Engineering Chemistry

MEEN-1120

Muhammad Umer Farooq

umer_534@yahoo.com
 Books
 Text book(s):
 Chemistry for Engineering Students (William H. Brown and Lawrence S. Brown),
Cengage Learning; 2 edition (2010)
 Applied Chemistry: A Textbook for Engineers and Technologists by: O.V.
Roussak H. D. Gesser: (2013) edition: Springer
 Chemistry: The Central Science, Theodore L. Brown et al. 14th edition, Pearson,
2018
 Reference book(s)
 1. Modern Physical Chemistry, G.F. Liptrot, J.J. Thompson, G.R. Walker, 4th
Edition, Collins Educational Publishers, 1992.
 2. Fundamentals of Physical Chemistry, Samuel H. Maron, J. B. Lando, 1st
Edition, Pearson College Div, 1974
 3. Chemistry for Engineers, Salahuddin, 1st Edition, National book Foundation,
1985
Grading policy

 75% attendance is mandatory.

 Mid term exam 30%

 Final exam 50%
 Quizzes (announced and surprised) + assignment +
presentation 20%
 Review
 Moles, Mass (kg) and Volume
 Liter in Si units
 ml in SI units
 Chemical Equation balance
 H2 + O2 = H2O
 How many moles of water will be produced from 1 mole of
H2

 1 moles of water = xx g of water

 xx g of water = yy cm3 of water

 Assignment 1
 1 liter of petrol (suppose C8H18)
 How many moles?
 Chemical Equations

A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to denote what occurs

in a chemical reaction.
NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl

Ammonia and hydrogen chloride react to produce ammonium

chloride.

Each chemical species that appears to the left of the arrow is called a
reactant.
NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl

Each species that appears to the right of the arrow is called a product.

NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl

 Chemical Equations
 Shorthand way of describing a reaction
 Provides information about the reaction
 Formulas of reactants and products
 States of reactants and products
 Relative numbers of reactant and product molec
ules that are required
 Can be used to determine weights of reactants u
sed and products that can be made

13
Symbols Used in Equations
 symbols used to indicate state after chemical
 (g) = gas; (l) = liquid; (s) = solid
 (aq) = aqueous = dissolved in water
 energy symbols used above the arrow for decom
position reactions
 D = heat
 hn = light
 shock = mechanical
 elec = electrical

14
• The simplest form of chemical equation is a word
equation.
– Potassium metal + oxygen gas → potassium oxide

• A skeleton equation shows the formulas of the

elements/compounds.
– A skeleton equation shows which atoms are involved, but
not how many molecules are involved.
• K + O2 → K2O
• A balanced chemical equation shows all
atoms and the coefficients tells us how many
molecules (and atoms) there are.
– Balancing ensures that the number of each
atom is the same on both sides of the reaction
arrow.
4K + O2 → 2K2O
K K O O K O K
K K K O K
Skeleton equation: CH4 + O2 → H2O + CO2
Carbon = 1 Carbon = 1
Hydrogen = 4 Hydrogen = 2
The same number Oxygen = 2 Oxygen = 3
of atoms must be on
each side.
Balanced equation: CH4 + 2O2 → 2H2O + CO2
Carbon = 1 Carbon = 1
Hydrogen = 4 Hydrogen = 4
Oxygen = 4 Oxygen = 4
A process in which one or more substances is changed into one
or more new substances is a chemical reaction
A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what
happens during a chemical reaction

3 ways of representing the reaction of H2 with O2 to form H2O

reactants products
Assignment 2 (CLO2)

 Calculate the volume of CO2 produced at STP from

burning of 1 liter of petrol (assuming petrol is
composed of C8H18). The products of this reaction are
CO2 and H2O
 Hand Written
 Roll number + Name
 Submit in next lecture
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------

 Self assignment: Petrol has a mixture of compounds

(e.g. Octane, Heptane, aromatics). How to calculate
amount of CO2 for a mixture of compounds?
 Combination Reactions

 Two or more sub

stances react to
form one produ
ct

 Examples:
N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) ⎯⎯→ 2 NH3 (g)
C3H6 (g) + Br2 (l) ⎯⎯→ C3H6Br2 (l)
2 Mg (s) + O2 (g) ⎯⎯→ 2 MgO (s)
 Decomposition Reactions
 One substance breaks down into two or more su
bstances

 Examples:
CaCO3 (s) ⎯⎯→ CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
2 KClO3 (s) ⎯⎯→ 2 KCl (s) + O2 (g)
2 NaN3 (s) ⎯⎯→ 2 Na (s) + 3 N2 (g)
 Single-Displacement (Replacement) Reaction

A single-displacement reaction, also known as a single-replacement reaction,

is a type of chemical reaction where an element reacts with a compound
and takes the place of another element in that compound.
Double displacement reactions may be defined as the chemical reactions in
which one component each of both the reacting molecules is exchanged to
form the product
 Combustion Reactions
 Rapid reactions that produce
a flame
 Most often involve
hydrocarbons reacting with
oxygen in the air

 Examples:
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) ⎯⎯→ CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g) ⎯⎯→ 3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)
27
 Tro,
Chemistry:
28 A
Molecular
Approach
 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
In neutralization reactions, protons are transferred from one reactant to another. Now let’s
consider a third kind of reaction, one in which electrons are transferred from one reactant
to another. Such reactions are called either oxidation reduction reactions or redox
reactions.

