Suez Canal University Thermodynamics

Faculty of Engineering Second Level

First Law of Thermodynamics

1- A gear box transmits the power of an engine to an electric generator. The power input to the
gearbox is 5,000 kW, and the power output from it is 4,800 kW; the difference is transformed into
heat. Calculate the rate of heat transfer in kcal/h from the gearbox in order that its internal energy
remains the same.
2- The internal energy of a system increases by 210 kJ, while the system receives 167 kJ of work.
Find the quantity and direction of heat transfer.
3- A closed system having a mass of 40 kg has initial velocity of 12 m/s. Its velocity is increased
to 31 m/s and its elevation is increased by 43 m. During this process, the system receives 25,000 J
of heat and 4,800 J of work. The system delivers 0.002 kWh (kilowatt-hours) of electrical energy.
Determine the change in internal energy of the system.
4- A cinema hall accommodating 1,000 people has a temporary failure of its air conditioning
system. The average heat transfer per person is 500 kJ/h. Determine the internal energy increase of
air in auditorium during first 10 minutes. Assume the hall is well insulated and receives no heat
from outside. If the auditorium and all its contents are considered as a system, how much will be the
increase of internal energy of this system.
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5- Two kg of a gas is squeezed in a device from a volume of 1.4 m to a volume of 0.9 m .
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During this time the pressure remains constant at 100,000 N/m , and it is known from other
considerations that the internal energy decreases by 12,000 J. How much energy transferred as heat
to or from the gas for this process?
6- A closed system undergoes a constant pressure process from state 1 to state 2. The volume of
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the system is doubled from 1 m to 2 m while 200 kJ of heat is added to the system. The pressure
remains constant at 101.3 kPa throughout the process, what is the change in internal energy of the
system?.

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 7- During a cycle comprising four processes, the heat transfer is the following:
60 kJ , - 8 kJ , -24 kJ , and 6 kJ
Determine the net work for this cycle.
8- A 1.36 kg quantity of a substance is made to undergo a process within a piston-cylinder
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system, starting from an initial volume of 0.057 m and an initial pressure of 690 kPa. The final
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volume is 0.114 m . Compute the work done by the substance for the following processes:
(a) pressure remains constant,
(b) pressure times volume remains constant,
(c) pressure is directly proportional to volume, and
(d) pressure is proportional to the square of the volume.
9- Six kg of a substance is compressed in a piston-cylinder system from an initial volume of 0.4
3 3 2
m to a final volume of 0.2 m . The initial pressure is 0.7 MN/m . Compute the amount of energy
transfer as work to the substance if:
(a) the pressure is constant during compression, and
(b) the pressure varies inversely with volume.
If the process of case (b) is adiabatic, what is the change in internal energy of the substance ?.
10- Five kg of a material is heated at constant volume from a state where its internal energy is 40
MJ/kg to a state where its internal energy is 60 MJ/kg. Compute the amount of energy transfer as
heat for this process.
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11- A substance expands from V1 = 0.03 m to V2 = 0.18 m in a constant pressure process at 690
kPa. The initial and final internal energies are U1 = 40 kJ and U2 = 20 kJ, respectively. Find the
direction and magnitude of the energy transfer as heat for this process.
12- A thermodynamic cycle for a closed system consists of five processes. The heat added to the
system during the processes I through V are 12 kJ , 16 kJ , -5 kJ , 0 kJ , and -10 kJ , respectively.
The work done by the system during the first four processes are 4 kJ , 8 kJ , 5 kJ , and -4 kJ .
(a) What is the work done by the system during process V ?
(b) What is the net work done by the system during the cycle ?
(c) What is the net work done by the surrounding during the cycle ?
(d) What is the total energy change of the universe during the cycle ?
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13- A gas is enclosed in a cylinder fitted with a piston of cross-sectional area of 0.1 m . The
pressure of the gas is maintained constant at 8 kPa, while the gas is heated slowly and the piston

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moves outward a distance of 40 mm. Heat input to the gas during this process is 42 J. What is the
increase in internal energy of the gas ?.
14- During an expansion process, a system does 42 kJ work while the heat received is equivalent
to 7 Kcal. Calculate the change in the internal energy of the system.
15- A tank contains 5.75 kg of air. The addition of 286.4 kJ increases the temperature of the air
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from 20 C to 85 C. Determine the specific heat of the air.
16- A piston-cylinder retracts due to a partial vacuum which allows the atmosphere to push the
piston into the cylinder. If the atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa and the volume of the cylinder
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decreases by 3 m , determine the work done by the atmosphere on the piston.
17- Kerosene is pumped into an aircraft fuel tank through a hose, which has an inside diameter of
4 cm. If the velocity of the kerosene is 8 m/s through the hose, determine the volume flow rate and
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the mass flow rate for the kerosene. Assume that kerosene has a density of 800 kg/m .
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18- Water having a density of 1,000 kg/m is flowing with a velocity of 3 m/s through a round
pipe. There is a restriction within the pipe where the diameter is one-half the normal diameter.
Determine the water velocity at the restriction.
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19- A 5 kL fuel tank is to be filled in 45 min. If fuel oil has a density of 920 kg/m , determine
the mass flow rate required filling the tank in this time.
20- Mass flows at a rate of 0.5 kg/s through a system. The enthalpy, velocity and height at the
entrance are 230 kJ/kg, 30 m/s , and 100 m respectively. At exit, these quantities are 226 kJ/kg , 0.3
m/s , and 3 m respectively. Heat is transferred to the system at a rate of 6.28 kJ/s. How much work
is done by this system:
(a) per kg of fluid flow ?
` (b) per minute ?
(c) in kilowatt ?
21- A fluid enters a system with a velocity of 3 m/s through a 150 mm diameter round pipe with
enthalpy of 2,300 kJ/kg, internal energy of 2,090 kJ/kg, and a pressure of 690 kPa. At exit, the
enthalpy is 2,090 kJ/kg. If the process is adiabatic while the change in kinetic and potential energies
are negligible, find the rate of work done in kilowatt.
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22- A water-cooled air compressor compresses 3 m /min of air with specific volume of 0.75
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m /kg. The enthalpy of air increases by 315 kJ/min while the enthalpy of the cooling water increases
by 46 kJ/kg of air delivered. Neglecting the change in kinetic and potential energies, find the
kilowatt required by the compressor.

