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Stoichiometry

The document provides an overview of chemical reactions, including definitions of chemical equations and balancing techniques. It covers stoichiometry, limiting and excess reactants, and the concepts of theoretical and percent yield with sample problems for each topic. The content is structured to guide readers through the processes of writing, balancing, and analyzing chemical reactions.

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5 views21 pages

Stoichiometry

The document provides an overview of chemical reactions, including definitions of chemical equations and balancing techniques. It covers stoichiometry, limiting and excess reactants, and the concepts of theoretical and percent yield with sample problems for each topic. The content is structured to guide readers through the processes of writing, balancing, and analyzing chemical reactions.

Uploaded by

Janna Althea
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GENERAL

CHEMISTRY 1
Prepared by: Minette Lou C. Erbina
01
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Write and balance
Chemical reaction a process in which one or more
substances are changed into new substance with different
physical and chemical properties
Chemical Equation is the shorthand for describing the
course of chemical reaction wherein the reactants are
always written before the reaction or on the right side of
the equation while the product is on the left side of the
equation
word Equation describes a chemical change using the
names of the reactants and products
SYMBOLS
NITROGEN GAS REACTS TO HYDROGEN GAS TO
PRODUCE AMMONIA
STEP 1: CONVERT THE GIVEN PROBLEM INTO A WORD EQUATION
Nitrogen gas + Hydrogen gas → Ammonia
STEP 2: CONVERT THE WORD EQUATION INTO A CHEMICAL EQUATION
N2(g) + H2(g) → NH3(g)
STEP 3: BALANCE THE GIVEN CHEMICAL EQUATION WRITTEN IN THE STEP 2 BY
ADDING COEFFICIENT AFTER THE CHEMICAL SYMBOL OR CHEMICAL FORMULA
1N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
WATER PRODUCES HYDROGEN GAS AND OXYGEN GAS
WHEN SUBJECTED TO ELECTROLYSIS
STEP 1: CONVERT THE GIVEN PROBLEM INTO A WORD EQUATION
Water → Hydrogen gas + Oxygen gas
STEP 2: CONVERT THE WORD EQUATION INTO A CHEMICAL EQUATION
H2O (l)→ H2(g) + O2(g)
STEP 3: BALANCE THE GIVEN CHEMICAL EQUATION WRITTEN IN THE STEP 2 BY
ADDING COEFFICIENT AFTER THE CHEMICAL SYMBOL OR CHEMICAL FORMULA
2H2O (l)→ 2H2(g) + O2(g)
Copper (II) reacts with oxygen gas to produce
copper (II) oxide
STEP 1: CONVERT THE GIVEN PROBLEM INTO A WORD EQUATION
Copper + oxygen gas → copper (II) oxide
STEP 2: CONVERT THE WORD EQUATION INTO A CHEMICAL EQUATION
Cu(s) + O2(g) → CuO(s)
STEP 3: BALANCE THE GIVEN CHEMICAL EQUATION WRITTEN IN THE STEP 2 BY
ADDING COEFFICIENT AFTER THE CHEMICAL SYMBOL OR CHEMICAL FORMULA
2Cu(s) + O2(g) → 2CuO(s)
Balance the following equations
1. CH4(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)
2. Al(l) + BaO(s) → Al2O3(s) + Ba(l)
3. Cl2(g) + KBr(aq) → KCl(aq) + Br2(l)
4. Na(s) + H2O(l) → NaOH(s) + H2(g)
02
Stoichiometry
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS states that matter is neither
created nor destroyed
Stoichiometric coefficient is then added before each
element, ion, or molecule to make the number of each
element in the left side equal to the number of the same
element in the right side of the equation; interpreted as
number of moles of each substance
Stoichiometry the quantitative relationship between
reactants and products in a chemical reaction
Determine the stoichiometric ratio /
mole-mole ratio
2Na(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2 NaCl(aq) + H2(g)
2 moles Na ≡ 2 moles of HCl
2 moles Na ≡ 2 moles of HCl ≡ is a symbol
2 moles Na ≡ 1 mole of H2 for equivalent
2 moles HCl ≡ 2 moles of NaCl
2 moles HCl ≡ 1 mole of H2
2 moles NaCl ≡ 1 mole of H2
Determine the stoichiometric ratio /
mole-mole ratio
3H2(g) + N2(g)→ 2NH3(g)
3 moles H2 ≡ 1 mole of N2
3 moles H2≡ 2 moles of NH3
1 mole N2 ≡ 2 moles NH3
Sample problem #1
Rust, Fe2O3, form from the reaction of iron
and oxygen.
A.Write the balanced equation of the reaction.
B.What is the mole-mole ratio of Fe to Fe2O3?
C.How many moles of Fe2O3 is produced from 39.4 moles
of Fe?
D.What is the molar mass of Fe2O3??
E.How many grams of O2 are needed to produce 29.8g of
Fe2O3?
03
LIMITING AND EXCESS
REACTANTS
LIMITING REACTANT reagent that has completely reacted
and used up in a reaction
Excess reactant
is the reactant that is present in quantity
higher than what is required to react with the limiting
reagent
Sample problem #2
The combustion of ethane, C2H6, produces
carbon dioxide and water.
1.How many moles of CO2 is produced with 56.2
moles C2H6 and 73.4 moles of O2?
2.Which reagent is the limiting reagent? Which is
the excess reagent?
3.How many moles of C2H6 is in excess?
Sample problem # 3
In the production of Zinc sulfide, 36.8 g of
zinc is made to react with 19.4 g of sulfur
1.How many moles of ZnS is produced when sulfur
is completely used up?
2.How many grams of ZnS is produced when zinc is
completely used up?
3.Which reactant is the limiting reagent?
4.How many grams of the excess is left?
04
Theoretical and percent
yield
Theoretical yield is the amount of product that is expected
to form based on stoichiometry; is the maximum amount
of product from the given amount/s of reactant/s.

Actual yield is the amount of product produced during the


reaction; it is the amount of product obtained after the
actual reaction and it is normally lesser than the
theoretical yield; determined experimentally
percent yield is the ration of the actual yield to the
theoretical yield expressed as percentage

𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒀𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅
𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒀𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅
Sample problem #4
Cl2(g) + Al(s) → AlCl3(s)
1.Calculate the theoretical yield of aluminum chloride (in
grams) that can be produced from 10.00 grams of
aluminum metal and chloride.
2.An experiment was performed and obtained 10.23
grams of aluminum chloride. Determine the percent
yield of aluminum chloride
3.Compute for the excess amount of the excess reactant

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