One of the most familiar redox reactions is corrosion of a metal

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
• Stoichiometry - The study of quantities of
materials consumed and produced in
chemical reactions.
• Mole
• Formula weight
• Molecular weight
• Limiting reactant
• Reaction Yield
 3.4 The Mole and Molar Masses

The Mole
People use a variety of counting groups to conveniently
indicate the number of objects in some set:

1 “pair” objects 2 objects

1 “dozen” objects 12 objects
1 “gross” objects 144 objects
1 “million” objects 1,000,000 objects
1 “trillion” objects 1012 objects
1 “mole” objects 6.023 × 1023 objects

33
 The Mole: A Chemist’s “Dozen”
• When we count large numbers of objects, we often use
units such as
– 1 dozen objects = 12 objects.
– 1 gross objects = 144 objects.

• A “mole” is a counting group , defined as the number of

atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12.
• This number of atoms in 12 g of carbon-12 is known as
Avogadro’s Number (NA):
• NA = 6.0221418 × 1023 objects
• If you order one dozen doughnut, you are asking for 12
doughnuts. If you order one mole of doughnuts, you are
asking for 6.022 × 1023 doughnuts

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mass Changes in Chemical Reactions

1. Write balanced chemical equation

2. Convert quantities of known substances into moles
3. Use coefficients in balanced equation to calculate the
number of moles of the sought quantity
4. Convert moles of sought quantity into desired units 3.8
 Assignment 3 (CLO3)
• Chloride ions (Cl-1) are a major cause of corrosion. Limiting the
chloride ions in a solution may lead to improved corrosion
performance of a material.
• Calculate the number of chloride ions (Cl-1) present in the aqueous
solution of salts with following quantities. Assume all quantities are
dissolved in water.
10g of MgCl2
5g of NaCl

• Hand Written
• Roll number + Name
• Submit in next lecture

• ----------------------------------------------------------------------

• Self assignment: if salts are not completely dissolved in water.

Then what will be the concentration/quantity of Chloride ions
 Limiting Reactants
• The limiting reactant is the reactant present in the
smallest stoichiometric amount
 Percent Yield

– The percentage yield is the actual yield (experimentally

determined) expressed as a percentage of the theoretical yield
(calculated).

actual yield
%Yield =  100%
theoretical yield
 Limiting Reagent

• Zinc metal reacts with hydrochloric acid by

the following reaction.
Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → ZnCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g )
– If 0.30 mol Zn is added to hydrochloric acid containing 0.52 mol
HCl, how many moles of H2 are produced?
 Limiting Reagent
• Take each reactant in turn and ask how much
product would be obtained if each were totally
consumed. The reactant that gives the smaller
amount is the limiting reagent.
1 mol H 2
0.30 mol Zn  = 0.30 mol H 2
1 mol Zn
1 mol H 2
0.52 mol HCl  = 0.26 mol H 2
2 mol HCl
• Since HCl is the limiting reagent, the amount of H2 produced must be
0.26 mol.
 Theoretical and Percent Yield
• To illustrate the calculation of percentage yield, recall that
the theoretical yield of H2 in the previous example was
0.26 mol (or 0.52 g) H2.
• If the actual yield of the reaction had been 0.22 g H2, then

0.22 g H 2
%Yield =  100% = 42%
0.52 g H 2
 Solving a Stoichiometry Problem

• 1. Balance the equation.

• 2. Convert masses to moles.
• 3. Determine which reactant is limiting.
• 4. Use moles of limiting reactant and mole
ratios to find moles of desired product.
• 5. Convert from moles to grams.

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 Using Moles

Moles provide a bridge from the molecular scale to

the real-world scale
 RUSTING OF IRON

It is a very complex process which is completed in the following steps.

1:Oxidation of iron- First the iron gets oxidized into ferrous ions [Fe (II)] with the loss of
two electrons.
Fe → Fe+2 + 2 e-
2: The ferrous ions again get oxidized into ferric ions [Fe(III)] in the presence of water and
oxygen.
Fe+2 → Fe+3 + e-
3:These electrons from the above reactions are used to reduce oxygen.

O2(g) + 2 H2O + 4e- → 4 OH-

The ferric ions combine with oxygen and form ferric oxide [iron (III) oxide]. This ferric oxide
gets hydrated with water= RUST
 FORMS OF CORROSION
• Stress corrosion
Stress & corrosion
• Uniform Attack work together • Erosion-corrosion
Oxidation & reduction at crack tips. Break down of passivating
occur uniformly over layer by erosion (pipe
surface. elbows).
• Selective Leaching • Pitting
Preferred corrosion of Downward propagation
one element/constituent of small pits & holes.
Fig. 17.8, Callister 6e.
(e.g., Zn from brass (Cu-Zn)). (Fig. 17.8 from M.G.
Fontana, Corrosion
• Intergranular Engineering, 3rd ed.,
Corrosion along McGraw-Hill Book
Company, 1986.)
grain boundaries, • Galvanic
often where special Dissimilar metals are
• Crevice Between two
phases exist. pieces of the same metal.
physically joined. The
Rivet holes
more anodic one
corrodes.(see Table
17.2) Zn & Mg Fig. 17.6, Callister 6e. (Fig. 17.6 is
very anodic. courtesy LaQue Center for Corrosion
Technology, Inc.)
Fig. 17.9, Callister 6e. 9
ACTIVE ELECTROLYSIS:
ELECTROPLATING
 electroplating
In electroplating, the work
piece is the cathode.
Cations are reduced at
cathode and plate to the
surface of the work
piece.
The anode is made of
the plate metal. The
anode oxidizes and
replaces the metal
cations in the solution

58
 Faraday’s Law
• the amount of metal deposited during
electrolysis is directly proportional to the
charge on the cation, the current, and the
length of time the cell runs
– charge that flows through the cell = current x
time

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FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROLYSIS