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IEEE Std 522™-2004

(Revision of
IEEE Std 522-1992)

522™
IEEE Guide for Testing Turn lnsulation
of Form-Wound Stator Coils for
Alternating-Current Electric Machines

IEEE Power Engineering Society

Sponsored by the
Electric Machinery Comm ittee

1
1
1

+.IEEE 9 August 2004

Print: SH95212
3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA PDF: SS95212
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Recognized as an IEEE Std 522"' -2004

American National Standard (ANSI) (Revision of
IEEE Std 522-1992)

IEEE Guide for Testing Turn lnsulation

of Form-Wound Stator Coils for
Alternating-Current Electric Machines
Sponsor
Electric Machinery Committee
of the
IEEE Power Engineering Society

Approved 12 May 2004

American National Standard lnstitute

Approved 9 February 2004

IEEE-SA Standards Board

Abstract: Suggestions are made for testing the dielectric strength of the insulation separating the
various turns from each other within multiturn form-wound coils to determine their acceptability.
Typical ratings of machines employing such coils normally líe within the range of 200 kW to 100 mW
(270 hp to 135 000 hp). The test levels described do not evaluate the ability of the turn insulation to
withstand abnormal voltage surges, only surges associated with normal operation. The suggestions
apply to: ( 1) individual stator coi Is after manufacture; (2) coi Is in completely wound stators; (3) coi Is
and windings for rewinds of used machinery; and (4) windings of machines in service to determine
their suitability for further service (preventive-maintenance testing). Coil service conditions, test
devices, and test sequence are discussed.
Keywords: ac machines, impulses, surges, testing turn insulation, transients

The lnstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, lnc.

3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA
Copyright© 2004 by the lnstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, lnc.
All rights reserved. Published 9 August 2004. Printed in the United States of America.

IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent & Tradema rk Office, owned by the lnstitute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, lncorporated

Print ISBN 0-7381 -3979-3 SH95212

PDF ISBN 0-7381 -3980-7 SS95212
No part of this pub/ication may be reproduced in any form, in an e/ectronic retrieva/ system or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the pub/isher.
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lntroduction

(This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 522-2004, IEEE Guide for Testing Turn Insulation of Fonn-Wound Stator
Coils for Alternating-Current Electric Machines.)

Many alternating-current, rotating clectric machines are designed to have multiturn form-wound stator coils.
In these cases, the winding has two separate but interrclatcd insulating barriers:

One between the various turns (turn insulation), and

One between the turns and ground (ground insulation) .

Failure of either of these barriers will prematurcly termínate the service lifc of the machine. A test leve! for
the ground insulation of twice-rated voltage plus 1 kY has been in existencc for many years. This guide sug-
gests methods and test levcls for the turn insulation.

Experiencc has shown that turn insulation fai lures can be precipitated by abnormal steep-front surges caused
by factors such as lightning strokes, fau lty breaker closures, or the malfunction of various types of switching
devices. However, turn insulation failures can also be caused by surges during normal breaker operations
when the circuit conditions are such that the rise time of the surge at the machine terminals is less than a few
microseconds. A measure of protection from such surges may be provided by installation of devices such as
surge capacitors at the machine terminals and surge arrestors, or by designing the coils with suitable turn
insulation capability. When uscd for this purpose, capacitor ratings are usually chosen to extend the rise time
of vol ta ge surges to 5 µsor longer.

The bibliography (Annex C) contains references that discuss the general surge environment and surge
strength of clectric machines.

Notice to users

Errata

Errata, if any, for this and ali other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http://
standards.icce.org/reading/iecc/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for
errata periodically.

lnterpretations

Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http://standards.icee.org/reading/ icee/interp/

index.html.

Patents

Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject matter
covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respcct to the existence or
validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying
patents or patent applications for which a license may be requircd to implement an IEEE standard or for
conducting inquiries in to the legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention.

