5 STATES OF MATTER

INTRODUCTION
Matter as we know broadly exists in three states.
There are always two opposite tendencies between particles of matter which determine the state of matter.
• Inter molecular attractive forces.
• The molecular motion / random motion.
Matter

Properties Solid state Liquid state Gaseous state

Attractive force Large Smaller Almost zero
Thermal motion Almost zero Greater Random motion
Volume Fixed volume Fixed volume Varies with container
Geometry Def inite Not definite Not definite

In this chapter the properties and behaviour of the gases will be

analysed and discussed in detail. These properties are measured Isotherms
Pressure(p)(bar)

with the help of the gas laws as proposed Boyle,Charles,Gay

Lussac etc.

BOYLE’S LAW AND MEASUREMENT OF 600K

400K
PRESSURE 200
K
Statement: For a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature,
0 Volume(V)(dm )
3
the volume occupied by the gas is inversely proportional to the
pressure applied on the gas or pressure of the gas. T3
T2
1
V  T1
Pressure(p)

P
hence PV = constant this constant will be dependent on the Isotherms
amount of the gas and temperature of the gas.
P1V1 = P2V2 T3 > T2 > T1
0 Volume(1/V)
Application of Boyles Law : For the two points ‘A’ and ‘B’
P P1V1 = K & P2V2 = K
B PV hence it follows that P1V1 = P2V2 .
P2
A Atmospheric pressure: The pressure exerted by
P1
atmosphere on earth’s surface at sea level is called 1 atm.
V2 V1 v V 1 atm = 1.013 bar
1 atm = 1.013 × 105 N/m2 = 1.013 bar = 760 torr
 • Infact no substance exists as gas at a temperature near
TRAIN YOUR BRAIN absolute zero, though the straight line plots can be extra
Example 1: A gas is initially at 1 atm pressure. To compress it to plotted to zero volume. Absolute zero can never be attained
1/4 th of initial volume, what will be the pressure practically though it can be approached only.
required? • By considering –273.15°C as the lowest approachable limit,
Sol. P1 = 1 atm V1 = V Kelvin developed temperature scale which is known as
V absolute scale.
P2 = ? V2 =
4
P1V1 = P2V2 at const. T & n Example 2: If the temp. of a particular amount of gas is increased
P1V1 1 atm  V from 27°C to 57°C, find final volume of the gas, if initial volume
P2 = = = 4 atm = 1 lt and assume pressure is constant.
V2 V
4 V1 V2
Sol. 
Charle’s law: For a fixed amount of gas at constant T1 T2
pressure volume, occupied by the gas is directly 1 V2
proportional to temperature of the gas on absolute scale  So V2 = 1.1 lt.
(273  27) (273  57)
of temperature.
VT or V = kT Gay-lussac’s law: For a fixed amount of gas at constant
V volume, pressure of the gas is directly proportional to
= constnat t where ‘k’ is a proportionality constant temperature of the gas on absolute scale of temperature.
T
and is dependent on amount of gas and pressure. PT
P
V1 V2 = constantdependent on amount and volume of gas
 T
T1 T2 P1 P2
Temperature on absolute scale, kelvin scale or ideal gas   temperature on absolute scale originally, the
T1 T2
scale. law was developed on the centigrade scale, where it was
V = a + bt found that pressure is a linear function of temperature
Temperature on centigrade scale. P = P0 + bt where ‘b’ is a constant and P0 is pressure at
zero degree centigrade.
V
V

273.15° t T
~ 273° 
= Zero K
T

TRAIN YOUR BRAIN

Example 3: The temperature of a certain mass of a gas in a rigid
container is doubled. If the initially the gas is at 1 atm pressure.
Find the % increase in pressure ?

P1 P2 1 P
Sol. T1
= ;
T2 T
= 2
2T
Relation : T = t + 273
• Since volume is proportional to absolute temperature. The
volume of a gas should be theoretically zero at absolute 2 –1
% increase = × 100 = 100%
zero temperature. 1

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Example 4: The temperature of a certain mass of a gas was
P1V1 P2 V2
increased from 27°C to 37°C at constant volume. What will be Sol. Using T = T ;
the pressure of the gas. 1 2

P1 P2 P P2 31 1 atm  12000 L 0.5 atm  V2

Sol. = ; = ; P2 = P =
T1 T2 300 310 30 300 K 250 K
 V2 = 20,000 L
Avogadro’s Hypothesis : For similar values of pressure & Hence Ans. (b)
temperature equal number of molecules of different gases
will occupy equal volume. DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE
N1  V (volume of N1 molecules at P & T of one Partial pressure : In a mixture of non reacting gases partial
pressure of any component of gas is defined as pressure exerted
gas) by this component if whole of volume of mixture had been
N2  V (volume of N2 molecules at P & T of second occupied by this component.
gas)
 Molar volume & volume occupied by one mole of
each and every gas under similar conditions will be
equal.
One mole of any gas or a combination of gases
occupies 22.413996 L of volume at STP.
The previous standard is still often used, and applies Partial pressure of first component gas
to all chemistry data more than decade old, in this
definition Standard Temperature and Pressure STP n1 RT n RT n RT
P1  ; P2  2 ; P3  3
denotes the same temperature of 0°C (273.15K), but a v v v
slightly higher pressure of 1 atm (101.325 kPa) . Total pressure = P1 + P2 + P3.
Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure (SATP),
Dalton’s law : For a non reacting gaseous mixture total pressure
conditions are also used in some scientific works. SATP
conditions means 298.15 K and 1 bar (i.e. exactly 105 Pa) At of the mixture is the summation of partial pressure of the different
SATP (1 bar and 298.15 K), the molar volume of an ideal gas is component gases.
24.789 L mol–1 (n  n  n 3 ) RT
PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3  1 2
Equation of State: Combining all the gas relations in a single v
expression which describes relationship between pressure, P1 n1
volume and temperature, of a given mass of gas we get an   x1 (mole fraction of first component of gas)
expression known as equation of state. PT n T
PV P2 n 2
= constant (dependent on amount of the gas (n)).   x 2 (mole fraction of second component of
T PT n T
P1V1 P2 V2 gas)
T1
=
T2 P3 n 3
  x 3 (mole fraction of third component of gas)
Ideal gas Equation: PT n T
PV
= constant [universal constant] Example 6: The partial pressure of hydrogen in a flask containing
nT two grams of hydrogen and 32 gm of sulphur dioxide is
= R (ideal gas constant or universal gas constant)
(a) 1/16th of the total pressure
R = 8.314 J/Kmole  25/3 = 1.987 cal/k.mole  2
= 0.0821 Latm/K/mole  1/12 (b) 1/9th of the total pressure
(c) 2/3 of the total pressure
TRAIN YOUR BRAIN (d) 1/8th of the total pressure
Ans. (c)
Example 5: A weather balloon filled with hydrogen at 1 atm and
300 K has volume equal to 12000 litres. On ascending it reaches 2g 32g
Sol. nH 2 = = 1mol. nSO2 = = 0.5 mol
a place where temperature is 250 K and pressure is 0.5 atm. The 2g / mol 64g / mol
volume of the balloon is :
n H2 1 2
(a) 24000 litres (b) 20000 litres
 PH2 = × PT = × PT = PT.
(c) 10000 litres (d) 12000 litres  nH 2
 nSO2  (1  0.5) 3

STATES OF MATTER 135 P

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Example 7: Equal volume of two gases which do not react Example 8: Calculate the mean molar mass of a mixture of gases
together are enclosed in separate vessels. Their pressures are having 7 g of Nitrogen, 22 g of CO2 and 5.6 litres of CO at STP.
10 mm and 400 mm respectively. If the two vessels are joined Sol. Moles of N2 = 7/28 = 1/4
together, then what will be the pressure of the resulting mixture Moles of CO2 = 22/44 = 1/2
(temperature remaining constant) : Moles of CO = 5.6 / 22.4 = 1/4
(a) 120 mm (b) 500 mm
n1 M1  n 2 M 2  n 3 M 3
(c) 1000 mm (d) 205 mm mean molar mass = Mmix =
n1  n 2  n 3
Ans. (d)
Sol. Let, vol of containers be V & temperature be T = ( 7 + 7 + 22 ) / 1 = 36
P1 = 10mm P2 = 400mm
GRAHAM’S LAW OF DIFFUSION/EFFUSION
P1V P2 V Diffusion : Net spontaneous flow of gaseous molecules from
 n1 = & n2 =
RT RT region of high concentration (higher partial pressure) to the
(P1  P2 )  V region of lower concentration or lower partial pressure flow will
 n1 + n2 =
RT be from both sides, N2 will try to equalise its partial pressure in
After joining two containers final vol = (V+V) = 2V(for both the vessels, and so will O2.
gases)

 n1  n 2  RT (P1  P2 )  V RT
 P final = Vfinal
= ×
2V
=
RT

 P1  P2  10  400  mm
= = 205 mm.
2 2

ANALYSIS OF GASEOUS MIXTURE

Vapour density: Vapour density of any gas is defined as the
density of any gas with respect to density of the H2 gas under
identical conditions of temperature T and pressure P. Graham’s Law : “Under similar conditions of pressure (partial
vapour density = pressure) the rate of diffusion of different gases is inversely
density of gas at T & P proportional to square root of the density of different gases.”
density of H 2 under same P & T 1
• rate of diffusion r  {d = density of gas}
d
m RT RT PM
P= . P=  =
V M M RT r1 d2 M2 V . D2
r2
= = = V.D
d1 M1 V . D1
PM gas RT Mgas Mgas
vapour density = RT PM = M =
H2 H2 2 is vapour density
Mgas = 2 × vapour density Effusion : (forced diffusion) a gas is made to diffuse through a
hole by the application of external pressure.
Average molecular mass of gaseous mixture : total mass of the
mixture divided by total no. of moles in the mixture
Total mass of mixture
Mmix = Total no. of moles in mixture

If we have
‘n1’ , ‘n2’ and ‘n3’ are moles of three different gases having Diffusion : Flow of gas to occupy available volume is called
of molar mass ‘M1’, ‘M2’ and ‘M3’ respectively. Diffusion.
n1 M1  n 2 M 2  n 3 M 3 Selective diffusion : If one or more than one components of a
Mmix = n1  n 2  n 3 mixture are allowed to diffuse and others are not allowed then it
is selective diffusion of those components.

