Designation: E 2561 – 07a

Standard Practice for the

Installation of Inductive Loop Detectors1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2561; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope 2.1.4 inductive loop detector system, n—a sensor to detect

1.1 This practice describes the recommended procedure for vehicles and their traffic flow properties, whose major compo-
installing inductive loop detectors in sawed slots in roadway nents are: (1) one or more turns of insulated loop wire wound
pavement for use as a traffic monitoring device or to actuate in a slot sawed in the pavement, (2) lead-in wires extending
traffic control devices such as a traffic signal. Although the from the loop wire to a curbside or shoulder pull box (3)
practice is not intended for installing preformed loops, the lead-in cable spliced to the lead-in wires that extends from the
practice does contain information of value for this type of loop pull box to the controller cabinet, and (4) electronics unit
such as recommendations for the number of turns of loop wire, housed in the controller cabinet.
number and direction of twists in the lead-in wire and cable, 2.1.5 insulation resistance, n—the resistance measured with
splice location (if needed), and grounding options. a megohmmeter between a conductor and the outer insulating
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded jacket of a wire or cable.
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical 2.1.6 lead-in cable, n—shielded wire that is spliced to the
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only lead-in wires in the pull box and which extends from the pull
and are not considered standard. box to the controller cabinet, where it is connected to the
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the electronics unit; also known as home-run cable, transmission
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the line, or feeder cable.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 2.1.7 lead-in wires, n—a continuation of the loop wire that
priate safety and health practices and to determine the runs from the physical edge of the loop to the pull box; usually
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. twisted together to form a wire pair.
2.1.8 loop system sensitivity, n—smallest change of induc-
2. Terminology tance at the electronics unit terminals that will result in a signal
2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: that indicates the passage or presence of a vehicle.
2.1.1 electronics unit, n—a card or free-standing module 2.1.9 loop wire, n—one-conductor insulated wire used for
that transmits energy into the wire loops typically at frequen- both the wire loop and the lead-in wire; may be jacketed or
cies between 20 kHz and 100 kHz; special applications such as encased in tube.
vehicle classification may use electronics units that transmit at 2.1.10 pull box, n—a container that encloses the splices
frequencies above 100 kHz; electronics units allow control of between the lead-in wires and the lead-in cable; when installed
sensitivity, frequency, pulse or presence operation, and timing underground, the removable cover is aligned flush with the
features (that is, delay and extension) in some models and ground surface; also known as a handhole, splice box, or
indicate system failures. junction box.
2.1.2 inductance, n—property of an electric circuit or of 2.1.11 quadrupole loop, n—typically a rectangular wire
two neighboring circuits that generates an electromotive force loop configuration with a longitudinal slot extending along the
in one circuit when the current changes in that circuit or in the center of the loop so that the wire can be installed in a
neighboring circuit; expressed in units of Henrys (H). figure-eight pattern; the quadrupole loop produces four elec-
2.1.3 inductive loop detector, n—those parts of an inductive tromagnetic poles instead of the normal two, thus improving
loop detector system that consist of the wire loops, lead-in the sensitivity to small vehicles and minimizing splashover;
wires, and lead-in cable and which responds to the passage or quadrupole loops are also used in a diagonal configuration to
presence of a vehicle with a decrease in inductance of the wire detect bicycles (1)2.
loop. 2.1.12 saw cut, n—opening made in the roadway pavement
using a pavement saw into which the wire loop or lead-in wires
are inserted; also referred to as a slot.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E17 on Vehicle -
Pavement Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.52 on
2
Traffic Monitoring. The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
Current edition approved on, July 1, 2007. Published August 2007. this practice.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 E 2561 – 07a
2.1.13 splashover, n—unwanted actuation caused by a ve- of detecting vehicles even if the wire loop is laid on reinforcing
hicle in a lane adjacent to the lane in which a sensor is located. steel before concrete is placed.
2.1.14 traffıc monitoring device, n—equipment that may
count and classify vehicles and measure vehicle flow charac- 5. Procedure
teristics such as vehicle speed, lane occupancy, turning move- 5.1 Scale drawings of the installation site showing the
ments, and other parameters typically used to portray traffic geometry of the roadway and the exact location of the
movement. components of the inductive loop detector in relation to the
2.1.15 wire loop, n—one or more turns of loop wire wound pavement or lane markings are required. The drawings shall
in a slot sawed in the pavement. indicate the location and specifications for the wire loop
(typically centered in the middle of the lane) and lead-in wires,
3. Summary of Practice lead-in cable, pull boxes, conduit, power sources, pavement
3.1 The major steps in installing an inductive loop detector materials and sealants, cabinets, and electronic units required
system are: for the installation. The accuracy of the drawings has a primary
3.1.1 Preparing plans and specifications, effect on the quality of the installation as it provides funda-
3.1.2 Securing the work zone, mental guidance for the installation crew and becomes part of
3.1.3 Installing underground conduit and pull box, the procurement package used to acquire the needed compo-
3.1.4 Cutting a slot for the loop wire and lead-in wires, nents.
3.1.5 Installing the wires, 5.2 The dimensions of the loops and number of turns are
3.1.6 Twisting the lead-in wires, selected according to the types of vehicles to be detected,
3.1.7 Testing for proper operation of the wire loop and vehicle under-carriage height, lane width, length of lead-in
lead-in wires, cable, and, for some applications, the data desired. Inductive
3.1.8 Sealing the saw cuts, loops should not be wider than 6 ft (183 cm) in a 12 ft (366 cm)
3.1.9 Splicing the lead-in wires to the lead-in cable in a pull lane. Loops should not be less than 5 ft (152 cm) wide because
box, the detection distance between the road surface and the vehicle
3.1.10 Connecting the lead-in cable to the terminal strip in undercarriage becomes limited as the detection distance is
the cabinet, approximately equal to one-half to two-thirds of the loop width
3.1.11 Testing for proper operation of the wire loop, lead-in (such as, the minimum loop dimension). Since the inductance
wires, and lead-in cable assembly, and of the loop must be greater than the inductance of the lead-in
3.1.12 Connecting the terminal strip to the electronics unit. cable [that is, 21 µH per 100 ft (69 µH per 100 m) of #14 AWG
3.2 Procedures needed to ensure work zone safety, traffic lead-in cable] for the loop system to have sufficient sensitivity,
control, and installation of conduit, pull box, controller cabinet, Klein et al (2) recommend that the inductance of single loops
and any equipment usually placed in the cabinet, such as the and series, parallel, or series-parallel combinations of loops be
electronics unit, are not covered by this practice. greater than 50 mH to ensure stable operation of the inductive
loop detector system. Guidance for the number of turns needed
4. Significance and Use to produce the required inductance value is found in Klein et al
4.1 This practice provides a method for the in-road instal- (2) as follows: “If the loop perimeter is less than 30 ft (9 m),
lation of an inductive loop detector that consists of wire loops, use three turns of wire; if the loop perimeter is greater than 30
lead-in wires, and lead-in cable. The practice is intended for ft (9 m), use two turns of wire.” Appendix X1 contains tables
installing wires in saw cuts made in the roadway surface and showing the inductance values for various size loops and
not for installing preformed loops that may be encased in a shapes (such as, rectangular, quadrupole, and circular).
protective enclosure such as plastic conduit. Typical compo- 5.3 Manpower and the type and amount of installation
nents of an inductive loop detector system are illustrated in Fig. material and equipment must be determined before the instal-
1. Modern inductive loop detector electronic units are capable lation is begun. The required materials should be available in