Copyright © 2004 IEEE. All rights reserved. 111

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Participants

At thc time this standard was completed, the working group had thc following membcrship:
Chuck Wilson, Chair
Darrell Ilowell, Secretary
Dana Arn<lt Nirmal Ghai Glenn Mottershea<l
Saber Azizi Bal Gupta Beant Nin<lra
Ray Bartnikas Guy HaJl<lorson Jim Oliver
Kevin Becker Gary Heuston Lori Rux
S tefano Bomben Jeff Hu<lson Howar<l Se<l<ling
Su<l hakar CherukupaJli Patricia lrwin GregStone
Douglas Conley Aleksan<lra Jeremic Mere<lith Stranges
Jim Dymon<l Tom Kluk* James T imperley
Mark Fenger Lou Little Ernesto Wie<lenbrug
S hawn F iJliben Bill McDermi<l loe Williams
Paul Gaberson Hal MiJler John Wilson
George Gao Karim Younsi

*Wc ali wish to cxprcss our sorrow that Tom Kluk passcd away bcforc this standard was publishcd. His
input to this documcnt was vcry valuablc and much apprcciatcd by cvcryonc on thc working group.

The following members of the individual balloting committcc votcd on this standard. Balloters may have
votcd for approval, disapproval, or abstcntion .
Karl Berger Trilok Garg William McDermi<l
Thomas Bishop Nirmal Ghai Donal<l McLaren
Weijen Chen Brian Gott Nigel McQuin
Tommy Cooper Ran<laJI Groves James Michalec
Guru Dutt Dhingra Bal Gupta Krste Naj<lenkoski
Roger Daugherty Paul Hamer Nils Nilsson
Alvaro PortiJlo
Byron Davenport E<lwar<l Horgan Jr.
Johannes Rickmann
Gary Donner David Jackson
Manoj Shah
James Dymon<l Kevin Loving
Gregory Stone
Amir El-Sheikh Jesus Martinez Mere<lith Stranges
Gary Engmann Walter Martiny Ernesto Wie<lenbrug
Jorge Fernan<lez-Daher Thomas McCaffrey Chuck Wilson

lV Copyright © 2004 IEEE. All rights reserved.

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Whcn the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 9 February 2004, it had thc following
mcmbcrship:
Don Wright, Chair
Chuck Adams Mark S. Halpin Paul Nikolich
H. Stephen Berger Raymond Hapeman T. W.Olsen
Mark D. Bowman Richard J. Holleman Ronald C. Petersen
Joseph A. Bruder Richard H. Hulett Gary S. Robinson
Bob Davis Lowell G. Johnson
Frank Stone
Roberto de Boisson Joseph L. Koepfinger*
Hermann Koch Malcolm V. Thaden
Julian Forster*
Thomas J. McGean Doug Topping
Judith Gorman
Arnold M. Greenspan Daleep C. Mohla loe D. Watson

*Member Emeritus

Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board Jiaisons:

Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC Representative

Richard DeBJasio, DOE Representative
Alan Cookson, NIST Representative

Don Messina
IEEE Standards Project Editor

Copyright © 2004 IEEE. All rights reserved. V

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Contents
l. Overview ..... ......................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Scope ......... ................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Purpose ...... ................................................................................................................................... 1

2. References ....... ..................................................................................................................................... 1

3. Service conditions ....... ......................................................................................................................... 2

3. l Operating stress ...... ................................................................................................................ ...... 2

3 .2 Transient stress ................... .................................................................................................... ...... 2
3.3 Withstand requirements ..... .................................................................................................... ...... 2

4. Suggested test devices ...... .............................................................................................................. ...... 3

4.1 Test require1nents ..... .............................................................................................................. ...... 3

4.2 Suitable devices ............................... ...................................................................................... ...... 3
4.2. l Conduction-type devices ...... ...................................................................................... ...... 3
4.2.2 Induction-type devices ......... ...................................................................................... ...... 3

5. Test procedure ...... .......................................................................................................................... ...... 3

5. l Test sequences ..... .................................................................................................................. ...... 3

5 .2 Test conditions ..... .................................................................................................................. ...... 4
5.3 Voltage levels ....... .................................................................................................................. ...... 4

6. Surge test levels for new coils ...... ................................................................................................. ...... 4

6.1 General ....................................................... ............................................................................ ...... 4

6.2 Standard (3 .5 p.u.) withstand envelope ...... ............................................................................ ...... 5
6.3 Alterna te withstand envelope ..................... ............................................................................ ...... 6
6.4 Definition of surge envelopes ...... .......................................................................................... ...... 6
6.5 Abnormal surges .......................... .......................................................................................... ...... 6
6.6 Precautions ..................................................... ........................................................................ ...... 6
6.7 Reduction in test levels for uncured coils ...... ........................................................................ ...... 7

7. Maintenance tests or tests after installation of machines ...... ........................................................... .... 7

7.1 Test voltage level ................. .................................................................................................. ...... 7

7.2 Conduction-type devices ...... .................................................................................................. ...... 7
7.3 Induction-type devices ......... .................................................................................................... .... 7
7.4 Insufficient coupling .................. ............................................................................................ ...... 7
7.5 Other methods/further details .... ............................................................................................ ...... 7

Anncx A (informative) Test proccdurcs and mcthods ..................................................................................... 8

Anncx B (informative) Samplc test form ....................................................................................................... 13

Anncx C (informative) Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 15

V! Copyright© 2004 IEEE. All rights reserved.

