1

Hurdles and Experience of Solo Parent: a phenomenology

Castil, Dyan B.

Demanawa, Denmark F.

Demanawa, Michelle F.

Dequilla, Jhonry M.

Epil, Chenie Joy B.

Endaya , Heart Jay C.

Garcia, Rolando Jr. B.

Lavilla, Alia C.

Manero, Princess Angel M.

Marquez, Windy D.

Mendoza, Jean F.

June 2022
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Table of Contents

Pages

Title Page i
Table of Contents ii
CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study 3

Theoretical Framework 7
Statement of the Problem 10
Significance of the Study 10
Scope and Delimitation 10
Definition of Terms 10

CHAPTER II – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 12

CHAPTER III – METHODOLOGY

Research Design 17
Research locale 24
Research Participants 24
Sampling Technique 25
Data Gathering Instrument 25
Data Gathering Procedure 25
Data analysis Method 25
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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

In the Philippines, one of the emerging problems that the family faces today is

single parenthood. According to Barajas [4], many adults are experiencing single

parenthood and that almost 50 percent of youngsters born today live with one parent

only. This was supported by a report released in 2012 by the Trade Union Congress

of the Philippine. According to the report, there are almost 14 million single-parent

Filipino who are providing and supporting their families by themselves. These figure

ballooned over the years as revealed in a more recent article by the Federation of

Solo –parents. Increased to 20 million in 2017 [5].

The increasing number of solo parents has raised awareness as more

individuals need to face the responsibilities of parenthood living with them .Bianchias

cited by Haudar , Guhao , and Rodriguez[6] mentioned that single parenthood is

hard because the sole responsibility of rearing the children rest on the single-parent.

Truly, solo parent are expected to double their efforts in their parental roles. They

also need to perform dual tasks to compensate for the absence of their spouse. This

situation poses an ordeal especially to those in the academe who are burndened

with excessive workload. Teacher is indeed the most affective by this scenario. In

the news article release by the Manila Bulletin, Teacher’s organization are

requesting the Department of Education (DepEd) to lessen to their workload by

limiting their “clerical task” which require additional responsibilities to teacher sush as

checking of student’ work, computing of grades monitoring of student

progress,etc[7.]
 4

Having in mind the tremendous demands of teaching plus the

responsibilities brought by solo Parenthood, solo Parent-teachers are indeed at a

disadvantage. In study connected by Hazell [8.] She found that one of the reason wy

teacher leave this career is due to their assignment. Teacher’s found their workload

to be “worse than expected’, hence, they resign from the profession.

A similar idea was presented by the Department of Social Welfare and

Development (DSWD) thus; it presented strategies to help the solo Parent’s.

According to the agency,” Solo Parent are considered a vulnerable sector of society

since raising children on your own is a herculean task , hence, the national and

LGUs should provide them with necessary assistance to help them cope with the

challenges of solo parenthood “[9].

Identifying the problems encountered, motivating factors and aspiration of

solo parent teacher are useful inputs in designing appropriate intervention that old

that would help them to better perform their jobs and in increasing their productivity

as teacher.

In Finland, about 13 percent of families are single parent families which are

one Percent more than the previous year (Statistics Finland 2019). More than 80%of

single-parent families in Finland are headed by mothers (Monimuotoiset per-heet

2019). As in other developed countries, single parenting has been accepted in

Finland. There are a lot of literature, about the effects of single parenthood on

children and the parents but is still a need to carry out a re-search in terms of

strengths and challenges of Finnish single mothers faced during their parenthood.

Generally, the family is a group of people who have biological, emotional or

legal ties to each other. The definition of the family has evolved from a large
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extended family to smaller units, the nuclear family, smaller single-parent families,

Blended families, rainbow families, and families without children. The family Was

formerly seen as an institution, but today the family is focused on an intimate

relationship between two people. (Sauvola 2001, referring to Jallinoja 2000.) Finland

is well known for its social security. Finland has one of the advanced welfare

systems in the world, built to guarantee dignity and a decent life for all living in

Finland. Social insurance (e.g. pensions, sickness and un-employment benefits,

workers ' compensation), welfare (e.g. family support, Childcare, disability services)

and comprehensive health programs are the primary examples of the welfare

system. Child welfare is the biggest concern in Finland. (Expat Finland 2019.)