FIG. 1 Inductive Loop Detector System (Notional) (2)

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 E 2561 – 07a
sufficient quantities to avoid any interruptions in the installa- TABLE 2 Typical Installation Equipment List for Inductive Loop
tion process. Table 1 contains a typical materials list for Detectors
constructing an inductive loop detector. Table 2 contains Item Description and Use
typical equipment needed to install inductive loops. The Pavement saw Creates saw cut for inserting wires. Typically
equipment required for traffic control and installation of a self-propelled 18- to 65-hp saw equipped
with 1⁄4- to 3⁄8-in. (6- to 10-mm) thick blade
conduit, pull box, controller cabinet, and any equipment (abrasive or diamond), water valve, depth
usually placed in the cabinet are not included. gauge, and horizontal guide
Water supply Cools diamond blade and cleans out sawed
5.4 To protect the integrity of the pavement and loop slots
installation, cracks and joints in the roadway pavement should Jackhammer Bores holes through concrete curb
not be located closer than 18 in. (45 cm) upstream or Air compressor Used with jackhammer and to clean and dry
sawed slots
downstream of the inductive loop detector being installed. Chisel and hammer Removes sharp edges at corners of saw
Some agencies relax this constraint to 1 ft (0.3m) (5). Saw cuts cuts
for other wire loops or other in-roadway sensors must not be Blunt tool 3⁄16-in. to 1⁄4-in. (5-mm to 6-mm) thick wood

paddle for seating wire in sawed slot

located closer than 2 ft (0.6 m) upstream or downstream of the Wire twisting tool Provides symmetrical twists in the lead-in
inductive loop detector being installed (6). The distance wires
between lead-in saw cuts shall be 6 in. (15 cm) minimum until Template/Straight edge Marks outlines of loops on pavement
Trenching machine Creates trench for burying cable
they are within 1 ft (0.3 m) of the edge of the pavement or curb, underground
at which point they may be placed closer together (7). Lead-in Volt-ohm meter and Tests wires for continuity and insulation
saw cuts shall not be closer than 12 in. (30 cm) from adjacent megohmmeter resistance
Inductive loop system analyzer Tests continuity and inductance of inductive
loop edges (6). loop detector system
5.5 After securing the work zone with appropriate barri- Soldering device Enables soldering of wire connections using
cades, cones, and so forth to divert traffic from the work area, a butane torch with a soldering tip or an
electric soldering iron
mark the pavement to show the size and shape of the loop and 12-ft (4-m) straight edge, Marks location of all saw cuts
lead-in wires to be installed and the required saw cuts. Lumber chalk line, marking paint,
crayon, chalk, or spray paint is typically used for this purpose. crayons,imdb.com or chalk
Wire cutters, lineman’s pliers Aids in cutting and splicing wires
If available, a template of the proper size and shape for the wire Fish tape Aids wire pulling
loop is recommended. However, a straight edge or a tightened Measuring tape or wheel Minimum of 100-ft (30-m) tape to facilitate
string can be used as a marking guide. It is critical that the measurements for placement of loop wires
and lead-in wires
markings reflect the location shown on the construction plans. Power drill Facilitates sealant mixing
5.6 Cut slots into the roadway pavement for the loop wire
and lead-in wires using a pavement saw. Do not allow the saw
cut in the pavement to deviate by more than 1 in. (25 mm) from
the markings for the cut (7). The depth of the saw cut shall be depth should be verified at several points during the cutting
sufficient to allow at least a 1-in. (25-mm) cover of sealant to process to ensure a constant value. The width of the saw cut
be placed above the top loop wire or backer rod if such is used shall be sufficient to allow encapsulation of the wires by the
(7, 9). Some agencies use 3 and 4 in. (76 and 102 mm) slot sealant. Several methods are available to prevent damage to the
depths for multiple wire-turn loops to prevent future grinding wire at the corners of a square or rectangular loop by removing
and overlay procedures from destroying the loop (9). Saw cut the 90-deg angle. In the first method, diagonal cuts are sawed
at the four corners, allowing a minimum margin of 1 ft (30 cm)
from the apparent corner as shown on the left of Fig. 2. When
TABLE 1 Typical Materials List for 6-ft 3 6-ft (1.8-m 3 1.8-m) applying this method, ensure that the bottom of the saw blade
3-Turn Inductive Loop
completely passes through all intersections creating saw cuts
Description Quantity/Loop
that are clean and well defined. All jagged edges and protru-
Loop and lead-in wires, such as., IMSA 200 ft (60 m)A sions must be removed with a small chisel and hammer. In the
51–3 or 51-5 (3)
Lead-in cable, e.g., IMSA 50-2 (3) 200 ft (60 m) or moreA second method depicted on the right of Fig. 2, 11⁄4- or 11⁄2-in.
Tape 3⁄4 in. (20 mm) rubber splicingB 1 roll per 6 loops (32- or 38-mm) holes are drilled at the corners of the loop
Loop sealant (per loop) 6 tubes or appropriate number of gallon before the slots are sawcut. Drilling the corners is faster (15 sec
containers
Sealant [per 4 ft (1 m) of lead-in cable] 1 tube per drilled hole) than cutting diagonal slots and the integrity of
Caulking gun 1 the pavement is better preserved (5, 8, 9). A 3-in. (76-mm) hole
Backer rod As required centered on the circumference of a circular loop may be drilled
Cement, sand, or talc 1 bag
Duct seal for conduit 1 block to reduce stress on the lead-in wires run to the pull box (8). In
Pull box (sized as required) 1 per splicing location the third method (not illustrated), straight sawcuts are over-
Concrete As required per pull box
lapped at the corners (i.e., no diagonal sawcuts are made) and
Splice kits 1 per loop
Solder As required then the inside corner is removed using a small hand chisel and
Surge voltage protector As required hammer or small air-powered impact chisel, thus creating a
Conduit As required
smooth curve for the wire to follow.
A
Quantity varies according to site requirement including loop location. 5.7 Clean out debris from saw cuts. Cleaning should take
B
Some states specify a first layer of PVC tape followed by a layer of rubber tape
or heat shrinkage polyolefin tubing as insulation on the lead-in wire-to-lead-in place immediately after the sawing is complete. Cutting dust,
cable splice (4). grit, oil, and contaminants must be removed from the slots by