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 23- Steam enters a condenser with an enthalpy of 2,300 kJ/kg. At the exit, the condensate has an
enthalpy of 188 kJ/kg. The cooling water enthalpy increases by 25 kJ/kg. How many kilograms of
cooling water are needed to condense one kilogram of steam?.
24- During a steady flow process, the pressure of the working substance drops from 690 kPa to
137 kPa, the velocity increases from 60 m/s to 300 m/s, the internal energy decreases by 59 kJ/kg,
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and the volume increases from 0.06 to 0.36 m /kg. If the heat rejected is 71 kJ/kg, what is the work
per 1 kg of the substance?.
25- A centrifugal compressor takes in 4.5 kg/min of air at 98 kPa, as the air crosses the boundary
of the system ( enters the compressor ) the flow work is 377.3 kJ/min, at the exit boundary the flow
work is 441 kJ/min, the increase of the internal energy during passage is 45.6 kJ/kg, and the heat
rejected is 4.6 kJ/kg during compression, calculate the power required.
26- An air compressor handles 23 kg/min of air for which hi = 46 kJ/kg and ho = 159 kJ/kg.
While the air passes through the compressor, it rejects heat at the rate of 23 kJ/kg. Determine the
work rate in horsepower :
(a) neglecting the change in kinetic energy.
(b) the kinetic energy decreases at the rate of 210 kJ/min.
(c) the kinetic energy increases at the rate of 210 kJ/min.
27- The mass flow rate of gas in a turbine is 40 kg/s. The enthalpy of the gas is 1,050 kJ/kg at
inlet and 636 kJ/kg at exit. If the turbine is well insulated and the changes in kinetic and potential
energies are negligible, calculate the work in kJ/kg of gas, and also the power developed in HP.
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28- A water pump, shown schematically in the following figure, delivers 1 m /min at 50 kPa
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gage pressure through a 2.5 cm diameter pipe. If the water is at 101 kPa pressure and 27 C , has
negligible velocity at the inlet station 1 , and there is no heat transfer or friction in the system,
determine the power required by the pump.
2

25 m
1

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 29- An electric power generating station produces 100 MW of power. If the coal releases
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900x10 kJ/h of energy, determine the rate at which heat is rejected from the power plant.
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30- Steam enters a turbine with enthalpy and specific volume of 3,580 kJ/kg and 0.0249 m /kg
respectively, and leaves the turbine with enthalpy and specific volume of 2,680 kJ/kg and 1.694
3 2 2
m /kg respectively. The flow area at the turbine inlet is 0.045 m , and at the exit is 0.31 m . The
steam flows steadily through the turbine at a mass flow rate of 30 kg/s. Calculate the power that can
be produced by the turbine.
31- Air enters a nozzle with a velocity of 30 m/s. The decrease in enthalpy in the nozzle is
170,000 J/kg. Determine the velocity at exit.
32- Steam with a specific enthalpy of 3,278 kJ/kg enters a nozzle with a velocity of 15 m/s. The
exit area of the nozzle is one-third the size of the inlet area and the sides are assumed to be
adiabatic, allowing no heat transfer. Determine the enthalpy per kilogram of steam leaving the
nozzle if the steam is incompressible.
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33- One kilogram of air ( at low pressure ) is reversibly heated from 0 to 150 C. Find the
average value of the specific heat, and the heat that must be transferred, both for constant volume
and constant pressure processes.
For air :
cv = 0.712 + 0.0002 × t kJ/kg -K

cp = 1.0 + 0.0002 × t kJ/kg -K

34- Air flows from a large tank through a line where its state is maintained constant at a pressure
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of 700 kPa and a temperature of 40 C. The volume of a kg of air under these conditions is 0.1283
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m /kg. A valve leading from the line to a completely evacuated tank is suddenly opened. The
pressure in this tank reaches 700 kPa very shortly. Neglect heat transfer between the air and the
walls of the tank. Calculate:
(a) the increase in the internal energy per unit mass of the air which flows into the tank.
(b) the final temperature of the air.
[ cv = 0.718 kJ/kg -K ]