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 r1 dx1 dt M2
Sol. r2
= × dx 2 = M1
dt
Diffusion will
although total happen till the dx1
Diffusion 32
pressure may be partial pressure = =4
different both sides. of H2 becomes same dx 2 2
on both sides.
dis tan ce travelled by H 2
 =4
Pt membrane dis tan ce travelled by O2
x
=4
Platinum allows only H2 gas to pass through (5  x)
Rate of diffusion and effusion can be termed as
x = (5 – x) 4 ; x = 20 – 4x ; 5x = 20 ; x = 4 from H2 side
dP
r = change in pressure flow rate = Example 10: Assume that you have a sample of hydrogen gas
dt
containing H2, HD and D2 that you want to separate into pure
dVout components (H = 1H and D = 2H). What are the relative rates of
r = volume flow rate =
dt diffusion of the three molecules according to Graham’s law ?
dn out Sol. Since D2 is the heaviest of the three molecules, it will
r = moles flow rate = diffuse most slowly, and let we call its relative rate 1.00.
dt
r = distance travelled by gaseous molecules per unit time We can then compare HD and H2 with D2.
Comparing HD with D2, we have
dx
= Rate of HD diffusion Molecular mass of D2 4.0amu
dt Rate of D 2 diffusion = Molecular mass of HD = 3.0amu =
• The general form of the graham’s law of diffusion can 1.15
be stated as follows, when one or all of the parameters Comparing H2 with D2 we have
are varied.
Rate of H 2 diffusion Mass of D 2 4.0amu
= Mass of H = = 1.41
rate  P.A T Rate of D 2 diffusion 2 2.0amu
M
Thus, the relative rates of diffusion are H2(1.41) > HD
P – Pressure, A – area of hole, T – Temp. , M – mol. wt. (1.15) > D2(1.00).
• If partial pressure of gases are not equal.
Then rate of diffusion is found to be proportional to KINETIC ENERGY AND MOLECULAR SPEEDS
partial pressure & inversely proportional to square Molecules of gases remain in continuous motion. While moving
root of molecular mass. they collide with each other and with the walls of the container.
r P This results in change of their speed and redistribution of energy.
So the speed and energy of all the molecules of the gas at any
1 r1 P1 M2 instant are not the same. Thus, we can obtain only average
r ; r = P M1
M 2 2 value of speed of molecules. If there are n number of molecules
in a sample and their individual speeds are u1, u2, …….un, then
average speed of molecules uav can be calculated as follows:
TRAIN YOUR BRAIN
u1  u 2  ....u n
u av 
Example 9: In a tube of length 5 m having 2 identical holes at n
the opposite ends. H2 & O2 are made to effuse into the tube Maxwell and Boltzmann have shown that actual distribution of
from opposite ends under identical conditions. Find the point molecular speeds depends on temperature and molecular mass
where gases will meet for the first time. of a gas. Maxwell derived a formula for calculating the number
of molecules possessing a particular speed. shows schematic
plot of number of molecules vs. molecular speed at two different
temperatures T1 and T2 (T2 is higher than T1). The distribution
of speeds shown in the plot is called Maxwell-Boltzmann
distribution of speeds.

STATES OF MATTER 137 P

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 particle in a straight line, we require the value of mean of
square of speeds, mu 2 , of all molecules. This is
Average T 2 > T1 represented as follows:
Most probable speed (uav )
N umber of m olecules
speed (ump ) Root mean u12  u 22  ....u n2
square speed (urms) u2 
um p uav n
urm s
Curve The mean square speed is the direct measure of the average
at T1
Curve kinetic energy of gas molecules. If we take the square root of
at T2 the mean of the square of speeds then we get a value of speed
which is different from most probable speed and average speed.
(0,0)
Speed
This speed is called root mean square speed and is given by the
expression as follows:
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of speeds u rms  u 2
The graph shows that number of molecules possessing very Root mean square speed, average speed and the most
high and very low speed is very small. The maximum in the probable speed have following relationship:
curve represents speed possessed by maximum number of urms > uav > ump
molecules. This speed is called most probable speed, ump. This The ratio between the three speeds is given below:
is very close to the average speed of the molecules. On ump: uav : urms : : 1 : 1.128 : 1.224
increasing the temperature most probable speed increases. Also,
speed distribution curve broadens at higher temperature. KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF GASES
Broadening of the curve shows that number of molecules moving So far we have learnt the laws (e.g., Boyle’s law, Charles’ law
at higher speed increases. Speed distribution also depends upon etc.) which are concise statements of experimental facts
mass of molecules. At the same temperature, gas molecules
observed in the laboratory by the scientists. Conducting careful
with heavier mass have slower speed than lighter gas molecules.
experiments is an important aspect of scientific method and it
For example, at the same temperature lighter nitrogen molecules
move faster than heavier chlorine molecules. Hence, at any given tells us how the particular system is behaving under different
temperature, nitrogen molecules have higher value of most conditions. However, once the experimental facts are
probable speed than the chlorine molecules. Look at the established, a scientist is curious to know why the system is
molecular speed distribution curve of chlorine and nitrogen behaving in that way. For example, gas laws help us to predict
given in. Though at a particular temperature the individual speed that pressure increases when we compress gases but we would
of molecules keeps changing, the distribution of speeds remains like to know what happens at molecular level when a gas is
same. compressed ? A theory is constructed to answer such questions.
A theory is a model (i.e., a mental picture) that enables us to
better understand our observations. The theory that attempts
to elucidate the behaviour of gases is known as kinetic molecular
um p for chlorine theory. Assumptions or postulates of the kinetic molecular
N um ber of molecules

um p for nitrogen theory of gases are given below. These postulates are related
to atoms and molecule which cannot be seen, hence it is said to
provide a microscopic model of gases.
• Gases consist of large number of identical particles (atoms
or molecules) that are so small and so far apart on the
(0,0) average that the actual volume of the molecules is negligible
Molecular speed
in comparison to the empty space between them. They are
Distribution of molecular speeds for chlorine and considered as point masses. This assumption explains the
nitrogen at 300 K great compressibility of gases.
We know that kinetic energy of a particle is given by the • There is no force of attraction between the particles of a
expression: gas at ordinary temperature and pressure. The support for
1 this assumption comes from the fact that gases expand
Kinetic Energy = mu 2 and occupy all the space available to them.
2
Therefore, if we want to know average translational • Particles of a gas are always in constant and random
motion. If the particles were at rest and occupied fixed
1 positions, then a gas would have had a fixed shape which
kinetic energy, mu 2 , for the movement of a gas
2 is not observed.

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 • Particles of a gas move in all possible directions in straight
(PV)real
lines. During their random motion, they collide with each Z= ; (PV)ideal = nRT
T
(PV)ideal
other and with the walls of the container. Pressure is exerted
by the gas as a result of collision of the particles with the
PV PVm
walls of the container. Z= = , VM is volume of one mole of gas or
nRT RT
• Collisions of gas molecules are perfectly elastic. This means
that total energy of molecules before and after the collision molar volume.
remains same. There may be exchange of energy between
colliding molecules, their individual energies may change,
but the sum of their energies remains constant. If there
Vm
were loss of kinetic energy, the motion of molecules will Z= V
m id eal
stop and gases will settle down. This is contrary to what is
actually observed.
• At any particular time, different particles in the gas have
different speeds and hence different kinetic energies. This
assumption is reasonable because as the particles collide,
Variation of Z with pressure at constant temperature:
we expect their speed to change. Even if initial speed of all
the particles was same, the molecular collisions will disrupt
this uniformity. Consequently, the particles must have
different speeds, which go on changing constantly. It is
possible to show that though the individual speeds are
changing, the distribution of speeds remains constant at a
particular temperature.
• If a molecule has variable speed, then it must have a variable
kinetic energy. Under these circumstances, we can talk only
about average kinetic energy. In kinetic theory, it is assumed
that average kinetic energy of the gas molecules is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature. It is seen that on Variation of Z with pressure at different temperature
heating a gas at constant volume, the pressure increases. (for a gas ) :
On heating the gas, kinetic energy of the particles increases
and these strike the walls of the container more frequently,
thus, exerting more pressure.
Kinetic theory of gases allows us to derive theoretically,
all the gas laws studied in the previous sections.
Calculations and predictions based on kinetic theory of
gases agree very well with the experimental observations
and thus establish the correctness of this model.

REAL GASES
• Real gases do not obey the ideal gas laws exactly under all
Conclusions:
conditions of temperature and pressure.
Z = 1 for ideal gas ;
• Real gases deviates from ideal behaviour because
Z > 1 at all pressures for He/H2
• Real gas molecules have a finite volume. Z < 1 at low pressure (for all other gases) ; Z > 1 at high
{since on liquefaction real gases occupy a finite volume} pressure (for all other gases)
• Inter molecular attractive forces between real gas molecules Vander Waal Equation of real gases : The ideal gas
is not zero. equation does not consider the effect of attractive forces
{Real gases can be converted into liquid where as ideal and molecular volume.
gases can’t be} vander Waal's corrected the ideal gas equation by taking
• Deviation of real gases from ideal behaviour can be the effect of
measured by using compresibility factor : (Z) (a) Molecular volume (b) Molecular attraction

STATES OF MATTER 139 P

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• Volume correction:
n
Ideal gas equation: no. of collision  density of molecules   
Pi Vi = nRT; In the equation ‘Vi’ stands for the volume which v
is available for free movement of the molecules.  n   n  an 2
Videal = volume available for free movement of gaseous net correction term      = 2
 v v v
molecule
hence, Vi = V – {volume not available for free movement} ‘a’ is constant of proportionality
For an ideal gas and this is dependent on force of attraction
Vi = V {V = volume of container} Stronger the force of attraction greater will be ‘a’ (Constant)
but for a real gas an 2
Vi  V , as all the volume is not available for free movement Pi = P +
Molecules have finite volume : The volume that is not v2
available for free movement is called excluded volume.  an 2 
let us see, how this excluded volume is calculated. Vander waal’s equation is  P  2  (v – nb) = nRT
T
 v 

VERIFICATION OF VANDER WAAL’S

r r EQUATIONS
1 2
Variation of Z with P for vander waals' equation at any
temp.
Excluded volume
(not available for free momement)

For above example, the entire shaded region is excluded,

as its centre of mass cannot enter this region.
If both molecules were ideal, then they would not have
experienced any excluded volume but not in the case, of Vander waal equation for 1mole :
real gas as the centre of mass of ‘2’ cannot go further.
Hence for this pair of real gas molecules,  a 
 P  2  (V – b) = RT
T
1 4 3  Vm 
m
Excluded volume per molecule =   (2r) 
2  3 
• AT LOW PRESSURE (at separate temp.)
4 
= 4   r3  At low pressure Vm will be high.
3 
a
4  Hence b can be neglected in comparision to Vm. but
 excluded volume per mole of gas (b) = NA 4   r 3  Vm2
3 
= 4 × NA × Volume of individual molecule can't be neglected as pressure is low
for n moles, excluded volume = nb
 a 
Vi = V – nb volume correction Thus equation would be  P  2  Vm = RT
T
• Pressure correction or effect of molecular attraction  Vm 
forces : a
PVm + = RT
T
Vm
PVm a
+ V RT = 1
RT m
a
Due to these attraction, speed during collisions will be Z=1– Z< 1
Vm RT
reduced Real gas is easily compressible as compared to an ideal
Momentum will be less gas.
Force applied will be less • AT HIGH PRESSURE (moderate temp.)
Pressure will be less. Vm will be low so b can't be neglected in comparision to Vm
Pideal = P + {correction term} a
Correction term  no. of molecules attracting the colliding but 2 can be neglected as compared to much higher
Vm
molecule  (n/v).
Correction term  density of molecules (n/v). values of P.