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 E 2561 – 07a

FIG. 2 Saw Cut Corner Treatments (9)

flushing them clean with pressurized water and then drying bead of sealant is placed at the bottom of the cut to aid
with compressed oil-free air. Any dirt or mud stuck to the encapsulation, apply the sealant before inserting the turns of
bottom or sides of the saw cuts must be removed. The saw cuts wire. Each turn of a given loop must be wound in the same
must be clean and dry before inserting the wires. direction. Be sure to carefully count the number of turns in the
5.8 Confrim that the roll of loop wire contains sufficient slot as it is a common error to miscount. Adjacent loops using
length to lay the specified number of turns in the loop saw cut, the same electronics unit shall be wound in the opposite
plus a length equal to twice the distance from the pull box to direction to minimize interference. Run the remaining length of
the first corner of the loop saw cut, plus 3 to 5 ft (91 to 152 cm) wire alongside the lead-in wire saw cut to the pull box location.
of slack to be laid in the pull box for each of the start and finish Cut the wire remembering to keep 3 to 5 ft (91 to 152 cm) of
ends of the loop wire, depending on agency policy. Small holes slack at each end.
in the insulation caused by manufacturing flaws or damage 5.10 Twist the lead-in wires belonging to the start and finish
during transport may be found prior to installation by immers- ends of the loop turns to reduce crosstalk and noise pickup and
ing the rolls of loop wire in a barrel of water and using a insert the twisted wires into the slot cut for them. Between
megohmmeter to verify the insulation resistance. three and five twists per foot (10 and 16 twists per metre) are
5.9 Starting at the pull box location (or first entered pole or recommended, depending on agency policy and manufactur-
pedestal), allow 3 to 5 ft (91 to 152 cm) for slack and then lay ers’ recommendations. Procedures for twisting lead-in wires
the wire alongside the lead-in wire saw cut and run it to the are found in Klein et al (7). A maximum of one (5, 7, 8) or two
point where the lead-in wire saw cut meets the loop saw cut. (6) lead-in wire pairs shall be placed in a sawed slot that runs
Place the wire into the loop saw cut and wrap it the prescribed to the hole or conduit that leads to the pull box. Wire pairs from
number of turns and direction around the saw cut to form the adjacent loops shall be twisted in opposite directions.
loop. The first turn of loop wire is placed in the bottom of the 5.11 Use a blunt instrument such as a 3⁄16-in. to 1⁄4-in. (5-mm
saw cut, with each subsequent turn placed on top of the to 6-mm) thick wood paddle to seat the wires in the saw cuts
preceding one (7). Fig. 3 shows the winding detail for a typical as close to the bottom of the cut as possible. Make certain that
square loop, round loop, and rectangular quadrupole loop. If a the outer jacket of the wire is not damaged. Never use a sharp

FIG. 3 Inductive Loop Winding Detail For Square, Round, And Rectangular Quadrupole Loops (Typical). S And F Indicate The Start And
Finish Of The Loop, Respectively (1).

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 E 2561 – 07a
instrument such as a screwdriver for this procedure as it will consequent damage from freeze-thaw cycles. For installation
easily penetrate the wire insulation. prior to an overlay, the saw cut should be filled completely with
5.12 Insert the twisted lead-in wires into the pull box. Mark sealant before paving. For installations in an existing roadway,
the loop pairs in the pull box with the loop number, start (S) allow sufficient time for the loop sealant to form a surface film.
and finish (F) labels, and signal phase (when loops are installed Then dust the sealant with cement, sand, or talc to prevent
at signalized intersections (6, 7). tracking of the sealant. Remove excess sealant from the road
5.13 Test each loop and lead-in wire-pair combination at the surface without the use of solvents when the sealant is dry
pull box for continuity, circuit resistance, and insulation enough to prevent impairing the quality of the saw-cut seal
resistance before filling the saw cuts. The circuit resistance (10). Ensure that the sealant has cured completely before
between the ends of the inductive loop detector lead-in wires allowing vehicular traffic to travel over the sealant (7).
should be less than 1 ohm/100 ft (3 ohms/100 m) of wire when 5.15 Measure and cut a length of lead-in cable to connect
measured with a volt-ohm meter. The insulation resistance the lead-in wires in the pull box to the terminal strip in the
should be greater than 100 megohms when measured with a cabinet. No less than 18 in. (46 cm) of cable should be
megohmmeter. A method for measuring the inductance of the provided as slack in the cabinet. The lead-in cable should have
wire loop and lead-in wire-pair combination and verifying that high quality insulation such as polyethylene, a polyethylene
the installed number of turns is the correct value is described in jacket, and a shield. Multiconductor lead-in cable shall be used
Appendix X2. with three to six twists per foot (10 to 20 twists per meter).
5.14 Secure the wire loop and lead-in wires in the roadway 5.16 Solder each end of the lead-in wires to a corresponding
by applying loop sealant to the slots to cover the wires. A 3⁄16 end of the lead-in cable in the pull box to form a single spliced
to 1⁄4-in. (5 to 6-mm) thick wood paddle should be used to hold wire using splicing, insulating, and waterproofing methods
down the wire as the sealant is being poured. Some installers described in Klein, et al (9). All splices must be easily
place a bead of sealant at the bottom of the cut to aid accessible for inspection and maintenance. Insulate the end of
encapsulation as illustrated on the left of Fig. 4 (7). Others the cable located in the pull box. The lead-in cable shall not be
force backer rod into the slot over the wires as shown on the connected to ground at the pull box. Fig. 5 shows the
right of Fig. 4. The remainder of the slot is then filled with interconnections of the twisted wire pairs, splice location in the
sealant. The backer rod assures a shallow layer of sealant, pull box, and grounding of the shield at the cabinet (if
reducing tensile stresses and leaving the wires free to adapt to required).
shifting of the pavement. Backer rod may also be inserted into 5.17 Where drainage is a problem, it may be beneficial to
the slot in short pieces of approximately one inch (2.5 cm) use wire hangers to suspend the twisted-pair loop wires and the
length every 1 to 2 ft (0.3 to 0.6 m) to anchor the wire in the splice to the shielded lead-in cable as near as possible to the top
slot before applying the sealant. The middle of Fig. 4 shows the of the pull box to prevent their immersion in water (4).
simplest sealant application technique, that of only applying 5.18 The lead-in cable from the pull box to the controller
sealant over the wires. For installation in an existing roadway, cabinet is buried bare or placed in conduit below the surface of
loop sealant should be poured to within 1⁄8 in. (3 mm) of the the ground and run to the cabinet. In either case, the cable
surface, although some agencies require the sealant to be flush should be buried in a trench at least 18 in. (46 cm) below the
with the pavement surface to inhibit water collection and surface as specified in the installation plans. If conduit is used,