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IEEE Guide for Testing Turn lnsulation

of Form-Wound Stator Coils for
Alternating-Current Electric Machines

1. Overview
1.1 Scope

This guide makes suggestions for testing the dielectric strength of the insulation separating the various turns
from each other within multiturn form-wound coils to determine the acceptability of the coils. Typical rat-
ings of machines employing such coils normally líe within the range of200 kW to 100 mW (270 to 135 000
hp). Test voltage levels described herein do not evaluate the ability of the turn insulation to withstand
abnormal voltage surges, as contrasted to surges associated with normal operation. The repetitive voltage
surges (spikes) associated with adjustable frequency drives (AFD) are also not addressed here. This guide
applies to
a) Individual stator coils after manufacture.
b) Coils in completely wound stators of original manufacture.
c) Coils and windings for rewinds of used machinery.
d) Windings of machines in service to determine their suitability for further service (preventive-
maintenance testing).

1.2 Purpose
The purpose of this guide is to

a) Define surge/impulse testing as applied to the windings of an elcctric machine.

b) Review the service conditions that affect voltage levcls in a coil.
c) Recommend devices suitable for measuring surges, with precautions to avoid erroneous results.
d) Describe various points where surge testing may be performed.
e) Present suggestcd surge test levels for various types of electric machines.

2. References

ASTM D 1711 -02, Standard Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation .1

1ASTM publications are available frnm Lhe American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Orive, West Conshohocken,
PA 19428-2959, USA (hllp://www.astm.org/) .

Copyright© 2004 IEEE. Ali rights reserved.

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IEEE
Std 522-2004 IEEE GUIDE FOR TESTING TURN INSULATION OF FORM -WOUND

ASTM 0 3426-97 (2004), Standard Test Method for Diclectric Breakdown Yoltage and Diclectric Strength
of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials Using Impulse Waves.

IEEE Std 4"' - 1995, IEEE Standard Techniques for High-Yoltage Testing.2 • 3

IEEE Std 43"' -2000, IEEE Recommended Practice for Testing Insulation Resistance of Rotating Machinery.

IEEE Std 56"' - 1977 (Reaff 1991), IEEE Guide for Insulation Maintenance of Large Alternating-Current
Rotating Machinery 10 000 kYA and Larger.

IEEE P62.2/-D23, Draft Guide for Diagnostic Ficld Testing of Electric Power Apparatus- Electrical
Machinery .4

IEEE Std 432tM - 1992 (Reaff 1998), IEEE Guide for Insulation Maintenance for Rotating Electric Machinery
(5 hp to Less Than 10 000 hp) .

IEEE Std 434"' - 1973 (Reaff1991), IEEE Guide for Functional Evaluation of Insulation Systems for Large
High-Yoltage Machines.

IEEE Std 492"' - 1999, IEEE Guide for Operation and Maintenance of Hydro-Generators.

IEEE Std 510"' - 1983 (Reaff 1992), IEEE Recommendcd Practice for Safety in High-Yoltage and High-
Power Testing.

3. Service conditions

3.1 Operating stress

The maximum operating (line frequency) voltage difference between turns in a coi) depends upon the volt-
age between coi) terminals and on the interna) construction of the coi).

3.2 Transient stress

A second, and less predictable, voltage difference between turns can be caused by voltage transients. Addi-
tional information on the nature of such transients and the associated turn voltage distribution may be found
in a number of articles cited in the bibliography in Annex C. Stcep-front voltage waves dueto arcing in the
associated circuit can be damaging to turn insulation since a substantial portion of the wave can appear
across the turn insulation of the coil(s) near the line terminals.

3.3 Withstand requirements

The voltage difference that turn insulation must withstand, therefore, covers a broad range from less than
100 V in normal operation to as much as severa) thousand volts under transient conditions. At the Jower end
of this range all that is needed is physical separation, whereas at the other, insulation having considerable
dielcctric strength is needed.

