CSE312 Transportation and Highway Engineering

Topic 6 Highway Planning

Dr. Guoyang LU
Dr. Zhen LENG

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 Contents
q Overview of Highway Planning Process
q Highway Design – Principles
q Highway Hierarchy

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 Overview :
Highway Planning Process

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 Highway Planning Process
1. Demand analysis and prediction
2. Traffic performance analysis (capacity analysis)
估計
3. Size estimation of highway
4. Determine the location of the highway (with public input)
5. Determine types of the highway facility (e.g. selection of
highway interchange type)
6. Identify physical design standards (e.g. TPDM in Hong Kong)
7. Geometric design
8. Design of auxiliary systems (lighting, drainage, traffic control)
9. Design road pavement
10. Costs and impacts estimation
11. Continuous project evaluation
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Highway Design
 References
q C.A. O’Flatherty- “Highways”, 2nd Edition
▫ Vol. 1 Highways and Traffic
▫ Vol. 2 Highways Engineering
q Hong Kong Transport Department
q Transport Planning and Design Manual (TPDM)
▫ Vol. 2 Highway Design Characteristics

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 Highway Design
q The function of a civil engineer in relation to the
design of a highway is to specify its geometry
and the materials of which it is made in such a
way as to ensure that it can be used safely and
conveniently by members of the public
表格
q Output: drawings and tabulations that will define
precisely, and in three dimensions, the location of
each and every part of the structure of the road.
q A highway can be considered to be made up of
two types of component:
§ The road between junctions
§ The junction themselves
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 Principles of Highway Design
q Efficiency 設計以滿⾜交通需求模式並最⼤限度地減少路⼝/交叉⼝的數量
q Design to meet traffic demand
pattern and minimize the number of
junctions/intersections
q Safety
為死火⾞提供應急服務；限制駕駛員進⾏危險運動並隔離交通衝突
q Provide emergency for dead
vehicles; constraining drivers from
hazardous movements and
separation of traffic conflicts
q Environmental
q Minimize destruction to ecologies
and vehicle emissions
q Technological
q Incorporate most advanced vehicle
as well as traffic monitoring and
control technologies 結合最先進的⾞輛以及交通監控技術
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 ⾼速公路等級

Highway Hierarchy
• Road Type?
 • Expressway
• Urban/ Rural Trunk
1. Road Type • Primary Distributor
• District Distributor
• Rural Road

5.Intersection/
2.Design Speed 4.Cross-Section
Interchange

3.Geometric • Superelevation
Design • Horizontal curve
• Vertical Curve
Purposes of Road Classification
建立合乎邏輯的綜合系統
q Establish logical, integrated system
將幾何設計標準和交通管理與每個等級的道路聯繫起來

q Relate geometric design standards and

traffic management to the roads in each
class
為製定長期計劃、改進重點和財政（或公共財政）計劃奠定基礎

q Establish a basis for developing long-range

programme, improvement priorities and
fiscal (or public finance) plans

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 Highway Hierarchy
q Urban/ Rural
§ And further sub-divisions

q Within each category, highways are

classified by
§Design speed and standard
§Intersection type and spacing
§Frontage access control
正⾯⾨禁控制

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 Road Types in Hong Kong
TPDM Vol 2,
Ch 3
Expressways
• Road Traffic (Expressway) Regulations.
• May be formed from a trunk road or a primary distributor
road.
Urban Road types
Trunk Road

Rural Road Types

Single Track Access Roads

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 Highway Hierarchy
q Urban/ Rural
§ And further sub-divisions

q Within each category, highways are

classified by
§Design speed and standard
§Intersection type and spacing
§Frontage access control

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 Design Speed
應該選擇代表輕型⾞輛在⾃由流動條件下的 85% 速度
Should be chosen to represent the 85-percentile speed of light
vehicles in free flow conditions

Depends on a number of factor:

• Type of road • 道路類型
• Single or dual carriageway • 單⾞道或雙⾞道
• 訪問控製程度
• Degree of access control
• 提供的連接類型
• Type of junction provided