Ekpenyong Nkereuwem Stephen and Lawrence Udisi (2016), reported that

the problems faced by a single parent are similar to the problems faced by two

parent’s family, but these issues seem to be more difficult to bear and control when

there is only one person at home. The research needs to be carried out to assess

the strengths and difficulties of single mothers in the Finnish context and to find more

ways to improve the welfare of both parents and children.

Through frequent life in a Solo parent household can be difficult for both the

adult and the children. The demands of caring for the children ,holding a job, and

keeping up with expenses and domestic chores may overwhelm the single parent

Following the parent’s divorce , the family’s finances and resources are usually

substantially decreased .Other families may not encounter the same pressure or

possible problems as single parent household do.

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In Columbio, specifically in Brgy. Telafas, as observed there’s a lot of solo

parent here. With the research that to be conduct by the research, we are hopeful

that hurdles and experience of solo parent will be answered.

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Theoretical Framework

Despite the efforts of numerous researchers, there is no complete theory of

parenting. I tried to think of one. Benedict (1949) recognized parenthood as early as

1959.a stage of life's development Sameroff and Feil (1985) postulated four stages

of cognitive development. Parents' thoughts about their offspring, with higher levels

of thought reflecting increasing the distance between parent and child Ellen Galinsky

(1981) created a theory that Parenting is divided into six stages, each of which

corresponds to the child's age.

The (1) image-making (parenthood preparation); (2) nurturing (birth–two

years);

(4) Interpretative, or helping the youngster grasp the world (5–12 years); (3) authority

(2–5 years);(5) interdependent, when parents must rebuild their bonds (adolescent

years);adolescence); oral Theory John B. Watson (1878–1958) was a prominent

and colorful early behavioral theorist. Though the center-piece of his theory was

observable behavior, Watson’s work acknowledged the importance of social

learning as well. Known as the “father of behaviorism” because he advocated

focusing on actual behavior rather than introspection, which had previously been the

purview of psychological inquiry, Watson also fathered the explicit link between

social learning and child rearing. He used ideas about conditioning from Ivan

Pavlov and Edward Thorndike to formulate his views about how children develop.

Watson espoused an extreme environmental and mechanistic perspective, depicting

the child as little more than a small conditioning machine, fueled by learning. His

well-known boast appeared in his book, Psychological Care of Infant and Child, in

1928:Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world

to bring them up in, and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him
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to become any type of specialist I might select—a doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-

chief and yes, even into beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants,

tendencies, abilities, vocations and race of his ancestors. (p. 10)

A few years later, Watson tempered his claim but not his views when he wrote

that “it is what happens to individuals after birth that makes one a hewer of wood and

a drawer of water, another diplomat, a thief, a successful businessman or a far-

famed scientist” (1930, p. 270). His child-rearing manual, Psychological Care of

Infant and Child (1928), was intended to guide parents in rearing psychologically

healthy children and to be a companion to health-related manuals from pediatricians,

such as the one authored by Watson’s theory was based on classical conditioning.

Classical conditioning involves learning a new behavior merely by the process of

association. In simple terms, two stimuli are linked together to produce a new

learned response in a per-son or animal. Classical conditioning involves pairing a

previously neutral stimulus (such as the sound of a bell) with an unconditioned

stimulus (the taste of food). This unconditioned stimulus naturally and automatically

triggers salivating as a response to the food, which is known as the unconditioned

response. Watson recognized the utility of classical conditioning for controlling fears

in children and curing such common problems as shyness. He also warned parents

of the dangers of coddling (giving too much affection to) infants, because he was

convinced it resulted in “learned invalidism.” Watson believed that the prudent use of

classical conditioning represented a powerful environmental tool to allow parents to

influence their children’s development (Horowitz, 1992). Theory of speech

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John B. Watson (1878–1958) was a well-known and respected scientist. Early

behavioral theorist who was colorful despite the fact that the center Watson's theory

was based on observable behavior. Work recognized the significance of social

learning as well. Because of this, he's known as the "Father of Behaviorism." He

advised emphasis on actual behavior rather than hypothetical behavior. Previously,

introspection has been the domain of Watson also founded the field of psychological

research. There is a clear connection between social learning and child parenting.