2The IEEE standards or products referred to in this clause are trademarks of the Jnstitute ofElectrical and Electronics Engi neers, Jnc.
3IEEE publications are available from the Institute ofElectrical and Electronics Engineers, !ne., 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854,
USA (http://standards.ieee.org/).
4This IEEE standards project was not approved by the IEEE-SA Standards Board at the time this publication went to press. For infor-
mation about obtaining a draft, contact the IEEE.

2 Copyright© 2004 IEEE. All rights reserved.

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IEEE
STATOR COILS FOR ALTERNATING-CURRENT ELECTRIC MACHINES Std 522-2004

4. Suggested test devices

4.1 Test requirements

In order to test the turn insulation of a form-wound coi), a voltage must be applicd across the individual
Jeads. Form-wound, multiturn coils have a Jow series impedancc at power frequencies , particularly prior to
insertion into the stator core. Further, the impedance between turns of a form-wound coi) is capacitive or
inductive, depending upon frequency. However, the impedance between Jeads is prcdominatcly inductive
and is dircctly proportional to the frequency of the vol tage applied across the Jcads. Following Ohm 's Jaw,
applying a voltage of sufficient magnitude, at normal power frequencies , across the Jeads of a form-wound
coi) yields a high current between the Jeads. From a testing point of view, this is very undesirable. Therefore,
to apply a voltage of reasonable magnitude across the Jcads, and hence across the turn insulation, without
excessive current, a test voltage that has a frequency severa) orders of magnitude above power frequency is
required (examples are given in A.1.2) .

4.2 Suitable devices

A suitable testing device should pro vide voltage control, accurate indication of voltage leve) , and a means of
detecting turn insulation failure. A single-stage Marx generator with a storage oseilloscope is an example of
such a device. A schematic diagram of the generator is given in Figure A.5. Both conduction and induction-
type testing devices ha ve been developed and applied satisfactorily. In either type, a steep-front voltage
wave is applied to the coi) under test. In each cycle, a capacitar is charged to an appropriate voltage, then
discharged by means of a suitable switch (such as a spark gap, thyratron, ora solid-state device) into a cir-
cuit that includes the coil. Yoltage and current then oseillate at the natural frcquency of the circuit.

4.2.1 Conduction-type devices

In conduction-type devices, the test voltage is applied directly to the coi) Jcads. Failure detection is by visual
inspection of the wave shape of either test voltage or current on an oscilloscope. Coi Is may be tested singly,
or two nominally identical coi Is may be tested simultaneously, thereby facilitating comparison of the wave
shape. In testing a single coi) , the wave shape ata sufficiently Jow voltage should be recorded and used to
compare with wave shapes at higher voltages. A significant difference in the wave shape indicates probable
insulation failure.

4.2.2 lnduction-type devices

In induction-type devices, the test voltage is induced in the coi) under test, which constitutes the secondary
of a transformer, the primary of which is excited by a steep-front wave from the capacitar. Failure is indi-
cated by asymmetry of either current in the test coil or voltage at its terminals. See Figure A.3.
NOTE This test equipment is not generally available this paragraph is inclu<le<l for informational purposes.5

5. Test procedure

5.1 Test sequences

Coi Is may be tested at one or more of the following steps of manufacture:

a) Prior to insertion into the stator core. This is appropriate when the coils are to be installed at a loca-
tion remate from the coi) manufacturing plant. If the impedance of the coi Is in air is too Jow, they
may be assembled into a simulated core for testing purposes. Each coil in the winding should be
tested.

5Notes in text, tables, and figures are given for information only and do not contain requirements needed to implement the standard.

Copyright © 2004 IEEE. All rights reserved. 3

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IEEE
Std 522-2004 IEEE GUIDE FOR TESTING TURN INSULATION OF FORM -WOUND