Dual Carriageway Single Carriageway

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 Design Speed
Type of Junction Design Speed
Road Type
and Access km/h
Expressway Standards,
No Frontage Access 100
Widely Spaced Grade Separated Junctions
Rural Dual Carriageway No Frontage Access
80
Closely Spaced Grade Separated Junctions
Some Frontage Access and
50
At Grade Junctions
No Frontage Access,
Frequent Elevated Structures 80
Urban Dual Carriageway Grade Separated Junctions
Some Frontage Access
50
Signal Control Junctions
Some Frontage Access
Rural Single Carriageway 50
At Grade Junctions
Some Frontage Access
50
Urban Single Carriageway At Grade Junctions
Local Streets 50

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 Highway Hierarchy
q Urban/ Rural
§ And further sub-divisions

q Within each category, highways are

classified by
§Design speed and standard
§Intersection type and spacing
§Frontage access control

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 CSE30312
Intersections
同層交叉⼝——渠道化（帶有定向島）或同⼀層的非渠道化交叉⼝
At-grade Intersections – channelized (with directional islands)
or unchannelized intersections on the same level

Grade-separated Intersections – is simply a bridge which

enables the traffic on the intersecting highway to cross over
other without any vehicle conflict taking place
分級交叉⼝——只是⼀座橋樑，使交叉公路上的交通可以跨越其他公路，⽽不會發⽣任何⾞輛衝突

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 路⼝

Types of Junctions
:
At-grade Intersections

Uncontrolled Junction

Channelization

Priority Junctions

Signal Controlled Junctions

Roundabouts

Grade-Separated Junctions

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 Uncontrolled Junction
No control devices
The operator of a vehicle approaching an intersection
must be able to perceive a hazard in sufficient time to
alter the vehicle’s speed, as necessary, before reaching
the intersection 無控制設備
接近交叉路⼝的⾞輛操作員必須能夠在⾜夠的時間內感知危險，以便在到達交叉路
⼝之前根據需要改變⾞輛的速度

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 Channelization
Separation or regulation of conflicting traffic movements
into definite paths of travel by traffic islands or
pavement markings.
通過交通島或路⾯標記將相互衝突的交通運動分隔或調節成明確的⾏進路徑。

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 Priority Junctions
主要道路被給予永久優先停⾞標誌
• “Stop”放置在與主要道路交界處的次要道路上，

Major road is given permanent priority • ⾞輛必須停在橫線上。

• ⾞輛不應駛入主幹道
Stop Signs ⽅式。
• "Stop" is placed on a minor road at its junction with a major
road,
• A vehicle must stop at the transverse lines.
• The vehicle should not proceed into the major road in a
manner.

Yield Signs (Give way)

• "Give Way" is placed on minor roads at their junctions with
major roads
• The vehicle on the minor road should not enter the major
road.
讓路標誌（讓路）
• “讓路”放置在與主要道路交界處的次要道路上
• 次要道路上的⾞輛不應進入主要道路。

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 Signal Control Junction

To Jordan

The traffic signal is an

electrically timed device that
assigns the right-of-way to
one or more traffic streams

交通信號燈是⼀種電⼦
定時裝置，可為⼀個或
多個交通流分配通⾏權

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 Roundabout

To Sha Tin

Convert crossing conflicts

into weaving conflicts

A central circle surrounded

by a one-way roadway
將交叉衝突轉化為編織衝突
被單向⾞道包圍的中⼼圈
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 Grade-Separated Junctions
通過在交叉點的不同⾼度放置衝突的交通流來消除交叉衝突
Eliminate the crossing conflict by placing conflicting traffic streams at different elevations at
their point of intersection

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 Junction Delay
Related to junction capacity and design flow
與結容量和設計流程有關
優先路⼝：
Priority Junction: • 次要道路
信號交叉⼝：
• minor road • 延遲每個交通流環島：

Signalised Junction:
• 在接近滿載⽔平的整個流量範圍內，將最⼤限度地減少環島的流量延遲。
• 單⼀的主要流動
• delay to each traffic stream 坡度分離路⼝：
Roundabout: • 沒有延遲到主要的直通動作
• 坡道可以最⼤限度地減少轉彎延遲
• well balanced flows delays at roundabouts will be minimized over a full
range of flow up to levels which are close to capacity.
• Single predominant flows
Grade-Separated Junction:
• No delay to major through movements
• Delay to turnings can be minimized by ramps