FIG. 4 Sealant Application Methods (9)

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 E 2561 – 07a

FIG. 5 Inductive Loop Detector System Interconnections (9)

it should be waterproof. The number of lead-in cables placed in sensitive to current flows induced by more than one grounding
one trench or conduit shall be appropriate to the trench or point. Such ground loops can be produced by grounding the
conduit size. To the extent possible, adjacent cables in the same shield at the cabinet since the cabinet and electronics unit are
trench or conduit should have pairs twisted in opposite already connected to ground.
directions. Lead-in cables shall not be spliced between the pull 5.22 Verify that each loop circuit is installed and performing
box and the controller cabinet terminals. properly by measuring its continuity, circuit resistance, and
5.19 After placing the cable in the trench, the trench should insulation resistance at the roadside cabinet. The circuit resis-
be backfilled in layers not to exceed 6 in. (15 cm). Each layer tance measured between the ends of the two conductors
should be compacted with mechanical tampers to the approxi- corresponding to the loop circuit should be less than 1 ohm/100
mate density of the surrounding ground. No extra material ft (3 ohms/100 m) of wire. The insulation resistance should be
should be left over when the backfill of the trench is complete. greater than 100 megohms. Measure the frequency at which the
5.20 Terminate the lead-in cable inside the controller cabi- inductive loop detector system resonates using a frequency
net at the field terminal strip. tester or inductive loop system analyzer to determine the loop
5.21 Grounding of the loop at the cabinet shall be in system inductance. If these checks are satisfactory, the induc-
accordance with the recommendations of the equipment manu- tive loop detector is ready for use.
facturer and agency policy (9). Fig. 6 illustrates the recom-
5.23 The measured values from the tests should be recorded
mended method of connecting the shield to ground if ground-
on the wiring plan or on an inspection report, a copy of which
ing is used. This allows most electrical disturbances or
is left in the controller cabinet. This information is used for
interference to be safely grounded without affecting the per-
future testing and maintenance.
formance of the lead-in cable and inductive loop detector.
Some equipment manufacturers and agencies recommend that
6. Keywords
the shield of the cable not be connected to a ground terminal.
The justification for not grounding is that the inductive loop 6.1 grounding; inductive loop; inductive loop detector;
detector system operates at low voltage and may, therefore, be lead-in wire; lead-in cable; loop wire; sealant; splice; wire loop

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 E 2561 – 07a

FIG. 6 Lead-In Cable Grounding At The Field Terminal Strip In

The Cabinet (9)

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. LOOP INDUCTANCE TABLES

X1.1 Significance and Use for 20 through 50 ft (6 through 15 m) loop lengths in 5 ft (1.5
X1.1.1 Loop inductance values calculated for rectangular, m) increments. Circular loop inductance values are listed for
quadrupole, and circular loops at excitation frequencies of 1, loop diameters of 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 ft (1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.1, and 2.4
20, 40, and 60 kHz are given in these tables (11). The m). All tables show inductance values for 1 through 7 turns of
frequency f at which the values apply is shown as part of the loop wire.
table title. The applicable length of a 6-ft (1.8-m) wide
retangular or quadrupole loop or the diameter of a circular loop X1.3 Interpretation of Inductance Value
is given in the first column, while the number of turns is stated
X1.3.1 The loop inductance shown in Tables Tables X1.1-
in the first row.
X1.11 to Table X1.12 is the apparent value expressed in mH
X1.2 Loop Dimensions for Which Inductance Values Are that includes loop resistance and capacitance effects. It thus
Provided represents the value actually measured when an appropriate
X1.2.1 Rectangular and quadrupole loop inductance values measuring device is used.
for 6-ft (1.8-m) wide loops are displayed for 6 through 20 ft
(1.8 through 6 m) loop lengths in 1 ft (0.3 m) increments and X1.4 Loop Inductance Tables