b) After coi] installation, wedging and bracing, but before any conncctions are made. Each coil in the
winding should be tested.
c) After series connections are made, but before insulating them and before making the connections
betwcen phase groups. Each coi] in the winding should be tested.
d) After connecting into phase groups, but before connecting phase groups to one another (before or
after insulating the series connections). This test compares phase groups, not individual coils.
e) After ali connections are made and insulatcd. Ali maintenance tests are normally made under such
conditions.
If the test voltage is applied at the machine terminals, the electrical impulse voltage Jevcl should be
carefully selected in order to avoid overstressing ground insulation. In this case, the test may dis-
close only existing short circuits and not incipient weaknesses of the turn insulation.
Caution is adviscd in testing a complete phase winding from the machine terminals. A complete
phase winding consists of severa] series coils. Hence, the change in the voltage impulse shape
caused by the failure of the insulation between a turn-pair in a single coil in the complete phase
winding is often very small. Consequently, the failure of the turn insulation during the impulse test
of a complete winding may go undetected.
Otherwise, the test voltage can be induced into the stator coils by means of a surge-inducing coi]
(Annex A). The test method given in Annex A will stress incipient weaknesses and may cause these
areas to fai l.

Extra fully processed or uncured coils (if specified in the agreement between the manufacturer and the user)
that are not used in winding the machine may be tested to destruction to determine the turn-to-turn break-
down capability of the clcctrical insulation system design.

5.2 Test conditions

The ambient conditions should be acceptable for insulation testing. Prior to turn-to-turn testing of fully
cured coils, the insulation resistance should be measurcd in accordance with IEEE Std 43-2000.6 The insula-
tion surface should be clean and dry. The coi] temperature should be at Jeast a fcw degrces above the dew
point, as a mínimum, to avoid condensation on the insulation. The turn-to-turn testing should not proceed
until the insulation resistance tests have been conducted successfully. Other tests, such as measurement of
dissipation factor, may also be used to determine if the insulation is suitable for turn-to-turn testing.

5.3 Voltage levels

For un-impregnated or uncurcd coils, use voltage Jevels for the insulation resistance test that will not harm
the insulation , but will indicate if it is suitable for testing. lt may not be possible to successfully test uncured
resin rich coils because of the nature of the uncured insulation. Agreement should be reachcd betwccn the
manufacturer and the user regarding the testing of such uncured coils.

6. Surge test levels for new coils

6.1 General
The mínimum turn-to-turn test voltage should be no less than 350 V peak , which is the minimum sparking
voltage for a uniform field in air (Paschen 's Law- see Dakin and 8erg 1881 and Khalifa 1828 ¡?), though in
actual practice tests are usually performed at Jevcls far exceeding this value. 8 eyond this, no generally
accepted approach to the selection of turn-to-turn test voltage has e volved. Manufacturers ha ve used coil and

('lnformation on references can be found in Clause 2.

7The numbers in brnckets correspond to Lhose of the bibliography in Annex C.

4 Copyright© 2004 IEEE. All rights reserved.

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IEEE
STATOR COILS FOR ALTERNATING-CURRENT ELECTRIC MACHINES Std 522-2004

machine design parameters such as size and weight of coil, Jength of turn, arrangement of turns within the
coi), operating volts per turn or per coi), system voltage, interturn and turn-to-ground capacitance, and others
to determine turn-voltage test levels for their products. These procedures have not bcen described explicitly
in the literature, and it is not fcasible to describe them here. Agreement should be reached between the man-
ufacturer and the user as to what testing technique and Jevcl should be applicd to coils and at what stage(s)
of manufacture the tests should be performed.

6.2 Standard (3.5 p.u.) withstand envelope

Whatever test technique is used, it is suggestcd that for testing the turn insulation , impulses with a rise time
of 0.1 to 0.2 µs should be used. Tests performed at Jonger rise times (> 1.2 µs) tend to stress the ground insu-
Jation. ln general, the coils should have sufficient ground and turn insulation to withstand an electrieal surge
with amplitude defincd in Figure 1. For purposes of the calculation of rise time of the surge, the rise time of
the front is assumed to be the time interval from 0.1 to 0.9 of the measured surge amplitude. The time to
peak is 1.25 times the rise time. The number of pulses should be no fewer than five. The following equations
define these various voltages and associatcd rise times.

T, = O.O µ s (1)

V2 = 3.5V1 = 3.5 p.u. T, = O.l µs (2)

V3 = 5 V 1 = 5 p.u. T, ~ 1.2 µs (3)

where

V0 (n = 1, 2, 3) is the momentary surge withstand capability across the coil,

Vi is the ratcd rms line-to-Jine voltage in kV,

Tr is the rise time in µs ,

p.u. is "per unit," where the initial test voltage is multiplied by the given coefficient.