P 140 DROPPER JEE

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 Then vander Waals' equation will be Example 14: Two vander waals gases have same value of b but
P(Vm – b) = RT different a values. Which of these would occupy greater volume
PVm – Pb = RT under identical conditions?
PVm Pb Sol. If two gases have same value of 'b' but different values of
= +1
RT RT 'a', then the gas having a larger value of 'a' will occupy
Pb lesser volume. This is because the gas with a larger value
Z= +1 (Z > 1)
RT of 'a' will have larger force of attraction and hence lesser
If Z > 1, then gas is more difficult to compress as compared distance between its molecules.
to an ideal gas.
• At low pressure and very high temperature.
Vm will be very large hence ‘b’ can be neglected
a Ideal gases Real gases
and 2 can also be neglected as Vm is very large an2
Vm Zero volume Corrected equation P + 2 (V – nb) = nRT
Zero attractive force V
PVm = RT (ideal gas condition) non-zero volume
PV = nRT
• For H2 or He a ~ 0 because molecules are smaller in size or Z= 1 some intermolecular force
vander Wall's forces will be very weak, these are non polar
so no dipole-dipole interactions are present in the actions. ( +)ve (–)ve
P(Vm – b) = RT Z> 1 Z< 1
Repulsive forces Attractive forces
Pb Difficult to compress Easy to compress
so Z = 1 +
RT Difficult to Liquify Easy to Liquify
• ‘a’ factor depends on inter molecular attractive forces.
• ‘a’ factor for polar molecule > ‘a’ factor for non polar
molecule.
Correction term for Correction term for
intermolecular attraction molecular volume
TRAIN YOUR BRAIN
2
an
Example 11: Arrange following in decreasing ’a’ factor P+ (V – nb) = nRT
V2
(H2O, CO2, Ar)
Ans. H2O > CO2 > Ar
• For non polar molecules : Greater the size or surface
Critical Constant
area, greater will be vander waals' forces, so greater • Critical temperature of a gas is the highest temperature
will be ’a’ constant. at which liquefaction of gas first occurs.
Example 12: Arrange following gases according to ‘a’ He , Ar, • At critical temperature liquid phase passes into gaseous
Ne, Kr. state imperceptibly and continuously.
Ans. aKr > aAr > aNe > aHe • A gas below the critical temperature can be liquefied by
• More ‘a’ factor means higher will be boiling point. applying pressure and is called vapour of the substance.
• liquification pressure : Is the pressure required to • At critical temperature, density of vapour phase equal
convert gas into liquid. to density of liquid phase.
for easy liquefaction a and P • Pressure required to liquefy a gas at its critical
When Z < 1, Vm < Vm, ideal  easily liquifiable temperature is called critical pressure (PC).
Z > 1, Vm > Vm, ideal  more difficult to • The volume occupied by 1 mole of the gas at critical
compress. temperature and critical pressure is critical volume (VC).
Example 13: Arrange the following according to liquification • Relationship between critcal constants and Van der Waal
pressure : n-pentane ; iso-pentane , neo pentane. constants
an-pentene > aiso-pentane > aneo-pentane
liquification pressure = LP a 8a
• PC  ; VC  3b;TC 
Sol. L P n  pentane < L P iso pentane < L Pneo pentane 27b 2 27Rb
• b is roughly related with size of the molecule. (Thumb • Reduced pressure is P/PC
4 • Reduced volume is V/VC
rule) b = NA 4   r 3 
3  • Reduced temperature T/TC

STATES OF MATTER 141 P

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P
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Gases

C ondition defined by
behaviour explain ed by

Volume, V Molar amount, n Temperature, T

Id ea l gases Real gase s in lite rs, L in moles, mol in kelvin s, K Kine tic mole cular
2
2 theo ry
Zero volume Co rrected e quation P + a n22 (V - nb) = n RT Most pr obable sp eed
V
Zero attracti ve force non-zero volume
2KT 2RT
PV = nRT some intermolecular fo rce relates m = M
related by molecular
Z=1

( +)ve (-)ve
speed

G as laws
Kinetic en ergy, EK Tempera ture, T Ve lo city, u Average speed
Z>1 Z<1 Mass, M
Repulsive forces Attractive for ce s 8RT 8KT
including =
Diffi cult to compr ess E asy to compr ess
gives rise to
Molecular

Difficult to Li quify Easy to Li quify

142
KE = 3/2 PV
Avoga dro’s law Boyle’s law Charles law
V/T = k
= 3/2 RT Gra ham’s law
V/n = k PV = k
u = 3RT
Correction fo r com bined M R oot mea n square
intermolecular att raction Correction for
molecular volume which gives in the
3RT 3K T
an2 applied to =
P+ 2 ( V - nb) = nRT M m
V2 Ideal gas law co ntai ning
Standard molar PV = nRT 8
V mp s V av V rms = 2 3
volume = 22.4 L 
used for G as constant, R Diffusion Effusio n
Unde r STP
cond itions
Pure gases Ga s mi xtures 2 5/3
2
Standard Sta ndard Using
temperature, pressur e, 1/12
T = 0°C P = 1 a tm
Dalto n’s law
Ptotal= P1 + P2 + P3 + ....

DROPPER JEE
 2
TRAIN YOUR BRAIN Sol. Let there be x moles of gas remaining in the container,
3
Example 15: A rubber balloon contains some solid marbles each of x come out
of volume 10 ml. A gas is filled in the balloon at a pressure of 2 5x 3n
 (x + x) = n  = n x =
2 atm and the total volume of the balloon is 1 litre in this 3 3 5
condition. If the external pressure is increased to 4atm the volume 3n
of Balloon becomes 625 ml. Find the number of marbles present  Using n1 T1 = n2 T2 n × 300 K = × T2
5
in the balloon.  T2 = 500K
Sol. Let the no. of marbles be = n. final temperature = 500 K
volume of marble = 10 n ml.
volume of balloon earlier = 1000 ml. Example 18: Find the lifting power of a 100 litre balloon filled
later = 625 ml. with
Now for the gas inside the balloon temperature and W
Sol. Since, PV = nRT PV = RT
T
amount of the gas is constant, hence boyles law can be M
applied PVM 730 100  4
W= = × g
P1V1 = P2V2 RT 760 0.082  298
4× (625 – 10n) = 2 × (1000 – 10n) i.e., Wt. of He = 15.72 g
625 × 4 = 2000 – 20n + 40n Wt. of air displaced = 100 × 1.25 g/L = 125g
625 × 4 – 2000 = 20n  Lifting power of the balloon = 125g – 15.72 g
= 109.28 g
625  4 – 2000 125
= n. = n; n = 25 Example 19: Some spherical balloons each of volume 2 litre are
20 5
to be filled with hydrogen gas at one atm & 27°C from a cylinder
Example 16: If water is used in place of mercury then what of volume 4 litres. The pressure of the H2 gas inside the cylinder
should be minimum length of Barometer tube to measure normal is 20 atm at 127°C. Find number of balloons which can be filled
atmospheric pressure. using this cylinder. Assume that temperature of the cylinder is
PHg = PH O = P . 27°C.
Sol. 2 atm
20  4
0.76 m × 13.6 × g = h H2 O × 1 × g Sol. No. of moles of gas taken initially = = 2.43 L
R  400
h H2 O = 0.76 × 13.6 = 10.336 m
1 4
No. of moles of gas left in cylinder = = 0.162L
Example 17: An open container of volume V contains air at R  300
temperature 27°C or 300 K.The container is heated to such a No. of moles of gas to be filled in balloons
temperature so that amount of gas coming out is 2/3 of
= 2.43 – 0.162 = 2.268
(a) amount of gas initially present in the container. Let we have 'n' balloons that we can fill
(b) amount of gas finally remaining in the container.
No. of moles of gas that can be filled in 1 balloon
Find the temperature to which the container should
be heated. 1 2
Ans. (a) = = 0.081
0.082  300
Sol. Here , P & V are constant, n & T are changing. Let,
initially the amount of gas present be n & temp is 27°C or  0.081 × n = 2.268
2 n = 28 balloons.
300K. Finally amount of gas present in container = n –
3 Example 20: Four one litre flasks are separately filled with the
gases, O2, F2, CH4 and CO2 under the same conditions. The
1  ratio of number of molecules in these gases :
n =   n  & final temp. be T..
3  (a) 2 : 2 : 4 : 3 (b) 1 : 1 : 1 : 1
Then using n1T1 = n2T2 , we have,
(c) 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 (d) 2 : 2 : 3 : 4
n Sol. According to avogadro’s hypothesis.
n × 300 = × T2  T2 = 900K
3 All the flasks contains same no. of molecules
i.e., final temp = 900K  Ratio of no. of molecules of O2, F2, CH4 & CO2
Ans. (b) = 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 Ans (b)

STATES OF MATTER 143 P

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Example 21: A sample of water gas has a composition by volume Example 23: A mixture of NO2 & CO having total volume of 100
of 50% H2, 45% CO and 5% CO2. Calculate the volume in litres at ml contains 70 ml of NO2 at 1 atm, mixture is left for some time
STP at which water gas which on treatment with excess of steam and same NO2 get dimerised to N2O4 such that final volume of
will produce 5 litre of H2. The equation for the reaction is : the mixture become 80 ml at 1 atm, calculate the mole fraction of
CO + H2O  CO2 + H2 NO2 in final equilibrium mixture.
Sol. If x L CO in needed then Sol. Initial volume of NO2 = 70 ml
 x  Initial volume of CO = 100 – 70 = 30 ml
volume of H2 in water gas =   50%  L
 0.45  Final volume of mixture = 80 ml
 x 1 x
Let the volume of NO2 in final mixture be x
=   L  L
 0.45 2  0.9
Let ‘v’ ml NO2 be converted to N2O4
But, from equation : CO + H2O  CO2 + H2
2NO2  N2O4
& Gay-Lussac’s law, we get, that the volume of H2
V V/2
produced = volume of CO taken.
Hence final volume
 Volume of H2 due to reaction = x L
= volume of CO + volume of NO2 left + volume of N2O4
 x  1.9x formed
 Total volume of H2=   x  L= 5 L =5 L
 0.9  0.9 = 30 + 70 – V + V/2 = 80
V = 40 ml
0.9  5
 x= Hence volume of NO2 left = 70 – V = 30 ml
1.9
Now as volume  moles
 Volume of water gas
30 3
x 0.9  5  mole fraction = volume fraction = =
L L = 5.263 L Ans. 80 8
=
0.45 1.9  0.45 Example 24: 5 ml of H2 gas diffuses out in 1 sec from a hole. Find
the volume of O2 that will diffuse out from the same hole under
Example 22: The stop cock connecting the two bulbs of volume identical conditions in 2 sec.
5 litre and 10 litre containing as ideal gas at 9 atm and 6 atm
5ml
respectively, is opened. What is the final pressure if the Sol. Rate of diffusion of H2 = 1 sec = 5ml/s = rH (say)
2

temperature remains same.