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 E 2561 – 07a
TABLE X1.1 Rectangular Loop Inductance in µH at f = 1 kHz
A
Length ft (m) 1 Turn 2 Turn 3 Turn 4 Turn 5 Turn 6 Turn 7 Turn
6 (1.8) 10.53 36.02 74.46 124.67 185.81 257.24 338.44
7 (2.1) 11.52 39.49 81.72 136.94 204.23 282.91 372.40
8 (2.4) 12.51 42.94 88.94 149.12 222.52 308.38 406.08
9 (2.7) 13.50 46.38 96.12 161.25 240.71 333.71 439.58
10 (3.0) 14.48 49.80 103.28 173.32 258.83 358.94 472.94
11 (3.3) 15.46 53.22 110.42 185.37 276.90 384.09 506.20
12 (3.7) 16.44 56.63 117.54 197.39 294.93 409.19 539.38
13 (3.9) 17.42 60.04 124.65 209.39 312.93 434.25 572.51
14 (4.3) 18.40 63.44 131.76 221.38 330.91 459.27 605.59
15 (4.6) 19.37 66.84 138.85 233.35 348.87 484.27 638.63
16 (4.9) 20.35 70.23 145.95 245.32 366.81 509.24 671.64
17 (5.2) 21.32 73.63 153.03 257.27 384.74 534.09 704.63
18 (5.5) 22.30 77.02 160.12 269.22 402.66 559.13 737.59
19 (5.8) 23.27 80.41 167.20 281.16 420.57 584.06 770.54
20 (6.1) 24.25 83.80 174.27 293.10 438.47 608.97 803.47
25 (7.6) 29.12 100.74 209.63 352.73 527.89 733.42 967.96
30 (9.1) 33.98 117.66 244.95 412.31 617.22 857.75 1132.29
35 (10.7) 38.84 134.57 280.25 471.85 706.51 982.00 1296.52
40 (12.2) 43.71 151.48 315.55 531.38 795.76 1106.21 1460.70
45 (13.7) 48.57 168.38 350.83 590.89 885.00 1230.40 1624.85
50 (15.2) 53.43 185.28 386.11 650.39 974.22 1354.56 1788.98
A
of a 6-ft (1.8-m) wide loop

TABLE X1.2 Rectangular Loop Inductance in µH at f = 20 kHz

Length ft (m)A 1 Turn 2 Turn 3 Turn 4 Turn 5 Turn 6 Turn 7 Turn
6 (1.8) 10.50 35.96 74.39 124.62 185.85 257.48 339.07
7 (2.1) 11.49 39.43 81.65 136.90 204.32 283.27 373.23
8 (2.4) 12.48 42.88 88.87 149.10 222.66 308.88 407.26
9 (2.7) 13.46 46.31 96.05 161.24 240.92 334.37 441.10
10 (3.0) 14.44 49.73 103.21 173.34 259.12 359.80 474.86
11 (3.3) 15.42 53.15 110.35 185.42 277.28 385.17 508.58
12 (3.7) 16.40 56.56 117.48 197.47 295.41 410.53 542.29
13 (3.9) 17.37 59.96 124.60 209.51 313.54 435.87 576.01
14 (4.3) 18.35 63.36 131.71 221.54 331.65 461.22 609.76
15 (4.6) 19.32 66.75 138.82 233.57 349.76 486.58 643.54
16 (4.9) 20.30 70.15 145.92 245.59 367.87 511.95 677.38
17 (5.2) 21.27 73.54 153.02 257.61 385.99 537.35 711.28
18 (5.5) 22.24 76.93 160.12 269.62 404.11 562.78 745.24
19 (5.8) 23.21 80.32 167.21 281.65 422.25 588.24 779.28
20 (6.1) 24.19 83.71 174.31 293.67 440.40 613.73 813.41
25 (7.6) 29.04 100.65 209.79 353.85 531.41 741.89 985.51
30 (9.1) 33.90 117.58 245.31 414.22 622.99 871.46 1160.59
35 (10.7) 38.75 134.52 280.89 474.83 715.29 1002.77 1339.33
40 (12.2) 43.60 151.47 316.54 535.75 808.46 1136.14 1522.43
45 (13.7) 48.45 168.43 352.28 597.01 902.63 1271.89 1710.61
50 (15.2) 53.30 185.41 388.13 658.67 997.93 1410.37 1904.64
A
of a 6-ft (1.8-m) wide loop

8
 E 2561 – 07a
TABLE X1.3 Rectangular Loop Inductance in µH at f = 40 kHz
A
Length ft (m) 1 Turn 2 Turn 3 Turn 4 Turn 5 Turn 6 Turn 7 Turn
6 (1.8) 10.44 35.86 74.28 124.61 186.13 258.43 341.24
7 (2.1) 11.43 39.33 81.55 136.94 204.76 284.58 376.22
8 (2.4) 12.41 42.77 88.78 149.19 223.28 310.63 411.12
9 (2.7) 13.39 46.20 95.97 161.40 241.75 336.65 446.04
10 (3.0) 14.37 49.62 103.14 173.59 260.21 362.21 481.07
11 (3.3) 15.34 53.03 110.30 185.76 278.66 388.76 516.24
12 (3.7) 16.32 56.43 117.45 197.92 297.14 414.92 551.61
13 (3.9) 17.29 59.83 124.60 210.09 315.64 441.17 587.21
14 (4.3) 18.26 63.23 131.74 222.27 334.18 467.54 623.08
15 (4.6) 19.23 66.62 138.88 234.46 352.77 494.04 659.24
16 (4.9) 20.20 70.02 146.03 246.66 371.42 520.68 695.72
17 (5.2) 21.17 73.41 153.18 258.89 390.13 547.49 732.56
18 (5.5) 22.14 76.81 160.33 271.13 408.91 574.47 769.77
19 (5.8) 23.11 80.20 167.48 283.40 427.76 601.63 807.38
20 (6.1) 24.07 83.59 174.64 295.69 446.70 628.99 845.42
25 (7.6) 28.91 100.57 210.56 357.63 542.74 769.19 1043.04
30 (9.1) 33.75 117.57 246.71 420.50 641.54 916.19 1255.80
35 (10.7) 38.58 134.62 283.16 484.52 743.73 1071.72 1488.10
40 (12.2) 43.42 151.72 319.96 549.90 849.98 1237.75 1745.46
45 (13.7) 48.25 168.88 357.16 616.85 961.04 1416.63 2035.03
50 (15.2) 53.09 186.12 394.82 685.62 1077.75 1611.21 2366.36
A
of a 6-ft (1.8-m) wide loop