Ivan Pavlov's conditioning ideas were applied by him and Edward Thorndike to

express his thoughts on how children grow up Watson advocated for severe

measures. Depiction of the environment and mechanical perspective the youngster

as a simple conditioning experiment Learning-powered machine His most famous

boast Psychological Care of Infants and Children, which he wrote,

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Statement of the Problem

The goal of this research is to have is to have a better understanding of the

reasons behind the challenges faced by Solo Parent.

This research will specifically seek to answer the following question:

1. What are the challenges experienced of a Solo parent in raising child/children?

2. What are the aspiration and motivation of a Solo parent in a rising a

child/children.

Scope and Delimitation

The study will focuses on the challenges and happiness of a Solo Parent in

raising a child it also cover the aspirations and motivation of a solo parent in raising a

child\ children .There is one Solo parent in Telafas , Columbio, Sultan Kudarat as

part of the interview.

Significance of Study

This study will aim to have an in depth understanding on the Challenges and

Happiness of a Solo Parent in Columbio, Sultan Kudarat, specifically in Brgy.Telafas.

Furthermore, this study is significant to researcher’s experiences of mother/father

including bullying.

Researchers will benefited from this study because their will know the Hurdles

and Experience of Solo parent and they will be aware from the situation
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Definition of Terms

The following terms were defined according to how they are being used in study:

Solo Parent- As defined in RA 8972, a solo parent is an individual who falls under

any of the following categories:

 Parent left solo or alone with the responsibility of parenthood due to death

or spouse;

Family- shall refer to the solo parent and his/her child/ children. It also includes any

relative by consanguinity up to the fourth civil degree. These persons shall include,

but not to limited to any uncle, aunt, grandfather, grandmother, niece, nephew or

cousin.

Children- shall refer to those living with and dependent upon the solo parent for

support who are unmarried, unemployed and below 18 years of age, or even 18

years and above but are incapable of self-support and/or are mentally and/or

physically challenged.

Parental Responsibility- with respect to their minor children shall refer to rights

duties of parents. These include the following:

 To provide them with moral and spiritual guidance.

 To furnish them with good and wholesome education material, supervise

their activities and others.

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Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents a review of related literature and studies for further

understanding of the study.

The hardest part of being a single mother is to allocate time and focus on self-

care. Many single working mothers feel tired trying to hold jobs and see that their

children attend extra-curricular activities. One of the challenges most of the single

parent face is loneliness. There is no one to share their difficulties and their joys as

well. If the parent is single because of spouse’s death or any tragedy, it can be even

harder for the parent to bear all sorts of responsibilities.

Single mothers may feel loneliness, traumatic and depression and may feel

difficult to handle the responsibility of childcare and to establish a routine for her

children. (Kotwal & Prabhakar 2009) Both single parents, as well as children, face

adjustment difficulties. Children whose parents are cohabiting, divorced, remarried or

gay or lesbian, as well as kids who are adopted, effect on the perception of child

adaptation in various family systems. (Abela & Walker 2013.) There may be a sense

of loss, poverty and continuous exposure to parental arguments. While the parent's

sense of loss is due to the missing spouse. It could be tougher for children at a

young age. The change in parenting status is a difficult change for children to accept.

The stability of the new environment is influential on child adjustment and

well-being. (Abela &Walker 2013.) It is even harder to balance work and parenting

for single working mothers. A single mother should care for the kids and provide for

them all on her own. To be able to provide for the children she often has no choice

but has to put in extra working hours. The burden of domestic work is a challenging
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aspect of family life for both single parents and their children. The responsibility for

domestic and child-rearing duties lies with one adult rather than two adults in single-

parent households. They may miss some necessary things. (Abela & Walker 2013.)

Single motherhood appears to be a challenging role, where a number of

disadvantages have been identified (ABS, 2007; Crosier et al., 2007). Similar to

intemational studies, Australian studies confined that single mothers' psychological

health was generally poorer than other women (Caimey, Boyle, Offord, & Racine,

2003; Crosier et al., 2007; Loxton etal., 2006). A study using cross-sectional data

from a nationally representative longitudinal Australian household survey comprised

of 354 single mothers and 1,689 partnered mothers, found nearly twice as many (28.