1 1
Sol. After the opening of the stop cock the pressure of the  ro = rH × = 5ml/s ×
2 2
4 4
each bulb will remain same.
 Volume of O2 diffused in 2.0 seconds
10  6
At the beginning, the no. of moles of gas in A = 5
RT = × 2 ml = 2.5 ml Ans.
4
59
At the beginning, the no. of moles of gas in B = Example 25: A vessel contains H2 & O2 in the molar ratio of
RT
8 : 1 respectively. This mixture of gases is allowed to diffuse
105 through a hole, find composition of the mixture coming out of
 total no. of moles at the beginning =
RT the hole.

rH2 nH2 M O2
Sol. Here, n H2 : nO2 = 8 : 1 & =
rO2 n O2 M H2

rH2 8 32 32
 r = × =
O2 1 2 1
Total no. of moles of gas before opening the stop cock
105
= total no. of moles of gas after opening stopcock = (no. of moles of H2 coming out)t 32
RT  (no. of moles of O coming out)/t  1
 pressure after the opening of the stop cock 2

105 RT 105  Required composition of H 2 : O 2 coming out

P= × = = 7 atm = 32 : 1 Ans.
RT V total 10  5

P 144 DROPPER JEE

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Example 26: If for two gases of molecular weights MA and MB Example 27: Under critical states of a gas for one mole of a
at temperature TA and TB ; TAMB = TBMA, then which property gas, compressibility factor is
has the same magnitude for both the gases. 3 8
(a) (b)
(a) Density (b) Pressure 8 3
(c) KE per mol (d) RMS speed
1
Ans. (d) (c) 1 (d)
4
TA TB Ans. (a)
Sol. Given that TA MB = TB MA  M = M
A B PC VC
Sol. For 1 mole of gas Z = RT (Under critical condition)
3RT C
But, r.m.s. =
M
a 8a
But, PC = 2 , VC = 3b , TC =
3RTA 3RTB 27b 27Rb
 r.m.sA = MA & r.m.sB = MB
 a  3b 27Rb 3
 Z=  2  × ×
8a
=
8
 r.m.sA = r.m.sB  27b  R

STATES OF MATTER 145 P

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 Topicwise Questions

IDEAL GAS EQUATION OF GAS LAWS 6. Which of the following expression at constant pressure
represents Charle’s law
1. If P, V, T represent pressure, volume and temperature of
the gas, the correct representation of Boyle’s law is 1 1
(a) V  (b) V 
1 T T2
(a) V  (at constant n, P)
T (c) V  T (d) V  d
(b) PV  RT
(c) V  1 / P (at constant n, T) 7. If two moles of an ideal gas at 546 K occupy a volume of
(d) PV  nRT 44.8 litres, the pressure must be
(a) 2 atm (b) 3 atm
2. Which of the following represent log P vs log V variation (c) 4 atm (d) 1 atm
as per Boyle’s law ? 8. Correct gas equation is
V1T2 V2 T1
(a) 
(a) log P (b) log P P1 P2

PV
1 1 1 T
log V log V (b) P V  T
2 2 2

P1T2 P2 V2
(c) 
(c) log P (d) log P V1 T2

VV
1 2
log V log V (d) T T  P1 P2
1 2
3. If 20cm gas at 1 atm. is expanded to 50 cm3 at constant T,
3
9. The vapour density of a gas is 11.2. The volume occupied
then what is the final pressure by 11.2 g of this gas at N.T.P. is
1 1 (a) 1 L (b) 11.2 L
(a) 20  (b) 50 
50 20 (c) 22.4 L (d) 20 L
1 10. A pre-weighed vessel was filled with oxygen at N.T.P.
(c) 1   50 (d) None of these
20
and weighted. It was then evacuated, filled with SO 2 at
4. At the definite temperature the volume of a definite mass
of gas is 10 L at 5 atm pressure, at the same temperature the same temperature and pressure, and again weighted.
if the pressure of the gas is decreased to 1 atm, the volume The weight of oxygen will be
of same gas become - (a) The same as that of SO 2
(a) 50 L (b) 2 L
(c) 5 L (d) 0.5 L 1
5. Which of the following graphs represent Boyle’s law (b) that of SO 2
2

(c) Twice that of SO 2

P PV
(d) One fourth that of SO 2
(a) (b)
DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES
V P
11. Dalton’s law of partial pressures are applicable to -
(a) Non reacting gases
PV (b) Ideal gases
(c) (d) Both (b) & (c) (c) Temperature of the component gases in the mixture
remain same
V (d) All of the above
P 146 DROPPER JEE
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 12. 1000 ml of a gas A at 600 torr and 500 ml of gas B at 800 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
torr are placed in a 2L flask. The final pressure will
20. Internal energy and pressure of a gas per unit volume
be-
(a) 2000 torr (b) 1000 torr are related as
(c) 500 torr (d) 1400 torr 2 3
(a) P  E (b) P  E
3 2
MIXING OF GASES
1
13. If a mixture containing 3 moles of hydrogen and 1 mole of (c) P  E (d) P  2 E
nitrogen is converted completely into ammonia, the ratio 2
of initial and final volume under the same temperature 21. In deriving the kinetic gas equation, use is made of the
and pressure would be : root mean square velocity of the molecules because it
(a) 3 : 1 (b) 1 : 3 is
(c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 2 (a) The average velocity of the molecules
GRAHAM’S LAW OF DIFFUSION (b) The most probable velocity of the molecules
(c) The square root of the average square velocity of the
14. A certain gas effuses out of two different vessels A and molecules
B. A has a circular orifice while B has a square orifice of (d) The most accurate form in which velocity can be used
length equal to the radius of the orifice of vessel A. The in these calculations
ratio of rate of diffusion of the gas from vessel A to that 22. The density of a gas A is three times that of a gas B at
from vessel B is - same temperature. If the molecular mass of A is M, the
(a)  : 1 (b) 1 :  molecular mass of B is
(c) 1 : 1 (d) 3 : 2 (a) 3M (b) 3M
15. If three unreactive gases having partial pressures PA , PB
(c) M/3 (d) M 3
and PC and their moles are 1, 2 and 3 respectively then 23. The ratio of root mean square velocity to average
their total pressure will be velocity of gas molecules at a particular temperature
PA  PB  PC is
(a) P  PA  PB  PC (b) P  (a) 1.086 : 1 (b) 1 : 1.086
6
(c) 2 : 1.086 (d) 1.086 : 2
PA  PB  PC 24. The ratio among most probable velocity, mean velocity
(c) P  (d) None of these
3 and root mean square velocity is given by
16. Rate of diffusion of a gas is (a) 1 : 2 : 3 (b) 1 : 2 : 3
(a) Directly proportional to its density
(c) 2 : 3 : 8 /  (d) 2 : 8 / : 3
(b) Directly proportional to its molecular mass
(c) Directly proportional to the square root of its 25. At constant volume, for a fixed number of moles of a gas,
molecular mass the pressure of the gas increases with increase in
(d) Inversely proportional to the square root of its temperature due to
molecular mass (a) Increase in the average molecular speed
17. The densities of two gases are in the ratio of 1 : 16. The (b) decreased rate of collision amongst molecules
(c) Increase in molecular attraction
ratio of their rates of diffusion is
(d) Decrease in mean free path
(a) 16 : 1 (b) 4 : 1
26. Molecular velocities of the two gases at the same
(c) 1 : 4 (d) 1 : 16
18. A bottle of ammonia and a bottle of dry hydrogen chloride temperature are u1 and u 2 . Their masses are m1 and
connected through a long tube are opened m 2 respectively. Which of the following expressions is
simultaneously at both ends, the white ammonium correct
chloride ring first formed will be m m
1 2
(a) At the centre of the tube (a) u 2  u 2 (b) m1u1  m 2u 2
(b) Near the hydrogen chloride bottle 1 2
(c) Near the ammonia bottle m1 m2
(d) Throughout the length of the tube (c) u  u (d) m1u12  m 2u 22
1 2
19. In an effusion experiment, it required 40 s for a certain 27. What is the relationship between the average velocity
number of moles of a gas of unknown molar mass to pass (v), root mean square velocity (u) and most probable
through a small orifice into a vacuum. Under the same velocity ()
conditions, 16 s were required for the same number of
(a)  : v : u :: 1 : 1 . 128 : 1 . 224
moles of O2 to effuse. What is the molar mass of the
unknown gas ? (b)  : v : u :: 1 . 128 : 1 : 1 . 224
(a) 5.1 g/mol (b) 12.8 g/mol (c)  : v : u :: 1 . 128 : 1 .224 : 1
(c) 80 g/mol (d) 200 g/mol (d)  : v : u :: 1 . 124 : 1 . 228 : 1

STATES OF MATTER 147 P

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REAL GAS 32. When is deviation more in the behaviour of a gas from
the ideal gas equation PV  nRT
Vander Waal Equation and Virial Equation of
(a) At high temperature and low pressure
State
(b) At low temperature and high pressure
28. Which of the following satisfies the greater (c) At high temperature and high pressure
compressibility of real gas?
(d) At low temperature and low high pressure
(a) Z < 1
(b) At the higher pressure 33. A gas is said to behave like an ideal gas when the relation
(c) Above the Boyle’s temperature PV/T = Constant. When do you expect a real gas to
(d) Lesser the value of ‘‘a’’ but higher value of ‘‘b’’ behave like an ideal gas
29. Gases deviate from the ideal gas behaviour because their (a) When the temperature is low
molecules (b) When both the temperature and pressure are low
(a) Possess negligible volume (c) When both the temperature and pressure are high
(b) Have forces of attraction between them
(d) When the temperature is high and pressure is low
(c) Are polyatomic
(d) Are not attracted to one another 34. The Vander Waal’s constant ‘a’ for the gases
30. The compressibility factor of a gas is defined as O 2 , N 2 , NH 3 and CH 4 are 1.3, 1.390, 4.170 and 2.253
Z  PV / RT . The compressibility factor of ideal gas
L2 atm mol 2 respectively. The gas which can be most
is
(a) 0 (b) Infinity easily liquefied is
(c) 1 (d) –1 (a) O2
31. Vander Waal’s equation of state is obeyed by real gases. (b) N2
For n moles of a real gas, the expression will be
(c) NH3
 P na   V 
(a)  n  2   n  b   RT (d) CH4
 V   
35. The compressibility factor of a gas is less than 1 at STP.
 a 
(b)  P   (V  b )  nRT Its molar volume Vm will be
 V2 
(a) Vm  22.4L
 na 
(c)  P  2  (nV  b)  nRT (b) Vm  22.4L
 V 
(c) Vm  22.4L
 n 2a 
(d)  P  2  (V  nb )  nRT (d) None of these
 V 

