in this sense.)

Over indicates position (from one side to the other)

There is a bridge over the river.
Above can mean age, price, weight or position.
She is above twenty. This bag weighs above 70 kilos.
Major is ranked above corporal.

In is used when referring to something that is inside or within confined boundaries.

This could be anything, even a country:

1. Jim is in France, visiting his aunt in the hospital.

2. The boys play in the garden.

At is used when referring to something at a specific point:

1. The boys are at Dhanmondi now.

2. He stood at the bus stop at Agrabad.
3. We will meet at the airport.

Between and Among:

Between is usually used if two people or things are referred.
Cumilla is between Dhaka and Chittagong

It can be used to refer more than two things or people when modified by a
definite numeral.

He divided his property between his four sons.

There is a cold war between the five great powers.
Among is used to refer to more than two people or things when a definite
number is not mentioned.
She is happy to be among her family members.
Among + collective noun.
He distributed sweets among the class. He is standing among the crowd.

Lot’s of other prepositions of place, such as under, over, inside, outside, above and
below are used in English.

• The cat is under the table.

• Put the sandwich over there.
• The key is locked inside the car.
• They stepped outside the house.
• He is waving at you from below the stairs.

Prepositions of Movement
The most commonly used preposition of movement is to, which usually serves to
highlight that there is movement towards a specific destination.

• He has gone to Cox’s bazar on vacation.

• I will go to bed when I am tired.
• They will go to the zoo if they finish their errands.

Other more specific prepositions of movement include: through, across, off, down
and into.

Across refers to moving from one side to another.

• Mithu travelled across Bangladesh on his motorcycle.

Rebeca and Juli are swimming across the lake.

Into refers to entering or looking inside something.

• James went into the room.

• They stare into the darkness.

Through refers to moving directly inside something and out the other end.

• The bullet that he shot went through the window.

• The train passes through the tunnel.

Of , From and With

Of + noun denotes a material used in making something.

This door is made of glass/wood.

From + noun indicates a material used in making something but the material
changes its form as a result.
Butter is made from milk.
Wine is made from grapes.
With + noun indicates an ingredient. (one of the materials used in making
something)
We can make a house with brick.
Pudding is made with milk.

Up, over, down and around indicate directions of movement:

 1. Jack went up/down the hill.
2. The horse runs around the track all morning.

Omission of a preposition.

When two or more words require the same preposition.

She is desirous of and confident of success.
She is desirous and confident of success. (Of is deleted)

He has a taste for sports and a passion for sports.

He has a taste and a passion for sports. (for sports is deleted)

But when different words select different prepositions, no omission is possible.

He is senior to and more intelligent than his friend.
She has interest in and capacity for success.

No preposition is used before adverbs of time and adverbs of frequency.

He goes for a swimming every morning.(not, in every morning)
She went for a ride last evening. (not, in last evening)

No preposition is used between a transitive verb and its object.

He resembles his father. (Not, resembles to)
He investigated the case. (Not, investigated into)
I have signed all letters. (Not, signed on/to)