7% versus 15.7%) single mothers experienced moderate to severe mental disability,

as measured by a self-reported health and wellbeing measure, as compared to

managed mothers (Crosier et al., 2007). Another study found that since the

psychological loath was poorer for sole mothers in their late 40s to early 50s as

compared to single mothers in their 20s, it may be the factors of age or duration of

single motherhood associated with poorer psychological health (Loxton et al., 2006).

Furthermore, with Hardships experienced by single mothers, there was a greater

prevalence of moderate to severe levels of mental disability together with high levels

of financial hardship (Crosier et al.,2007). Single mothers in Australia are financially

worse off, with one Australian study

showing young single mothers (18-23 years) twice as likely and middle-aged single

mothers (45-50 years) four times more likely to experience financial stress, even

after relevant controls, as compared to other women (Crosier et al., 2007; Loxton,

2005). The term

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“Feminization of poverty” was used to describe the tendency for women and their

families to represent a higher proportion of the population classified as poor

(Goldberg & Kremen,1990a). Feminised pove1iy occurr-ed in an enviromnent where

there was widespread single motherhood, together with an inadequate social welfare

policy and an unfair labor market for women (Goldberg & Kremen, 1990b). Issues

such as the continued battle for equal pay for women and the lower education level

resulting in employment with commensurate pay obtained by females as compared

to males contributed to this phenomenon (D'Ercole, 1988). An Australian study

reported that being in the two lowest equalized household disposable income

quintiles was another factor strongly associated with significantly higher levels of

mental disability- applying to 77% of single mothers versus 23% of partnered

mothers (Crosier et al., 2007). Further, low levels of perceived social support were

strongly associated with moderate mental disability (Crosier et al., 2007).

Single mothers reported less perceived social support, lower levels of social

involvement and less contact with friends than manied mothers (Caimey et al.,

2003). Caimey et al. (2003) found that social stressors were identified as the most

important factor associated between single mothers and depression. However, the

role of social suppmi for single mothers has shown to be complex (Mednick, 1987).

There are certain aspects of social support associated with achieving more positive

outcomes for single mothers (Mednick,1987). For example, Lindblad-Goldberg,

Dukes, and Lasley (1988) reported it was quality of the social support rather than

quantity that was significant, with non-reciprocal relationships found to be more of a

hindrance than support. Another example was a study that investigated the

relationship of stress, coping and

 15

Social support in a group of 83 single mothers (mean age 34 years), in the United

States of America (USA) with a 78% employment rate (D'Ercole, 1988). Social

support came from a few friends or co-workers that contributed to their well-being by

providing the opportunity to socialize and be involved in a network of peers with

discussions of similar experiences (D'Ercole, 1988). This study reported that

instrumental or task-related support was received from family and neighbors,

however, assistance from family was often accompanied by conflict, where in some

instances, it was given with a spirit of, "if you had managed better, my help would not

be necessary" (D'Ercole, 1988, p. 50). Another finding was that although support

from the former husband was not related to significant strain towards the single

mothers, it was not a positive influence with some reporting instances where the ex-

husband used the child to hurt the single mother (D'Ercole, 1988). Tension for these

single mothers was significantly predicted by a number of factors, including role

overload (D'Ercole, 1988). Role overload in single motherhood may result from the

accumulation of the existing role demands of pre-single motherhood, together with

the additional, often unfamiliar role demands of post-single motherhood, such as

being the sole provider, often experienced as excessive (Heath & Orthner, 1999).