Learning Plus

1. A thin balloon filled with air at 47ºC has a volume of 3 3. Three flasks of equal volumes contain CH4, CO2 and
litre. If on placing it in a cooled room its volume becomes Cl2 gases respectively. They will contain equal number
2.7 litre , the temperature of room is : of molecules if -
(a) 42°C (a) the mass of all the gases is same
(b) 100°C (b) the moles of all the gas is same but temperature is
(c) 15°C different
(d) 200°C (c) pressure of all the flasks are same
2. At constant temperature, in a given mass of an ideal (d) temperature, pressure are same in the flasks
gas- 4. A certain mass of a gas occupies a volume of 2 litres at
(a) The ratio of pressure and volume always remains STP. Keeping the pressure constant at what
constant temperature would the gas occupy a volume of 4 litres -
(b) Volume always remains constant (a) 546ºC
(c) Pressure always remains constant (b) 273ºC
(d) The product of pressure and volume always remains (c) 100ºC
constant (d) 50ºC

P 148 DROPPER JEE

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 5. Two flasks A and B of 500 ml each are respectively filled 14. A mixture of hydrogen and oxygen at one bar pressure
with O2 and SO2 at 300 K and 1 atm. pressure. The flasks contains 20% by weight of hydrogen. Partial pressure of
will contain - hydrogen will be
(a) The same number of atoms (a) 0.2 bar (b) 0.4 bar
(b) The same number of molecules (c) 0.6 bar (d) 0.8 bar
(c) More number of moles in flask A as compared to 15. The rates of diffusion of SO3, CO2, PCl3 and SO2 are in
flask B the following order -
(d) The same amount of gases (a) PCl3 > SO3 > SO2 > CO2
6. A gas is heated from 0°C to 100°C at 1.0 atm pressure. If the (b) CO2 > SO2 > PCl3 > SO3
initial volume of the gas is 10.0  , its final volume would (c) SO2 > SO3 > PCl3 > CO2
be : ) (d) CO2 > SO2 > SO3 > PCl3
16. 20 of SO2 diffuses through a porous partition in 60
(a) 7.32  (b) 10.00 
seconds. Volume of O2 diffuse under similar conditions in
(c) 13.66  (d) 20.00  30 seconds will be :
7. Under what conditions will a pure sample of an ideal gas (a) 12.14  (b) 14.14 
not only exhibit a pressure of 1 atm but also a concentration (c) 18.14  (d) 28.14 
of 1 mol litre 1. [ R = 0.082 litre atm mol 1 K 1] 17. See the figure-1 :
(a) at S.T.P.
(b) when V = 22.42 L
NH 3 HCl
(c) when T = 12 K
(d) impossible under any condition X B A C Y
8. A and B are two identical vessels. A contains 15 g ethane The valves of X and Y are opened simultaneously. The
at 1atm and 298 K. The vessel B contains 75 g of a gas X2 white fumes of NH4Cl will first form at:
at same temperature and pressure. The vapour density of (a) A (b) B
X2 is : (c) C (d) A,B and C simultaneously
(a) 75 (b) 150 18. X ml of H2 gas effuses through a hole in a container in 5
(c) 37.5 (d) 45 sec. The time taken for the effusion of the same volume of
9. In the gas equation PV = nRT, the value of universal gas the gas specified below under identical conditions
constant would depend only on - is :
(a) The nature of the gas (a) 10 sec. He (b) 20 sec. O2
(b) The pressure of the gas (c) 25 sec. CO2 (d) 55 sec. CO2
(c) The temperature of the gas 19. The rate of diffusion of 2 gases ‘A’ and ‘B’ are in the ratio
(d) The units of measurement 16: 3. If the ratio of their masses present in the mixture is
10. A 0.5 dm3 flask contains gas 'A' and 1 dm3 flask contains 2 : 3. Then
gas 'B' at the same temperature. If density of A = 3.0 gm (a) The ratio of their molar masses is 16 : 1
dm–3 and that of B = 1.5 gm dm–3 and the molar mass of (b) The ratio of their molar masses is 1 : 4
A = 1/2 of B, then the ratio of pressure exerted by gases (c) The ratio of their moles present inside the container is
is- 8: 3
(a) PA/PB = 2 (b) PA/PB = 1 (d) Both (b) & (c)
(c) PA/PB = 4 (d) PA/PB = 3. 20. Three footballs are respectively filled with nitrogen,
11. When the pressure of 5L of N 2 is doubled and its hydrogen and helium. If the leaking of the gas occurs
temperature is raised from 300K to 600K, the final volume with time from the filling hole, then the ratio of the rate of
of the gas would be-
leaking of gases ( rN2 : rH 2 : rHe ) from three footballs (in
(a) 10 L (b) 5 L
(c) 15 L (d) 20 L equal time interval) is:
12. The density of neon will be highest at :
(a) STP (b) 0°C, 2 atm
(a) 1: 14 : 7  (b)  14 : 7 :1
(c) 273°C, 1 atm (d) 273°C, 2 atm
13. Equal weights of ethane & hydrogen are mixed in an empty
(c)  7 :1: 14  (d) 1: 7 : 14 
container at 25º C, the fraction of the total pressure exerted 21. The volume of CO2 produced by the combustion of 40 ml
by hydrogen is : of gaseous acetone in excess of oxygen is
(a) 1: 2 (b) 1: 1 (a) 40 ml (b) 80 ml
(c) 1: 16 (d) 15: 16 (c) 60 ml (d) 120 ml

STATES OF MATTER 149 P

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22. Temperature at which r.m.s. speed of O2 is equal to that 30. A real gas obeying Vander Waal's equation will resemble
of neon at 300 K is : ideal gas , if the :
(a) 280 K (b) 480 K (a) constants a & b are small
(c) 680 K (d) 180 K (b) a is large & b is small
23. The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 120 K to (c) a is small & b is large
480 K. If at 120 K the root-mean-square velocity of the (d) constant a & b are large
31. For the non-zero values of force of attraction between
gas molecules is v, at 480 K it becomes :
gas molecules, gas equation will be :
(a) 4v (b) 2v
(c) v/2 (d) v/4 n 2a
(a) PV = nRT –
24. The ratio between the r.m.s. velocity of H2 at 50 K and V
that of O2 at 800 K is: (b) PV = nRT + nbP
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) PV = nRT
(c) 1 (d) 1/4 nRT
(d) P =
25. At what temperature will the total KE of 0.3 mol of He be Vb
the same as the total KE of 0.40 mol of Ar at 400 K? 32. Compressibility factor for H2 behaving as real gas is :
(a) 533 K (b) 400 K  a 
(c) 346 K (d) 300 K (a) 1 (b)  1 
 RTV 
26. By how many folds the temp of a gas would increase
when the r.m.s. velocity of gas molecules in a closed  Pb  RTV
(c) 1  (d)
container of fixed volume is increased from  RT  (1  a)
5 × 104 cm s–1 to 10 × 104 cm s–1- 33. At low pressures (For 1 mole), the Vander Waal’s equation
(a) 0.5 times (b) 2 times is written as
(c) 4 times (d) 16 times.  a 
27. The correct relationship between T C, T B and T i is - p  V 2  V = RT
T
(a) TC < T B < T i
The compressibility factor is then equal to :
(b) TC > T B > T i
(c) TC < T i < T B  a 
(a)  1  
(d) Ti < T B < T C  RTV 
28. In vander Waal's equation of state for a non ideal gas the
 RTV 
(b)  1 
term that accounts for intermolecular forces is:
 a 
(a) nb (b) nRT
2
(c) n a/V 2 (d) (nRT)-1  a 
(c)  1 
29. The correct order of normal boiling points of O2, N2, NH3  RTV 
and CH4, for whom the values of vander Waal's constant
 RTV 
‘a’ are 1.360, 1.390, 4.170 and 2.253 L2. atm. mol2 (d)  1 
 a 
respectively, is :
(a) O2< N2 < NH3 < CH4 34. Calculate the radius of He atoms if its Vander Waal's
constant ‘b’ is 24 ml mol 1.
(b) O2< N2 < CH4 < NH3
(Note ml = cubic centimeter)
(c) NH3 < CH4 < N2 < O2 (a) 1.355 Å (b) 1.314 Å
(d) NH3 < CH4 < O2 < N2 (c) 1.255 Å (d) 0.355 Å

P 150 DROPPER JEE

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 Advanced Level Multiconcept Questions

MCQ/COMPREHENSION/MATCH ING/ 5. The rate of diffusion of 2 gases ‘A’ and ‘B’ are in the ratio
NUMERICAL 16: 3. If the ratio of their masses present in the mixture is
2 : 3. Then
1. A gas cylinder containing cooking gas can withstand a
(a) The ratio of their molar masses is 16 : 1
pressure of 14.9 atmosphere. The pressure guaze of (b) The ratio of their molar masses is 1 : 4
cylinder indicates 12 atmosphere at 27 ºC. Due to sudden (c) The ratio of their moles present inside the container is
fire in the building temperature starts rising. The 1 : 24
temperature at which cylinder will explode is: (d) The ratio of their moles present inside the container is
(a) 372.5 K 8: 3
(b) 99.5 ºC
(c) 199 ºC
(d) 472.5 k
2. Select the correct observation for a 8.21 lit container, filled 6.
with 2 moles of He at 300 K.,
(a) It has pressure 6 atm
(b) If it is an open rigid container, its pressure increases In the above maxwellian plot at two different temperature
to 8 atm on heating to 400 K. which of the following statements may be true
(c) If it is closed non-rigid (like thin skin balloon), its (a) Area under the two plots is the same
volume increases to 16.42 lit. on heating to 600 K (b) Fraction of molecules with speed u1 at T1 > fraction
(d) When connected with another similar empty container of molecules having speed u2 at T2
maintained at 150 K while maintaining original (c) U2 > U1 and T2 > T1
2 (d) UMPS at T1 < UMPS at T2 ; URMS at T1 < URMS at T2
container at 300 K, pressure reduces to atm.
3 7. If a closed container of volume 200 lit. of O2 gas (ideal
3. Select the correct option(s): gas) at 1 atm & 200 K is taken to planet. Find the pressure
of oxygen gas at the planet at 821 K in same container
10
(a)
e100
20
(b)
e50
(a) Pressure in container-I is 3 atm before opening the (c) 1 atm
valve. (d) 4.1 atm
(b) Pressure after opening the valve is 3.57 atm. Comprehension–1 ( No. 8 to 10) : Two containers X & Y are
(c) Moles in each compartment are same after opening present with container X consisting of some mass of He at
the valve. some temperature while container Y having double the volume
(d) Pressure in each compartment are same after opening as that of container X & kept at same temperature containing
the valve. same mass of H2 gas as the mass of Helium gas. Based on this
4. Which of the following statements are correct? data & the following conditions answer the question that
(a) Helium diffuses at a rate 8.65 times as much as CO follows
does. Assume sizes of H2 molecule & He atom to be same & size of
(b) Helium escapes at a rate 2.65 times as fast as CO H–atom to be half to that of He–atom & only bimolecular
does. collisions to be occuring.
(c) Helium escapes at a rate 4 times as fast as CO2 does. Condition I: all except one atom of He are stationary in cont. X
(d) Helium escapes at a rate 4 times as fast as SO2 does. & all molecules of H2 are moving in container Y.

