A

MICRO PROJECT REPORT ON

Report on Tube and shell

Exchanger

(5th Semester)
In the Subject of Heat Transfer Operation

Submitted BY

Neha Chopde
Yogesh Barai
Rohit Bisen
Eknath nagpure

Submitted To

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai (M.S)

Under the guidance of

Mr. S. U. Patil

Department of Chemical Engineering

Government Polytechnic Arvi, Dist.- Wardha
 Government Polytechinc, Arvi.
Department of Chemical Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that students whose name mention below of 5th Semester Diploma in
Chemical Engineering has satisfactorily Completed the micro project entitled “Tube and
shell Exchanger ” in HTO for the academic year 2022-2023 as prescribed in MSBTE
Curriculum.

Name Enrollment No. Roll No.

Neha Chopde 2001320165 25
Yogesh Barai 2101320030 26

Rohit Bisen 2101320092 27

Eknath Nagpure 2101320049 28

Mr. S. U. Patil Dr. N. R. Jawade Pro. M. A. ALi

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Place: Arvi
Date: / / 2022
 DECLARATION

We under signed here by declare that the Micro Project report entitled “Prepare chart

and report on pitch, clearance ,baffles,tubesheet and passes of shell &

tube heat exchanger.

We further declare that contents of this report are Properly cited and well
acknowledged.

The present report is not Submitted to other examination of this or any institute for the
Award of any diploma.

(Signature)
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Place: Arvi
Date: / /2022
 Micro Project Report

Content:

• Introduction

• Shell and Tubs

• Tube pitch and Clearance

• Baffles

• Tie rods

• Tube sheet

• Conclusion

• Reference
 SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER.

Introduction

For a variety of industrial services where large heat transfer surfaces are
required, shell and tube heat exchangers are commonly used. These are
the most common type of heat exchangers used in industry. These heat
exchange equipments can be fabricated from a wide range of materials of
construction.

Shell and tube heat exchangers are used in oil refineries, chemical
process industries, refrigeration, air processing, marine applications,
power generation, etc. They are suited for high pressure and high
temperature applications. Typical applications include condensers,
reboilers and process heaters and coolers( used as).

• SHELL

It is usually a cylindrical casing through which one of the fluids flows in

one or more passes. Shell is commonly made of carbon steel. It may be cut
to the required length from a standard pipe upto 60 cm diameter or
fabricated from plates. The minimum thickness of shell made of carbon
steel varies from 5 mm to 11 mm depending upon the diameter.
• TUBES
Standard heat exchanger tubes used in many industrial processes
may be of various sizes and lengths. They may be seamless or
welded. The outside diameter of tubes vary from 6 mm to 40 mm.
The tubes with outside diameters of 19 mm and 25 mm are very
common and tubes of smaller diameter can be used but they are
more difficult to clean mechanically. The tube lengths
used are 0.5, 2.5, 3, 4, 5 and 6 meters. The wall thickness of tubes
is usually expressed in terms of Birmingham Wire Gauge (BWG). It
depends upon the material of construction and diameter. The
normal tube wall thickness ranges from 12 to 16 BWG (from 277
mm to 1.65 mm). For 19 or 25 mmoutside diameter tube of mild
steel 10 or 12 BWG is common.
The tubes that are placed in a tube bundle inside the shell are
either rolled or welded to the tube sheet. The tube side fluid first
enters a header (bonnet) or channel through a nozzle, then flows
through the tubes in parallel flow. It may flow in one pass, ie,
once through or in more than one pass, Le, many times. In
general, an even number of the tube side passes are used.
• TUBE PITCH
The tube pitch is the shortest center-to-center distance between tubes.
The tube spacing is given by the tube pitch/tube diameter ratio, which is
normally 1.25 or 1.33. Since a square layout is used for cleaning purposes,
a minimum gap of 6.35 mm (0.25 in) is allowed between tubes.

CLEARANCE
The shortest distance between two tubes is called as the clearance. The
minimum pitch is 1.25 times the outside diameter of tube. The clearance
should not be less than 0.25 times the outside diameter of tube, the
minimum clearance being 4.76 mm.