With these competing demands, single mothers are required to reconcile the

competing demands in relation to time, energy, and resources (Heath & Orthner,

1999). Parenthood related stress in a two-parent household was found to be

common due to demands on time for household and child duties, economic

demands for household and child care costs often related to a decreased level of

well-being (Bird,1997 Voydanoff & n'onnelly, 1998). Single mothers are required to

fulfill these competing demands on their own, potentially fulfilling the role of two

parents. Thus, it is not surprising that research suggests that where a single mother
 16

was the sole household adult, role overload existed being a significant predictor of

strain and stress (D'Ercole, 1988). With the many roles that single motherhood

brings, it is reasonable that the issue of adaptation during the transition into single

motherhood may cause distress (Mednick, 1987). Single motherhood may result

from various circumstances including the end of manage, the death of a spouse or a

child born out of wedlock. In relation to divorce, one factor in adaptation was time,

with research demonstrating mixed results in adapting to divorce (Booth & Amato,

1991; McLanahan, 1983). Previous research has suggested that some people

benefited from the experience, with others experiencing temporary psychological

distress (i.e. two years), with a return to a similar level of functioning shortly

thereafter, yet some individuals experienced ongoing distress without recovery

(Amato,2000). Research relating to adaptation after major life events suggested that

adaptation was not an inevitable outcome (Lucas, 2005; 2007). With adaptation into

single motherhood, the issue of stigmatization may arise with the title of single

mother
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Chapter III

Methodology

This chapter discusses the research design, research locale, research

participants, Sampling technique, research instrument, data gathering procedure and

data analysis method.

Research Design

The study uses a phenomenology research design that seeks to have an in-

depth understanding on the hurdles and experiences of Solo parents in Brgy.

Telafas, Columbio, Sultan Kudarat. This affects the social, economic and political

aspects of our country. But the big problem is the case of solo parent is kept on

increasing, that affects their children in terms of emotional, social and psychological

aspects.

Research Locale

The research locale is in Columbio ,Sultan Kudarat specifically in Brgy.

Telafas. Telafas is one of the Barangays of Columbio. Columbio is an the Province
of Sultan Kudarat . The province of Sultan Kudarat is in Region XII- Soccsksargen
Region in the island of Mindanao. Telafas is a barangay in the municipality of
Columbio .In the province of Sultan Kudarat . Its population as determined by census
was 2,947.This represented 8.87% of the total population of Columbio .The
population of Telafas grew from 1,852 in 1990 to 2,947 in 2020,an increase of 1,122
people over the course of 30 years. The latest census figures in 2020 denote a
negative growth rate of 0.31% or a decrease of 44 people, from the previous
population of 3,018 in 2015. Telafas is situated at approximately 6.6316, 124.9765,
in the island of Mindanao. Elevation at these coordinate is estimated at 133.4 meter
of 437.7 feet above mean sea level.
 18

Research Participant

The respondents of the study are the solo parents in Baranggay. Telafas,

Columbio, Sultan Kudarat. Including widow, teenage pregnancy, abandoned

children. The respondents are asked to participants on the interview that would be

conducted.

Sampling Technique

Purposive sampling is used in the study where the researcher would interview

a total twelve (12) respondents that follows the criteria set by the researchers. It

previously been recommended that qualitative studies require a minimum sample

size of at least 12 to reach data saturation

(Clarke&Braun,2013;Fugard&Potts,2014;Guest, Baunce, &Johnson,2006) therefore,

 19

a sample of 13 was deemed sufficient for the qualitative analysis and scale of this

study. The respondents will be taken from the Brgy. Telafas, Columbio, Sultan

Kudarat which is Solo Parents. The respondents would be interviewed as a

individual.

Research Instrument

The study will make of an interview as one of the tools in data gathering that

would discuss the Hurdles and Experiences of a Solo Parent. Furthermore the

participants will be interviewed to identify the Hurdles and Experiences of a Solo

Parent during the conduct of the study.

Data gathering Procedure

The data gathering procedure will involve administration of interview to be

analyzed. The questionnaires would measure one that had experience of solo

parent. The survey questionnaire measures the Hurdles and Experience of Solo

Parent by the respondents during the interview and answering the questionnaire.

The interview questionnaires will be the guide and a way to know what are the

Hurdles and Experiences of the Solo Parent in Brgy. Telafas, Columbio, Sultan

Kudarat, the locale of the study. Then, the researcher will schedule a day for the

data gathering that would help the research in conducting the study.

Data analysis Method

The research would analyze and interpret the data through sorting data based by

the summarization of their answers. The researchers would also make use of
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transcription wherein vernacular answer would be translated into English when

necessary.

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