STATES OF MATTER 151 P

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Condition II: both containers contain all moving molecules 9. Assuming condition II then ratio of 'total no. of collisions
8. Assuming condition I to be applicable & if no. of total per unit volume per unit time' in container X & container
collisions occuring per unit time is 'A' in container X then Y is (container X : container Y)
no. of total collisions made by any one molecule in (a) 1:1 (b) 2 :1
container Y will be: (c) 1: 2 (d) 4:1
(a) A 10. Assuming condition II to be applicable, if temperature
only of container Y is doubled to that of original (causing
(b) 3A dissociation of all H2 gas into H gaseous atoms) then, if
no. of total collisions per unit volume per unit time in
A container X is A then, no. of 'total collisions made by all
(c) molecules per unit volume in container Y would be
2
(a) 2 2A (b) 2A
(d) None of these
(c) 8 2A (d) None of these
11. For a fixed amount of the gas match the two column :
Column-I Column-II

(a) (p) T1 > T2 > T3

(b) (q) P1 > P2 > P3

(c) (r) V1 > V2 > V3

(d) (s) d1 > d2 > d3

12. The vander waal gas constant ‘a’ is given by (c) On increasing the temperature four times,collision
1 frequency (Z 11 ) becomes double at constant
(a) V (b) 3PC VC2 volume.
3 C
1 RTC 2 2 (d) At high pressure Vander Waal's constant 'b'
27 R TC
(c) 8 P (d) dominates over 'a'.
C 64 PC
13. For gaseous state which of the following is incorrect ? NUMERICAL BASED QUESTIONS
(a) Thermal energy = Molecular attraction
(b) Thermal energy >> Molecular attraction 15. A vertical cylinder containing some ideal gas is closed at
(c) Thermal energy << Molecular attraction both ends. A frictionless piston is fitted in the cylinder
(d) Molecular force >> attraction in liquid such that it divides the cylinder into two equal parts at
14. Select the incorrect statement(s): 300K. Moles of gas in one part is double than that in
(a) At Boyle's temperature a real gas behaves like an ideal
other part. To what temperature (in Kelvin) the cylinder
gas irrespective of pressure.
(b) At critical condition, a real gas behaves like an ideal should be heated or cooled such that the volume of upper
gas. part becomes three times that of lower part?

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 16. 500 ml of a vessel contains an ideal gas saturated with 17. At 400 K, the root mean square (rms) speed of gas X
water vapours at 3.2 atm and 47°C. Now the entire mass is
(molecular mass = 40) is equal to the most probable speed
transferred into vessel of 1800 ml capacity maintained at
87°C. The final pressure (in atm) becomes (vapour of gas Y at 60K. The molecular mass of the gas Y is .........
pressure of water at 47°C and 87°C are 0.2 atm and 0.6 18. The molecular weight of a gas which diffuse through a
atm, respectively) porous plug at 1/6th of the speed of hydrogen under
identical conditions is

JEE Mains & Advanced Past Years Questions

JEE-MAIN 4. Consider the van der Waals constants, a and b, for the
following gases. [JEE Main 2019]
PREVIOUS YEAR'S Gas Ar Ne Kr Xe
1. Two closed bulbs of equal volume (V) containing an ideal a/ (atm dm6 mol–2) 1.3 0.2 5.1 4.1
gas initially at pressure pi and temperature T1 are b/ (10–2 dm3 mol–1) 3.2 1.7 1.0 5.0
connected through a narrow tube of negligible volume Which gas is expected to have the highest critical
as shown in the figure below. The temperature of one of temperature ?
the bulbs is then raised to T2. The final pressure pf is:
(a) Kr (b) Ne
[JEE Main-2016]
(c) Ar (d) Xe
T1 T2 T1 T2 5. At a given temperature T, gases Ne, Ar, Xe and Kr are
pi, V pi , V pf, V pf, V found to deviate from ideal gas behaviour. Their equation
of state is given as [JEE Main 2019]

 T1T2  RT
(a) pi   P at T.
 T1  T2  V–b
Here, b is the van der Waals constant. which gas will exhibit
 T1  steepest increase in the plot of Z(compression factor vs p?
(b) 2 pi  
 T1  T2  (a) Ne
(b) Ar
 T2  (c) Xe
(c) 2 pi   (d) Kr
 T1  T2 
6. Consider the following table : [JEEMain 2019]
 T1T2 
(d) 2 pi   Gas a/(k pa dm6 mol–10) b/(dm3 mol–1)
 T1  T2 
A 642.32 0.05192
2. The volume of gas A has is twice than that of gas B. The
B 155.21 0.04136
compressibility factor of gas A is thrice that that of gas B
at same temperature. The pressure of gases for equal per C 431.91 0.05196
moles are [JEE Main - 2019 (January)] D 155.21 0.4382
(a) 3PA = 2PB (b) 2PA = 3PB
(c) PA = 3PB (d) PA = 2PB a and b are vander waals constant. The correct statement
3. 0.5 moles of gas A and x moles of gas B exert a pressure of about the gases is :
200 Pa in a container of volume 10 m3 at 1000K. Given R is (a) Gas C will occupy lesser volume than gas A; gas B
the gas constant in JK–1 mol–1, x is will be lesser compressible than gas D
[JEE Main - 2019 (January)]
(b) Gas C will occupy more volume than gas A; gas B will
2R 2R be lesser compressible than gas D
(a) (b) (c) Gas C will occupy more volume than gas A; gas B will
4R 4R
be more compressible than gas D
4R 4R (d) Gas C will occupy lesser volume than gas A; gas B
(c) (d)
2R 2R will be more compressible than gas D

STATES OF MATTER 153 P

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 7. Points I, II and III in the following plot respectively 12. A spherical balloon of radius 3 cm containing helium gas
correspond to [JEE Main 2019] has a pressure of 48 × 10–3 bar. At the same temperature,
(Vmp: most probable velocity) the pressure, of a spherical balloon of radius 12 cm
containing the same amount of gas will be ________ ×
10–6 bar.

Distribution function (v)

[JEE Main-2020 (September)]

NUMERICAL BASED QUESTIONS

13. An empty LPG cylinder weighs 14.8kg. When full, it
weighs 29.0kg and shows a pressure of 3.47 atm. In the
course of use at ambient temperature, the mass of the
I II III cylinder is reduced to 23.0kg. The final pressure inside
Speed v of the cylinder is atm. (Nearest integer)
(a) Vmp of N2 (300K); Vmp of H2(300K); Vmp of O2 (400K) (ASSUME LPG of be an ideal gas) [JEE Main-2021]
(b) Vmp of H2 (300K); Vmp of N2(300K); Vmp of O2 ( 400K) 14. When 5.1g of solid NH4HS is introduced into a two litre
(c) Vmp of O2 (400K); Vmp of N2(300K); Vmp of H2 ( 300K) evacuated flask at 27ºC,20% of the solid decomposes
(d) Vmp of N2 (300K); Vmp of O2(400K); Vmp of H2 ( 300K) into gaseous ammonia and hydrogen sulphide. The KP
for the reaction at 27ºC is x × 10–2.
8. The noble gas that does NOT occur in the atmosphere is:
The value of x is _______(Integer answer)
[JEE Main 2019]
(a) He (b) Rn [Given R  0.082 L  atm K 1  mol  ] [JEE Main-2021]
(c) Ne (d) Kr
15. An LPG cylinder contains gas at a pressure of 300kPa at
9. Identify the correct of A, B and C in the following graph
27ºC. The cylinder can withstand the pressure of
from the options below: [JEE Main-2020 (January)]
Root mean square speed (Vrms); most probable speed 1.2 × 106 Pa. The room in which the cylinder is kept
(Vmp); Average speed (Vav) catches fire. The minimum temperature at which the
bursting of cylinder will take place is ºC. (Nearest integer)
[JEE Main-2021]
AB
C 16. A home owner uses 4.00  103  m3 of methane (CH4) gas,
No. of (assume CH4 is an ideal gas) in a year to heat his home.
Molecules
Under the pressure of 1.0atm and 300K, mass of gas used
is x × 105g. The value of x is _______(Nearest integer)
Speed (Given R  0.083 L  atm K 1  mol1 ) [JEE Main-2021]

(a) A – Vmp; B–Vrms;C– Vav

JEE-ADVANCED
(b) A – Vrms; B–Vmp;C– Vav
(c) A – Vav; B–Vrms;C– Vmp PREVIOUS YEAR'S
(d) A – Vmp; B–Vav; C–Vrms Paragraph for questions 1 and 2
10. Which one of the following graphs is not correct for X and Y are two volatile liquids with molar weights of 10 g mol–
ideal gas? [JEE Main-2020 (September)] 1
and 40 g mol–1 respectively. Two cotton plugs, one soaked in
X and the other soaked in Y, are simultaneously placed at the
ends of a tube of length L = 24 cm, as shown in the figure. The
d d d d
tube is filled with an inert gas at 1 atmosphere pressure and a
temperature of 300 K. Vapours of X and Y react to form a product
T T 1/T P
which is first observed at a distance d cm from the plug soaked
(I) (II) (III) (IV)
in X. Take X and Y to have equal molecular diameters and assume
d = Density, P = Pressure, T = Temperature ideal behaviour for the inert gas and the two vapours.
11. A mixture of one mole each of H2, He and O2 each are
L = 24 cm
enclosed in a cylinder of volume V at temperature T. If the
partial pressure of H2 is 2 atm, the total pressure of the
gases in the cylinder is
[JEE Main-2020 (September)] Cotton wool Cotton wool
soaked in X d
soaked in Y
(a) 14 atm (b) 38 atm Initial formation of
the product
(c) 22 atm (d) 6 atm
P 154 DROPPER JEE
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 1. The value of d in cm (shown in the figure), as estimated 6. A closed tank has two compartments A and B, both filled
from Graham’s law, is : [JEE Advanced-2014] with oxygen (assumed to be ideal gas). The partition
(a) 8 (b) 12 separating the two compartments is fixed and is a perfect
(c) 16 (d) 20 heat insulator (Figure 1). If the old partition is replaced by
2. The experimental value of d is found to be smaller than a new partition which can slide and conduct heat but
the estimate obtained using Graham’s law. This is due to does NOT allow the gas to leak across (Figure 2), the
[JEE Advanced-2014]
volume (in m3) of the compartment A after the system
(a) larger mean free path for X as compared to that of attains equilibrium is____. [JEE Advanced-2018]

Y. 1m ,5bar
3
3m3, 1 bar, 300 K
(b) larger mean free path for Y as compared to that of X. 400K
A B
(c) increased collision frequency of Y with the inert gas
as compared to that of X with the inert gas. Figure 1
(d) increased collision frequency of X with the inert gas
as compared to that of Y with the inert gas.
238
A B
3. A closed vessel with rigid walls contains 1 mol of 92 U
and 1 mol of air at 298 K. Considering complete decay Figure 2
of 238
U to 206
Pb , the ratio of the final pressure to the 7. Which of the following statement(s) is (are) correct
92 82
regarding the root mean square speed (Urms) and average
initial pressure of the system at 298 K is
translational kinetic energy (av) of a molecule in a gas at
[JEE Advanced-2015]
equilibrium ? [JEE Advanced - 2019]
4. One mole of a monoatomic real gas satisfies the equation
p(V – b) = RT where b is a constant. The relationship of (a) Urms is doubled when its temperature is increased
interatomic potential V(r) and interatomic distance r for four times
the gas is given by [JEE Advanced-2015] (b) av at a given temperature does not depend on its
molecular mass
(c) Urms is inversely proportional to the square root of its
V(r) V(r) molecular mass
(d) av is doubled when its temperature is increased four
0 0 r
(a) r (b) times
8. If the distribution of molecular speeds of a gas is as per
the figure shown below, then the ratio of the most
probable, the average and the roots mean square speeds,
respectively, is [JEE(Advanced) - 2020]