TABLE X1.4 Rectangular Loop Inductance in µH at f = 60 kHz

Length ft (m)A 1 Turn 2 Turn 3 Turn 4 Turn 5 Turn 6 Turn 7 Turn
6 (1.8) 10.40 35.79 74.25 124.77 186.85 260.30 345.26
7 (2.1) 11.38 39.25 81.53 137.19 205.75 287.11 381.59
8 (2.4) 12.36 42.69 88.78 149.56 224.60 313.94 418.12
9 (2.7) 13.34 46.12 96.00 161.90 243.46 340.88 454.97
10 (3.0) 14.31 49.54 103.21 174.24 262.36 367.98 492.24
11 (3.3) 15.28 52.95 110.41 186.59 281.34 395.31 530.03
12 (3.7) 16.25 56.36 117.61 198.96 300.41 422.89 568.41
13 (3.9) 17.22 59.76 124.81 211.37 319.59 450.76 607.46
14 (4.3) 18.19 63.16 132.02 223.81 338.89 478.96 647.24
15 (4.6) 19.16 66.57 139.24 236.29 358.34 507.52 687.83
16 (4.9) 20.12 69.97 146.47 248.83 377.94 536.47 729.31
17 (5.2) 21.09 73.37 153.70 261.41 397.71 565.85 771.74
18 (5.5) 22.05 76.78 160.96 274.06 417.66 595.69 815.22
19 (5.8) 23.02 80.18 168.23 286.77 437.80 626.02 859.83
20 (6.1) 23.98 83.59 175.51 299.55 458.15 656.87 905.65
25 (7.6) 28.81 100.67 212.62 364.62 563.43 850.32 1156.67
30 (9.1) 33.63 117.83 249.52 432.01 675.89 1003.04 1456.51
35 (10.7) 38.45 135.10 287.53 502.29 797.51 1211.88 1828.33
40 (12.2) 43.28 152.49 326.39 576.05 930.74 1456.41 2312.27
45 (13.7) 48.11 170.04 366.24 653.98 1078.66 1750.56 2979.87
50 (15.2) 52.95 187.75 407.21 736.88 1245.26 2115.67 3977.12
A
of a 6-ft (1.8-m) wide loop

9
 E 2561 – 07a
TABLE X1.5 Quadrupole Loop Inductance in µH at f = 1 kHz
A
Length ft (m) 1 Turn 2 Turn 3 Turn 4 Turn 5 Turn 6 Turn 7 Turn
6 (1.8) 17.73 61.33 127.13 212.86 316.90 438.00 575.12
7 (2.1) 20.06 69.53 144.29 241.80 360.23 498.17 654.45
8 (2.4) 22.38 77.72 161.44 270.73 403.55 558.32 733.75
9 (2.7) 24.70 85.91 178.59 299.65 446.85 618.46 813.03
10 (3.0) 27.02 94.09 195.74 328.57 490.15 678.59 892.31
11 (3.3) 29.34 102.28 212.88 357.49 533.45 738.71 971.58
12 (3.7) 31.67 110.47 230.03 386.41 576.75 798.84 1050.85
13 (3.9) 33.99 118.65 247.18 415.33 620.05 858.96 1130.11
14 (4.3) 36.31 126.84 264.32 444.24 663.34 919.08 1209.38
15 (4.6) 38.63 135.03 281.47 473.16 706.64 979.20 1288.65
16 (4.9) 40.95 143.21 298.61 502.08 749.93 1039.33 1367.91
17 (5.2) 43.27 151.40 315.76 530.99 793.23 1099.45 1447.18
18 (5.5) 45.60 159.59 332.91 559.91 836.52 1159.57 1526.45
19 (5.8) 47.92 167.77 350.05 588.83 879.82 1219.70 1605.73
20 (6.1) 50.24 175.96 367.20 617.74 923.12 1279.82 1685.00
25 (7.6) 61.85 216.89 452.92 762.33 1139.61 1580.47 2081.42
30 (9.1) 73.45 257.83 538.65 906.92 1356.11 1881.15 2477.90
35 (10.7) 85.06 298.76 624.38 1051.52 1572.63 2181.88 2874.48
40 (12.2) 96.67 339.69 710.11 1196.12 1789.18 2482.66 3271.16
45 (13.7) 108.28 380.63 795.85 1340.73 2005.75 2783.49 3667.95
50 (15.2) 119.89 421.56 881.59 1485.36 2222.35 3084.39 4064.88
A
of a 6-ft (1.8-m) wide loop

TABLE X1.6 Quadrupole Loop Inductance in µH at f = 20 kHz

Length ft (m)A 1 Turn 2 Turn 3 Turn 4 Turn 5 Turn 6 Turn 7 Turn
6 (1.8) 17.69 61.26 127.08 212.98 317.49 439.56 578.46
7 (2.1) 20.01 69.45 144.26 242.03 361.15 500.51 659.37
8 (2.4) 22.32 77.64 161.44 271.10 404.88 561.64 740.66
9 (2.7) 24.64 85.82 178.63 300.21 448.71 622.98 822.40
10 (3.0) 26.96 94.01 195.83 329.35 492.64 684.58 904.66
11 (3.3) 29.28 102.20 213.05 358.53 536.70 746.45 987.48
12 (3.7) 31.59 110.40 230.27 387.77 580.88 808.63 1070.92
13 (3.9) 33.91 118.59 247.51 417.05 625.20 871.14 1155.04
14 (4.3) 36.23 126.79 264.76 446.39 669.68 934.00 1239.90
15 (4.6) 38.55 134.99 282.03 475.79 714.33 997.25 1325.55
16 (4.9) 40.86 143.19 299.32 505.25 759.15 1060.91 1412.05
17 (5.2) 43.18 151.40 316.62 534.78 804.16 1125.01 1499.47
18 (5.5) 45.50 159.61 333.95 564.38 849.37 1189.58 1587.86
19 (5.8) 47.82 167.82 351.29 594.05 894.79 1254.64 1677.30
20 (6.1) 50.14 176.03 368.66 623.81 940.43 1320.24 1767.86
25 (7.6) 61.73 217.17 455.85 773.93 1172.42 1657.20 2239.86
30 (9.1) 73.32 258.42 543.75 926.67 1411.89 2012.31 2751.56
35 (10.7) 84.92 299.81 632.50 1082.59 1660.59 2390.42 3315.54
40 (12.2) 96.53 341.36 722.23 1242.29 1920.49 2797.33 3948.06
45 (13.7) 108.14 383.08 813.10 1406.39 2193.80 3240.10 4670.95
50 (15.2) 119.75 425.01 905.26 1575.59 2483.09 3727.59 5514.46
A
of a 6-ft (1.8-m) wide loop