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 Choice of Junction Type
Parameter Priority Junction Signal Junction Roundabout Grade Separated
Capacity Low – mod. flows Mod. – high flows Mod. – high flows High flows
Delay Minor road traffic Increase delay Little delay if No delay to major
during quiet hours. capacity not through, little delay
exceeded. or no delay to
turnings
Safety Relies on drivers Low right turn and Generally the safest. Reduces conflicts
v
pedestrian accident and accidents, but
rates. increases severity
Economic Very low Generally very cost Extravagant in terms Construction cost
construction cost. effective. of land take. high, offset by
community cost
reduction (e.g
accidents, delay)
Pedestrian Generally can cater Generally be Subway and Grade separated
⾏⼈ for pedestrian. catered for better. footbridges should pedestrian facilities
be considered. are required

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 Highway Hierarchy
q Urban/ Rural
§ And further sub-divisions

q Within each category, highways are

classified by
§Design speed and standard
§Intersection type and spacing
§Frontage access control

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 Highway Hierarchy
q Road standards are related to the function
of the road and the characteristics of the
traffic using it. Detailed highway
engineering standards are given in the
TPDM.
道路標準與道路的功能和使⽤它的交通的特點有關。 TPDM 中給出了詳細的公路⼯程標準。

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 Transport Planning and Design
Manual (TPDM)
運輸規劃設計⼿冊共⼗⼀卷，主要作為運輸署⼯作⼈員的⼯作⽂件出版。
q The Transport Planning and Design Manual
consists of eleven volumes and is published
primarily as a working document for
Transport Department staff.
q It also provides information and guidance to
others involved in the planning and design of
transport infrastructures in Hong Kong.
它還為參與香港交通基礎設施規劃和設計的其他⼈提供信息和指導。

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 Road Types in Hong Kong
Urban Road Types Rural Road Types
(Hong Kong, Kowloon, New Towns)
q Trunk Roads (Urban q Trunk Roads
Trunk) (Expressway or
q Primary Distributors Motorway or
Freeway)
q District Distributors
q Rural Roads A
q Local Distributors
q Rural Roads B
See The “Annual Traffic Census” – q Feeder Roads
Hong Kong Transport Dept
for classification of roads by types in
Hong Kong

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 Urban Road Types
q Trunk roads
§ longer-distance traffic;
q Primary distributor roads:
§ between centres within the main urban areas
q District distributor roads:
§ between the primary road network and districts within the
main urban areas
q Local distributor roads:
§ giving direct access to buildings and land
q 主幹道
§ 長途交通；
q 主要分銷商道路：
§ 主城區內的中⼼之間
q 地區分銷商道路：
§ 在主要道路網絡和地區之間
主要城市地區
q 當地經銷商道路：
§ 直接進入建築物和⼟地 32
 Rural Road Types
q Trunk roads:
§ Same as Urban Trunk
q Rural roads A:
§ for the movement of traffic from the smaller centres of population
to the major road network;
q Rural roads B:
§ for traffic from villages to rural roads A;
q Feeder roads:
§ for traffic from more remote settlements to rural roads B;
q主幹道：
§ 同城市⼲線
q 鄉村道路 A：
§ ⽤於從較⼩的⼈⼝中⼼轉移交通
到主要道路網絡； q 鄉村道路 B：
§ 從村莊到鄉村道路 A 的交通； q ⽀路：
§ ⽤於從更偏遠的定居點到鄉村道路 B 的交通；

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https://www.td.gov.hk/en/publications_and_press_releases/pub
lications/free_publications/index.html
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 Appendix G: Road Classification
System
Classification Function Standard Traffic Management
Expressway (EX) Connects the main centres of High capacity roads with no 24 hour stopping restrictions.
and Urban Trunk population frontage access or
(UT)/Rural Trunk development, pedestrians
(RT) Road segregated, widely spaced
grade-separated junctions.
Primary Distributor Forms the major network of Roads having high capacity Usually 24 hour stopping
(PD) the urban area junction, normally grade restrictions.
separated, segregated
pedestrian facilities and
limited frontage access.
District Distributor Links districts to the Primary Roads having high capacity at- Usually peak hour stopping
(DD) Distributor grade junction. restrictions and parking
restrictions throughout the
day.
Local Distributor Roads within districts linking
(LD) developments to the District
Distributor
Rural Road (RR) Connects the smaller centres Roads having high capacity
of population or popular junction and limited frontage
recreation areas with major access.
road networks

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Note the road types

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CSE312 - Highway
Planning - Dr.
Barbara W.Y. SIU
37 37