V(r) V(r)
Fraction of molecules

(c) 0 (d) 0
r r

5. The diffusion coefficient of an ideal gas is proportional

to its mean free path and mean speed. The absolute
temperature of an ideal gas is increased 4 times and its
pressure is increased 2 times. As a result, the diffusion speed
coefficient of this gas increases x times. The value of x is (a) 1:1:1 (b) 1:1:1.224
[JEE Advanced-2016] (c) 1:1.128:1.224 (d) 1:1.128:1

STATES OF MATTER 155 P

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 ANSWER KEY

Topicwise Questions
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (a) 26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (c)
31. (d) 32. (b) 33. (d) 34. (c) 35. (b)
Learning Plus
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (d) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (a)
31. (a) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (a)

Advanced Level Multiconcept Questions

MCQ/COMPREHENSION//MATCHING/NUMERICAL
1. (a,b) 2. (a,c) 3. (a,d) 4. (b,d) 5. (b,d) 6. (a,b,c) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (a)-s; (b)-q,s; (c)-r; (d)-p,r 12. (b,d) 13. (a,c,d) 14. (a,b) 15. (0090) 16. (0001) 17. (4) 18. (72)

JEE Mains & Advanced Past Years Questions

JEE-MAIN
PREVIOUS YEAR'S
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (a)
11 . (d) 12. (750) 13. (2) 14. (6) 15. (927) 16. (26)

JEE-ADVANCED
PREVIOUS YEAR'S
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (9) 4. (c) 5. (4) 6. (2.22) 7. (a,b,c) 8. (b)

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 5 STATES OF MATTER

Topicwise Questions
1 9. (b) Molecular weight = V.d.  2 = 11.2  2 = 22.4
1. (c) Boyle’s law is V  (at constant T, n) Volume of 22.4 gm Substance of NTP = 22.4 litre
P
2. (d) PV = RT = K (Constant) (Boyle’s law) 22 .4
1 gm substance at NTP = litre
Taking log both side 22 .4
log P + log V = log k 11.2 gm substance of NTP = 11.2 litre
log P = –log V + constant M . wt . of O
2 1 M 32 1
y = mx + c 10. (b) M . wt . of SO  M  64  2
2 2
so
1
The weight of oxygen will be that of SO 2
2
11. (d) Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + ………
There should be non reacting gases, behave ideally
log P
and temperature of the component gases remain
constant
log V 12. (c) From Daltons partial pressure law
1000 500
3. (a) At constant T , P1 V1  P2 V2 P1 = × 600 + × 800
1500 1500
1  20  P2  50 ;
800
4. (a) P1 = 5 atm V1 = 10 L = 400 +
3
P2 = 1 atm V2 = ?
2000
P1 V1 = torr..
P1V1 = P2V2 or = V 3
P2 2 V1 = 1500 mL
P2 = ?
5 V2 V2 = 2L = 2000 mL
=
1 10
1
V­2 = 50 L From P 
V
5. (d) According to Boyle’s Law PV = constant, at
constant temperature either P increases or V P1 V2
increases both (2) & (3) may be correct. P2
= V1
=
6. (c) V  T
2000 / 3 2000
7. (a) P  nRT  2  0 .0821  546  2 atm. 
P2
=
1500
V 44 . 8 l
P1 V1 P2 V2 PV T 1500
8. (b)   1 1  1
T1 T2 P2 V2 T2  P2 = = 500 torr
3

P 48 DROPPER JEE
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 13. (c) Initial N2 + 3H2  2NH3 24. (d) most probable velocity : mean velocity : Vrms
1 3 2 RT 8 RT 3 RT 8
final – – 2  : :  2: : 3
M M M 
4 2
ratio =  . 25. (a) When average speed of molecule is increased due to
2 1 increase in temperature then the change in momentum
14. (a) Rate of effusion  Area of cross section
during collision between wall of container and
rA AA r 2  molecules of gas also increases
 rB
= AB
= 2 =
r 1
1U 2 1 m T
15. (a) P = PA + PB + PC 26. (d) U  m . T  T1  T2
2 1 2
1
16. (d) r
M 2
U1 m2
 2 2
d1 1 r1 d2 4 U2
2
m1  m1U1  m 2U2
17. (b) d  16 ; r  d1
 16 
1
2 2
27. (a) Vav : Vrms : Vmost probable = V : U : 
18. (b) NH 4 Cl ring will first formed near the HCl bottle
because rate of diffusion of NH 3 is more than that of 8 RT 3 RT 2 RT
: :
HCl because M NH 3 : M HCl  17 : 36 . 5 ) . SO NH 3 will M M M
reach first to the HCl bottle & will react there with
8
HCl to form NH 4 Cl ring  :V :U  2 : : 3  1 : 1 . 128 : 1 .224

t (gas) M (gas )
28. (a) Z < 1 shows that the gas has greate compressibility
19. (d) t = M (O 2 )
(O 2 ) at intermediate pressure and all reactive forces are
dominant, higher value of ‘a’ and lower value of ‘b’
40 M (gas ) above Boyle’s temperature it is not possible because
 =
16 32 Z> 1
29. (b) Because molecules of real gases have intermolecular
5 M (gas ) 25 M (gas )
 =  = forces of attraction so the effective impact on the
2 32 4 32
wall of container is diminished. Pressure of real gas
 M(gas) = 200 g/mol. a
3 3 is reduced by factor hence behaviour of real gas
v2
20. (a) KE  RT  PV
2 2 deviate from ideal behaviour.
2E 2 PV
 P for unit volume (V = 1)  P  E 30. (c) Z   for ideal gas PV = RT so Z = 1
3V 3 RT
21. (d) The most accurate form in which velocity can be used
in these calculations.  na 2

31. (d)  P  V 2  (V – nb)  nRT
d1 M1 3 d M M  
22. (c) d  M  d  M ; d  M ; M 2  .
2 2 2 3 32. (b) At low temperature and high pressure.
Vrms
33. (d) PV = nRT is a ideal gas equation it is allowed when
3 RT 8 RT 3
23. (a) Vrms  , Vav  ;  the temperature is high and pressure is low.
M M Vav 8
34. (c) Value of constant a is greater than other.
66 1 .086 35. (b) If Z  1 then molar volume is less than 22.4 L
 
56 1

STATES OF MATTER 49 P
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 Learning Plus
V1 T1
1. (c) V = T P 5 300
2 2  × V =  V2 = 5 litre
2. (d) n,T  constant 2P 2 600
PV = constant
3. (d) n  constant P
12. (b)   .
v  fixed T
 P & T constant pH2 n H2 30 15
4. (b) V = 2 litre 13. (d) p C2 H6 = n C2 H6 = = .
2 1
v1 T1
v2 = T2
PH 2 15
XH = 15/16, PH = XH XPT  
2 2 2 PT 16
2 273
 =  T = 546 K  T = 273°C 14. (d) Weight of H2 = 20 g in 100 g mixture ; Weight of
4 T(inK) O2 = 80 g
5. (b) n = constant
20 80 5
no of molecules = constant  Moles of H2 = = 10 ;  Moles of O2 = =
2 32 2
same number of molecules
10 273 5 25
6. (c) V =  V2 = 13.66 L.  Total moles = 10 + =
373 2 2
2

P 1  12 ' 10
7. (c) P = CRT; T = = = 12 K.  PH 2 = PT x mole fraction of H2 = 1 x = 0.8 bar
RC 11 25 / 2

15 75 1
15. (d) r 
8. (a) = M M
30 B

150 20 30 32
MB = 150. (V.D.)B = = 75. 16. (b) × =
2 60 V 64
9. (d) R is depend upon unit of measurement  V = 14.14 l

10. (c) 1
17. (c) r 
M
A B So NH3 diffuses with faster rate.
0.5 dm3 1 dm3
r1 t2 M2
PV = nRT 18. (b) r = =
2 5 2
W
PV = RT
T rA 16 w A 2
MM
19. (d) Given r = ; =
 P× Mm = RT B 3 wB 3
PA  MM A   A RT rA nA MB
PB  MM B   B RT We have r = n MA
B B

PA 1 / 2MM B 3
16 wA MB MB
PB × MM B = 1.5 = M w
3 A B MA
PA
3/ 2 3/ 2
PB = 4 Ans. 16 2  M B   MB 
=     =8
11. (b) PV = nRT 3 3  MA   MA 
P1V1  nRT1 MB 8
P2 V2  nRT2  M = 4 mole ratio =
A 3

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 rN 2 MM H2 3RT1
20. (a) r  MM N2 M
H2 1 T1
= 3RT2 = 4  T
2
2 1 M
= =
28 14 T2 = 4T1
T2 = 4 times T1
1: 14 : 7 8a
27. (a) TC =
27Rb
21. (d) C3H6O  CO2 a
TB =
3  nC3H6O = nCO2 Rb
Ti = 2TB
3RT
22. (b) Urms = TC < TB < Ti
M
28. (c) Factual question
T1 T 29. (b) Boiling point  a
 2
M1 M 2
 an2 
30. (a)  P  2  (V–nb) = nRT..
T1 300  V 

32 20 31. (a) Do it yourself
T1 = 480 K 32. (c) PV = Pb + RT

23. (b) v  T PV Pb
=1+
RT RT
( Vrms )1 T1 M 2
24. (c) ( V ) = M1 T2
rms 2  a 
33. (a)  P  (V) = RT
T
25. (a) K.E. = 3/2 nRT  V 2 
n1T1 = n2T2
a
0.4  400 PV + = RT
T
V
T1 =
0.3 PV a
=1–
T1 = 533 K RT VRT
4 3
3RT 5  10 4 34. (a) 4 × r × NA = 24 × 10–3 litres/mol
3
26. (c) Urms = =
M 10  10 4 r3 = 2.37 × 10–9 dm = 1.355Aº

Advanced Level Multiconcept Questions

1. (a,b) 3. (a,d)
Suppose the cylinder will burst at T2K

P2 T1 I II
T2  14.9  300
P1 (V1 = V2) = 12
= 372.5 K 300 K 400 K
mole H2 mole H2
2. (a,c) 16.42 8.211
V = 8.21 L
nRT
n=2 (a) I. P. = 3 atm by P =
V
T = 300 K (b) Pressure just after openin doesn’t changes
(a) P = 6 atm (d) Pressure becomes same after some time