10
 E 2561 – 07a
TABLE X1.7 Quadrupole Loop Inductance in µH at f = 40 kHz
A
Length ft (m) 1 Turn 2 Turn 3 Turn 4 Turn 5 Turn 6 Turn 7 Turn
6 (1.8) 17.61 61.14 127.09 213.56 319.54 444.65 589.12
7 (2.1) 19.92 69.33 144.35 242.97 364.23 508.03 675.03
8 (2.4) 22.23 77.52 161.64 272.50 409.28 572.25 762.72
9 (2.7) 24.54 85.72 178.97 302.18 454.75 637.45 852.47
10 (3.0) 26.85 93.92 196.35 332.02 500.67 703.75 944.54
11 (3.3) 29.16 102.14 213.77 362.04 547.11 771.28 1039.25
12 (3.7) 31.47 110.36 231.25 392.26 594.11 840.17 1136.92
13 (3.9) 33.78 118.59 248.78 422.70 641.74 910.56 1237.90
14 (4.3) 36.09 126.83 266.38 453.37 690.03 982.62 1342.58
15 (4.6) 38.40 135.08 284.04 484.29 739.06 1056.49 1451.40
16 (4.9) 40.71 143.34 301.78 515.49 788.88 1132.37 1564.81
17 (5.2) 43.02 151.61 319.59 546.97 839.56 1210.42 1683.35
18 (5.5) 45.33 159.90 337.48 578.76 891.16 1290.86 1807.62
19 (5.8) 47.64 168.20 355.46 610.89 943.75 1373.91 1938.27
20 (6.1) 49.96 176.51 373.53 643.36 997.41 1459.80 2076.06
25 (7.6) 62.53 218.33 465.40 811.78 1284.60 1942.02 2907.06
30 (9.1) 73.11 260.61 560.30 992.54 1612.56 2548.33 4123.51
35 (10.7) 84.72 303.46 658.95 1189.34 1998.78 3357.78 6162.33
40 (12.2) 96.40 346.97 762.14 1406.81 2466.77 4524.99 10461.3
45 (13.7) 107.99 391.24 870.79 1650.98 3058.41 6402.00 26153.2
50 (15.2) 119.66 436.39 985.93 1929.88 3841.27 10005.70 68070.5
A
of a 6-ft (1.8-m) wide loop

TABLE X1.8 Quadrupole Loop Inductance in µH at f = 60 kHz

Length ft (m)A 1 Turn 2 Turn 3 Turn 4 Turn 5 Turn 6 Turn 7 Turn
6 (1.8) 17.55 61.08 127,31 214.81 323.36 453.84 698.32
7 ft(2.1) 19.85 69.28 144.73 244.86 369.89 521.58 703.48
8 ft(2.4) 22.15 77.50 162.23 275..21 417.28 591.44 803.28
9 ft(2.7) 24.46 85.73 179.82 305.90 465.67 663.76 908.57
10 (3.0) 26.76 93.97 197.52 336.98 515.20 738.91 1020.35
11 (3.3) 29.06 102.23 215.32 368.49 566.00 817.32 1139.78
12 (3.7) 31.37 110.52 233.25 400.48 618.23 899.44 1268.22
13 (3.9) 33.68 118.82 251.32 432.99 672.04 985.81 1407.32
14 (4.3) 35.98 127.15 269.53 466.07 727.63 1077.63 1559.08
15 (4.6) 38.29 135.50 287.90 499.78 785.18 1173.78 1725.94
16 (4.9) 40.60 143.88 306.43 534.17 844.91 1276.87 1910.97
17 (5.2) 42.90 152.28 325.15 569.29 907.05 1387.23 2118.05
18 (5.5) 45.21 160.72 344.06 605.20 971.87 1505.96 2352.17
19 (5.8) 47.53 169.18 363.18 641.98 1039.65 1634.37 2619.87
20 (6.1) 49.84 177.68 382.51 679.68 1110.73 1774.02 2929.90
25 (7.6) 61.41 220.74 482.97 884.97 1530.25 2725.24 5781.94
30 (9.1) 73.02 264.88 591.16 1127.49 2116.11 4590.35 24158.9
35 (10.7) 84.67 310.38 709.46 1425.35 3027.21 10214.52 −14095.7
40 (12.2) 96.36 357.47 840.85 1808.24 4699.56 −77203.2 −5948.3
45 (13.7) 108.11 406.48 989.27 2329.10 8926.13 −10112.4 −3900.7
50 (15.2) 119.91 457.72 1160.02 3093.03 40376.3 −5506.1 −2956.9
A
of a 6-ft (1.8-m) wide loop

TABLE X1.9 Circular Loop Inductance in µH at f = 1 kHz

Diameter ft (m) 1 Turn 2 Turn 3 Turn 4 Turn 5 Turn 6 Turn 7 Turn
4 (1.2) 5.32 18.10 37.28 62.23 92.52 127.80 167.79
5 (1.5) 6.87 23.49 48.53 81.21 120.99 167.44 220.21
6 (1.8) 8.45 29.02 60.12 100.80 150.42 208.47 274.51
7 (2.1) 10.07 34.68 71.99 120.91 180.66 250.65 330.38
8 (2.4) 11.71 40.46 84.12 141.46 211.58 293.82 387.60

11
 E 2561 – 07a
TABLE X1.10 Circular Loop Inductance in µH at f = 20 kHz
Diameter ft (m) 1 Turn 2 Turn 3 Turn 4 Turn 5 Turn 6 Turn 7 Turn
4 (1.2) 5.31 18.07 37.24 62.18 92.47 127.76 167.79
5 (1.5) 6.85 23.45 48.47 81.15 120.94 167.44 220.30
6 (1.8) 8.43 28.98 60.06 100.75 150.40 208.54 274.78
7 (2.1) 10.04 34.63 71.93 120.86 180.69 250.85 330.93
8 (2.4) 11.68 40.40 84.05 141.43 211.68 294.21 388.55