The tubes are commonly laid out either on a square pitch or on an

equilateral triangular pitch as shown in Fig. 5.2 (a). The advantage of a
square pitch arrangement is that it permits external cleaning of the tubes
and causes a low pressure drop on the shell side fluid. If the fluids are very
clean, a triangular pitch arrangement is used.

With a triangular pitch arrangement, a larger number of tubes can be

accommodated in a given shell diameter than with a square pitch
arrangement and usually creates a large turbulence in the shell side fluid.
•
• BAFFLES
Baffles are commonly used within the shell of a heat exchanger to
increase the rate of heat transfer by increasing the velocity and
turbulence of the shell side fluid. They also act as structural supports for
the tubes dampers against vibration, they maintain the tube spacing and
direct the fluid in the desired pattern through the shell. The baffles cause
the fluid to flow through the shell at right angles to the axes of the tubes.
In order to avoid bypassing of the shell side fluid the clearance between
the baffles and shell as well as the baffles and tubes must be minimum.
The centre-to-centre distance between adjacent baffles is called as the
baffle spacing or baffle pitch. The baffle spacing should not be greater
than the inside diameter of the shell and should not be less than one-fifth
of the inside diameter of the shell. The optimum baffle spacing is 0.3 to
0.50 times the shell diameter.
Various transverse baffles used are: segmental, disc and ring, orifice, etc.
The segmental baffles are most commonly used. A segmental baffle is a
drilled circular disk of sheet metal with one side cut away. When the
height of the baffle is 75 % of the inside diameter of the shell, it is called as
a 25% cut segmental baffle. The 25% cut segmental baffle is the optimum
one giving good heat transfer rates without an excessive pressure drop
The baffle thickness usually ranges from 3 mm to 6 mm. Fig. shows a
segmental baffle.

• Tie rods are used to hold the baffles in place, with spacers to
position/locate the baffles The tie rods are fixed/secured at one
end in the tube sheet by making blind holes and at the other end
to the last baffle. Usually 4 to 6 tie rods with atleast 10 mm
diameter are necessary.
Tie rods and spacers are used to hold the baffle assembly together
and to maintain the required baffle spacing.

Tube sheet :
A tube sheet is a flat, drilled circular plate with a provision for
making gasketed joint around a pheriphery. The tube sheet is
drilled to provide holes through which tubes are inserted. A large
number of holes are drilled in the tube sheet according to the tube
pitch requirements: triangular or square
Tube sheets are used to hold the heat exchanger tubes firmly in
place.

Tube sheet thickness ranges from 6mm to 25.4mm for tube outside
diameter of 6mm to 40mm .

Shell Side and Tube Side Passes :

With the help of passes (i.e., flow paths) we can change the direction of
flow in the shell and tubes. Passes are generally used to obtain higher
velocities and longer paths for a fluid to travel, without increasing the
length of the exchanger, that leads to high heat transfer rates.

The passes on the shell side are: single pass, two pass, single split pass.
The passes on the tube side are: one. two, four, six upto twelve. Passes on
the tube side are formed by partitions placed in the shell cover and
channels.

When we use a single pass partition on the tube side, the tube side fluid
flows twice through the heat exchanger. In this case the pass partition
divides the tubes equally in two sections. It is provided in the channel so
that inlet and outlet connections for the tube side fluid are provided on
the same channel. Fig. 5.3 shows a channel with a pass partition
incorporated in a shell and tube heat exchanger.
Multipass construction decreases the cross section of the fluid path thus
increases the fluid velocity which in turn increases the heat transfer
coefficients. But the multipass construction has certain disadvantages
such as more complicated constructions and high friction losses.

Conclusion :
An experimental test was showed that shell and tube heat exchanger one
shell and two tube pass effective used for oil cooling. The rate flow of fluid
has hight impact to increase the effectiveness of shell and tube heat
exchanger type one
Reference :

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry%27s_Chemical_Engineers
%27_Handbook

http://www.southwestthermal.com/shell-tube-exchanger.html

http://www.usbellows.com/technical/heat_exchanger.htm