STATES OF MATTER 51 P
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 4. (b,d)
Vx 1 N xx 1 1
1   x
 2 
r Vy 2 Ny 4 4
M
5. (b,d) x
rA 16 w A 2  y = 2 (because H2 become H)
Given r = ; w =
B 3 B 3
Uavgx (T / M) x T/4 1
rA nA MB   
U avgy (T / M) y 2T / 1 2 2
we have r = n MA
B B

2 2

16 wA MB MB Z11x  N x   U avex   x 
= M w        =
3 A B MA Z11y  N y   Uavg   y 
3/ 2 3/ 2
16 2  M B   MB  1 1 1
=     =8  4
3 3  MA   MA  4 2 2 2 2
MB
 M =4 Z11y  2 2 Z11x  2 2 A
A 11. (a)-s; (b)-q,s; (c)-r; (d)-p,r
8 (a) PV = nRT
 mole ratio =
3 At constant temperature
6. (a,b,c) PV = K (T = constant)
With increase in temperature, most probable velocity Higher the value of PV, higher the temperature.
increases & fraction of molecules with velocity equal to So, T3 > T2 > T1
M.P. velocity decreases. Total no. of molecules remain Since, P1 = P2 = P3
same. So, V  T  V3 > V2 > V1
7. (d) According to Gay Lussac’s law
PM
P1 P2 d=
 RT
T1 T2
Since, P1 = P2 = P3
1 P 1
 2 d  d1 > d2 > d3
200 821k T
P2 = 4.1 atm (b) From Graph,
8. (d) Z = z 2 u N* V3 > V2 > V1 and T1 = T2 = T3
1 Higher the volume, lesser the pressure because
N*  temperature is same for all.
V
P1 > P2 > P3
1
x =A PM
V d=
RT
1 A Since, T1 = T2 = T3
y =
2V 2 So,d  P  d1 > d2 > d3
Ratio = 2 : 1 (c) From the graph,
None of these P3 > P2 > P1 andT1 = T2 = T3
(N*)2 Higher the pressure, lesser the volume because
9. (c) Total no. of collisions per unit volume  temperature is same for all.
V
V1 > V2 > V3
Ratio = 1 : 2
PM
10. (a) H2  2H d=
RT
nx n x/4 1 Since,T1 = T2 = T3
 He  
ny nH x /1 4 So,d  P  d3 > d2 > d1

P 52 DROPPER JEE
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 (d) From the graph,
2  R  T 1 R  T
d3 > d2 > d1and P1 = P2 = P3 P1' + P° = P2' P° = 
V 3V
PM 1 4 4
d= d 
RT T
So,T1> T2 > T3 2  R  300 1  R  300 2RT 1 R  T
 = 
PV = nRT V V V 3V
Since,P1 = P2 = P3 2 2 4 4
VT
Solving T = 90 K
So,V1 > V2 > V3 16. [1]
12. (b,d) V1 = 500 ml
V2 = 1800 ml
a 64 a 2
PC = 2
T = 2 2 Ptotal = 3.2 atm
27b 2 C 27  27 R b T2 = 360 K
T1 = 320 K
TC2 64 a 2 27 b 2 V.P. = 0.6 atm
VC = 3b = 2 2 
V.P. = 0.2 atm
PC 27  27 R b a
Pgas = 3.2 – 0.2 = 3 atm
8a 27 R 2 TC2 For H2O(vap.)
TC = 27 Rb a = For gas :
64 PC
0.2  500 P2  1800
13. (a,c,d) 
320 360
14. (a,b)
Incorrect P1V1 P2 V2 3  500 P2  1800
(a) at boyle’s temperture a real gas behave as ideal irresp.  = 
T1 T2 320 360
of pressur
(b) At critical condn a real gas behave as ideal. 20 2
P2 =  atm (< V.P.)
15. [90] 320 32

6  500 30
P1 V
P2 = = atm
320  10 320
1 mole 2
P° is the pressure 30 2
Ptotal =  = 1 atm
due to weight of piston 32 32
P°
V
P2 2  3RT   2RT 
2 mole
17. [4]  M  =  M 
at 300K  X  Y

P1 + P° = P2 3R400 2R60
=
40 M
2  R  300 1  R  300
P° = 
V V 4  30
2 2 30 =
M
at temperature T M=4
18. [72]
P1' 3V
1 mole 4 1 2
= (Where X is molecular weight of gas)
6 x
P° 1 2
V
P2' 4 36
=
x
2 mole
x = 72

STATES OF MATTER 53 P
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 JEE Mains & Advanced Past Years Questions
JEE-MAIN
5.1
PREVIOUS YEAR'S Kr = 5.1
1

4.1
1. (c) Pi Pf Xe = 0.82
5
 TC has order : Kr > Xe > Ar > Ne
P,T1 V,T2
 Ans. Is (1)
Pi (V) Pi (V) Pf (V) Pf (V)
   Z
RT1 RT1 RT1 RT2
b
Slope =
2Pi 1 1  RT
 Pf    5. (c)
T1  T1 T2 
P
2P  T T 
Pf  i  1 2 
T1  T1  T2  As b slope
Hence, Xe, will have highest slope
2Pi T2 6. (c)  Gas A and C have same value of ‘b’but different
Pf 
T1  T2 value of ‘a’ so gas having higher value of ‘a’ have
2. (b) Z = PV/nRT more force of attraction so molecules will be more
ZnRT closer hence occupy less volume.
P  Gas B and D have same value of ‘a’ but different
V
value of ‘b’ so gas having lesser value of ‘b’ will be
Z
at constant T and mol P  more compressible.
V
so, option 3 is correct.
PA ZA VB  3   1  3
       2RT 2RT
PB A B VA  2   2  2 7. (d) Vmp  Þ Vmp 
M M
 2PA = 3PB
3. (d) PV = nRT For N2, O2 H2
200 × 10 = (0.5 + x)R × 1000
300 400 300
4 R  
On solving x  28 32 2
2R
Vmp of N2(300K) < Vmp of O2(400K) < Vmp of
8a
4. (a) Tc = H2(300K)
27Rb
8. (b) Radon is a radioactive substance. This is not present
a in atmosphere.
Greater value of  higher is Tc' 9. (d) CRMS > CAvg > CMPS
b
10. (a) PM = dRT
Gas a
b 1
 d
1.3 T
Ar = 0.406  d P
3.2
11. (d) Pressure due to 1 mole of H2 gas = 2 atm
0.2  Pressure due to 1 mol of H2 + 1 mol of
Ne = 0.118
1.7 He + 1 mol of O2 = 6 atm.

P 54 DROPPER JEE
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 12. [750]  partial pressure of each component
At constant temperature and number of moles,
nRT 0.1 0.2  0.002  300
P1V1 = P2V2 P 
V 2
4
P1 = 48 × 10–3 bar ; V1 = (3)3  0.246 atm
3
 k P  PNH 3  PH 2 S  (0.246) 2  0.060516
4 3
V2 = (12)
3  6.05 102
P1V1 48  10 3  (3)3 6
P2 = V  (12) 3 15. [927]
2

P1 P2 300 103 1.2 106

48  10 3   
= = 7.5 × 10–4 = 750 × 10–6 bar T1 T2 300 T2
64
13. [2]  T2  1200 K
Weight of empty L P G cylinder  14.8 kg
T2  927ºC
Weight of full LPG cylinder  29 kg
16. [26]
 Weight of gas  29  14.8  14.2 kg
PV
If weight of full LPG cylinder = 23kg n  CH 4  
RT
then weight of gas used  29  23  6 kg at ambient
temperature. 1 4  103 1000

From ideal gas equation, pV = nRT 0.083  300
Weight of solute Weight of CH4
or pV   RT
Molecular mass of solvent
W 40 16 105
or pV   RT  gm
M 0.033  300
Applying ideal gas to LPG cylinder when gas is full,
 25.7 105 gm
PV = nRC
14.2 kg JEE-ADVANCED
3.47 atm  V   RT ...(i)
M PREVIOUS YEAR'S
Applying ideal gas to LPG cylinder when gas is reduced 1. (c) According to Grham’s law, if all conditions are
to 23kg at ambient temperature, identical,
pV  nRT
1
r
8.2 kg M
p V   RT ...(ii)
M2 As in this question, all conditions are identical for X
Divide Eq. (i) by (ii) and Y, it will be followed
3.47 14.2
 My
p 8.2 rx
Hence 
ry Mx
3.47  41
 p  2.003 atm
71
d 40 d
Hence, Ans. is 2   =2
14. [6] 24 – d 10 24 – d
5.1 g d = 48 – 2d
moles of NH 4 HS initially taken  51 g / mol  0.1 mol 3d = 48
d = 16 cm.
volume of vessel = 2l 2. (d) The general formula of mean free path () is
NH 4 HS(s)  NH 3( g )  H 2  S(g)
RT

t  0 0.1 mol 2d 2 N A P (d = diameter of molecule, p =
t = 0. 1(1 - 0.2) 0.1×0.2 0.1×0.2 pressure inside the vessel).

STATES OF MATTER 55 P
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  d & p are same for both gases, ideally their  are same. Also mean free path, λ
Hence it must be the higher drift speed of X due to
KT T
which it is seeing more collisions per second, with =  
the inert gas in comparison to gas Y. So X see 2 d 2 P P
comparably more resistance from noble gas than Y Increasing T 4 times and P 2 times,
and hence covers lesser distance than that predicted λ increases 2 times (ii)
by Graham's Law. from (i) and (ii) implies, diffusion coefficient increases 4
3. [9] Initial moles of gases = 1 times
238
 206
U  4 6. [2.22]
92 82 Pb  8 2 He  6 1 e
P1 = 5 P2 = 1
Inital moles 1 moles v1 = 1 v2 = 3
Moles after 8 mole
T1 = 400 T2 = 300
decompostion
Total gaseous moles after decompostion = 8 + 1 = 9 5 3
n1  n2 
moles 400R 300R
Let volume be (v + x)v = (3 – x) 15 – 5x = 4 + 4x
Pf n f
Ratio of pressures P  n  9 PA PB
i i 
TA TB
4. (c) P(V–b) = RT
 PV – Pb = RT
n b1  R nb  R
2
PV Pb 
  1 vb1 v b2
RT RT
5 3
Pb  
 Z = 1 400  4  x  300R  3  x 
RT
Hence Z > 1 at all pressures. 11
 5 (3 – x) = 4 + 4x  x 
This means , repulsive tendencies will be dominant 9
when interatomic distance are small.
11  20 
This means, interatomic potential is never negative v  1 x  1   2.22
9  9 
but becomes positive at small interatomic distances.
Hence answer is (C) 7. (a,b,c)
5. [4 times] 3RT
Given diffusion coefficient is proportional to mean free Urms =
M
path (λ) and mean speed (Vmean)
3
And absolute T is increased by 4 times Eavg = kT
2
1 8. (b) Graph represents symmetrical distribution of speed
And average K E  T mV 2  T
2 and hence, the most probable and the average speed
When T increased by 4 times  Vmean increases by 2 should be same. But the root mean square speed must
times (i) be greater than the average speed.

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