TABLE X1.11 Circular Loop Inductance in µH at f = 40 kHz

Diameter ft (m) 1 Turn 2 Turn 3 Turn 4 Turn 5 Turn 6 Turn 7 Turn
4 (1.2) 5.28 18,02 37.16 62.09 92.40 127.75 167.92
5 (1.5) 6.81 23.38 48.38 81.07 120.92 167.58 220.76
6 (1.8) 8.39 28.90 59.96 100.68 150.48 208.94 275.80
7 (2.1) 9.99 34.54 71.83 120.84 180.92 251.66 332.81
8 (2.4) 11.62 40.30 83.96 141.48 212.16 295.61 391.66

TABLE X1.12 Circular Loop Inductance in µH at f = 60 kHz

Diameter ft (m) 1 Turn 2 Turn 3 Turn 4 Turn 5 Turn 6 Turn 7 Turn
4 (1.2) 5:26 17.98 37.10 62.05 92.40 127.89 168.30
5 (1.5) 6.79 23.33 48.32 81.05 121.04 167.99 221.73
6 (1.8) 8.35 28.84 59.90 100.72 150.79 209.83 277.76
7 (2.1) 9.95 34.48 71.79 120.98 181.53 253.27 336.29
8 (2.4) 11.58 40.23 83.95 141.76 214.20 298.26 397.32

X2. USING A DIRECT READING INDUCTANCE METER TO VERIFY THE NUMBER OF TURNS INSTALLED IN A LOOP

X2.1 Significance and Use of turns in the loop.

The measurement of the inductance of an inductive loop A better approximation to the inductance measured at the
detector may be made at the pull box using a direct reading pull box can be obtained by adding a term to the result from Eq
inductance meter. The measured inductance value may then be X2.1 that accounts for the inductance of the lead-in wire,
used to calculate and verify that the correct number of turns namely 0.22 µH for each foot (0.72 µH for each meter) of
was placed in the buried loop. lead-in wire.
X2.3 Example
X2.2 Procedure
A three-turn 6 by 6-ft (1.8 by 1.8-m) loop with 20 ft (6 m)
Eq X2.1 provides a simple method for calculating the of lead-in wire has been installed. The inductance value
approximate inductance of any loop configuration or to confirm measured at the pull box with a direct reading inductance meter
the number of turns of wire in the loop (9). The inductance L is 78 µH at 20 kHz. This value represents the sum of the wire
is given by loop and lead-in wire inductances.
L 5 ~K! ~Total length of saw cuts in loop!, (X2.1) To verify the number of turns using Eq X2.1, K is chosen
where K is found in Table X2.1 as a function of the number equal to 3.0 (for inch-pound units). If the length of the saw cuts
in the loop is 24 ft (7 m), the inductance calculated from Eq
X2.1 is
TABLE X2.1 K as a Function of the Number of Turns in the Wire
Loop L 5 ~3!~24! 5 72 µH. (X2.2)
Number of Turns K (µH/ft) K (µH/m) Accounting for the 20 ft (6m) of lead-in wire gives an
1 0.5 1.64 additional 4.4 µH.
2 1.5 4.92 Since the measured inductance (78 µH) is within 10 percent
3 3.0 9.84 of the calculated value of 76.4 µH (72 µH + 4.4 µH), the
4 5.0 16.40
5 7.5 24.61 installer would conclude that the specified number of three
turns has been properly inserted into the saw cut.

12
 E 2561 – 07a
REFERENCES

(1) Electrical Systems (Detectors) Standard Plan E8-5B, California De- partment of Transportation, Sacramento, CA, May 1, 2006, http://
partment of Transportation, Sacramento, CA, May 1, 2006, http:// www.dot.ca.gov/hq/esc/oe/project_plans/HTM/stdplns-US-
www.dot.ca.gov/hq/esc/oe/project_plans/HTM/stdplns-US- customary-units-new06.htm#electrical (Accessed Oct. 9, 2006).
customary-units-new06.htm#electrical (Accessed Oct. 9, 2006). (7) Standard Specification for Road and Bridge Construction, Florida
(2) Klein, L.A., Mills, M.K., and Gibson, D.R.P., Traffic Detector Hand- Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, FL, 2007, Section 660,
book, FHWA-HRT-06-108, U.S. Department of Transportation, Fed- http://www.dot.state.fl.us/ specificationsoffice/2007BK/660.pdf (Ac-
eral Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 2006, Chapter 2: cessed Oct. 9, 2006).
Sensor Technology. (8) Standard Plans: Loop Detector Installation Details LD(1)-03, Texas
(3) Cable Specifications, International Municipal Signal Association Department of Transportation, Austin, TX, ftp://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/
(IMSA), Newark, NY, http://www.imsasafety.org/cablespecs.htm (Ac- txdot-info/cmd/cserve/standard/ traffic/loop.pdf (Accessed Oct. 9,
cessed Oct. 9, 2006). 2006).
(4) Standard Specifications, New York State Department of Transporta- (9) Klein, L.A., Mills, M.K., and Gibson, D.R.P., Traffic Detector Hand-
tion, Albany, NY, Jan. 2, 2002, pp. 6-215, 6-216, 7-253, 7-254, book, FHWA-HRT-06-108, U.S. Department of Transportation, Fed-
https://www.nysdot.gov/portal/page/portal/main/business-center/ eral Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 2006, Chapter 5:
engineering/specifications/specs-repository/sec671to680_p6- Sensor Installation Techniques.
204to223.pdf and https://www.nysdot.gov/portal/page/portal/main/ (10) Specifications (Highway Construction), Publication 408/2007, Com-
business-center/engineering/ specifications/specs-repository/ monwealth of Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, PA, ftp://ftp.dot.state.pa.us/
sec724to726_p7-233to256.pdf (Accessed Oct. 9, 2006). public/bureaus/design/pub408/ Pub%20408%202007%20IE/
(5) Vehicle Detector Installation Details, TC-82.10, Ohio Department of Sections/956.pdf (Accessed Oct. 12, 2006).
Transportation, Columbus, OH, Apr. 19, 2002, http:// (11) Klein, L.A., Mills, M.K., and Gibson, D.R.P., Traffic Detector
www.dot.state.oh.us/traffic/Publication%20Manuals/ scds/SCD_PDF/ Handbook, FHWA-HRT-06-108, U.S. Department of Transportation,
tc8210.pdf (Accessed Oct. 9, 2006). Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 2006, Appendix
(6) Electrical Systems (Detectors) Standard Plan E8-5A, California De- C: Loop Inductance and Quality Factor Tables

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13