V3 5 ,
!=
z
::::>
a:
UJ
4
/
I
a. V2
UJ
(!)
~
....J
3 VL
V1
-
=
MACHINE VOL TAGE, kV
cJ21 J3>VL ato.o µs
o
>
UJ
(/)
....J
2
V2
V3
-
"'
3.5 V1 at 0.1 µs
5 V1 at ~ 1.2 µs
::::>
a.
~
V1

o 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
FRONT RISE TIME, µs

Figure 1-Coil electrical impulse withstand envelope

Copyright© 2004 IEEE. All rights reserved. 5

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IEEE
Std 522-2004 IEEE GUIDE FOR TESTING TURN INSULATION OF FORM -WOUND

6.3 Alternate withstand envelope

If agreed between the manufacturer and the user, the impulse withstand envelope given in Figure 2 (from
" Impulse voltage strength of ac rotating machines," 1B24 I) may be used for testing coils in machines that are
not likely to see high-magnitude fast-fronted surges.
5
f-
z
::::>
V3

4
/
V
a:
UJ
a..
UJ
e> 3 MACH INE VOLTAGE, kV
V vL ;

~
....J v, ; (J2 I ,/3¡ VL, 1 pu at O.Ous
o
> / V2 .. 2 V1 at 0.2 µs
V2 2
- 1.25 '12 (2 VL + 1) a t ~ 5 µs

I
UJ V3
(/)
....J
::::>
a..
~
V1

o 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
FRONT RISE TIME, µs

Figure 2-Alternative coil impulse voltage withstand envelope

6.4 Definition of surge envelopes

The envelopes shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2 are NOT the wave shape of the impulse to be applied to test
the insulation. These envelopes illustrate the magnitudes of the surge voltages, which might be impressed
across the main and turn insulation of the machine during normal operation. Therefore, the coil insulation
must withstand these levcls. Generally, impulses with rise times 0.1 to 0.2 µs are used for testing the turn
insulation (see 6.2). Impulses with rise times 1.2 µsor longer do not generally stress the turn insulation; they
are used to test the surge capability of ground insulation.

6.5 Abnormal surges

In the event that the machine is likely to be subjected to abnormal voltage surges during its service lifc and
protective devices are not used (as mentioned in 1.2), turn insulation having a higher-than-normal elcctric
strength should be used in the coils. In this case, the turn-to-turn test voltage may be appropriatcly adjusted
upwards.

6.6 Precautions

lt should be noted that unimpregnated or uneurcd coils- i.e., those tested on the bench or that have been
wound in a stator but not VPJ'd (vacuum pressure impregnation) or baked - do not have fully cured insula-
tion, and therefore will have a signifieantly lower surge withstand capability than fully cured coils. Also,
when one coi! is tested in a stator with the core and frame grounded, the ground insulation of the remaining
coils in the winding will experienee a reduced-level surge with similar frcqueney in sympathy with the coil
under test (sce Stranges, et al. 18541). The effeetive voltage of this "sympathetie" surge condition varíes
with every coil tested.

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STATOR COILS FOR ALTERNATING-CURRENT ELECTRIC MACHINES Std 522-2004

6.7 Reduction in test levels for uncured coils

To avoid overstressing unimpregnatcd (dry taped) coils, the test voltagc may be rcduced to sorne fraction
(gencrally 60- 80%) ofthe valuc specified in 6.2 (or 6.3), as agrced betwccn thc manufacturer and the uscr.

To avoid ovcrstrcssing uncurcd resin rich coils, the test voltage may be reduccd to sorne fraction (gcncrally
40- 60%) of thc value specified in 6.2 (or 6.3), as agrced betwccn the manufacturer and thc user. The test
valuc in this case should not excced the OC hi-potential test valuc.

7. Maintenance tests or tests atter installation of machines

7 .1 Test voltage level

Applicd voltage for tests madc in thc field may be approximately 75% of V0 as defined in Clause 6. lt is
good practicc to obtain approval from the manufacturer of thc coils prior to any test program.

7.2 Conduction-type devices

For maintcnancc testing, it may be desirable to make the test with no disassembly of the machinc. In ordcr to
test an installcd machinc without disassembly, the test must be pcrformed using a conduction-type dcvicc as
dcscribed in 4.2.1 . When pcrforming the test from thc switchgcar, the Jcngth of thc feeder cables may ha ve a
significant effcct on voltage impresscd at thc machinc terminals as well as thc ability to detectan incipicnt
fault in a fully-configured winding. Thc most cffectivc method for performing maintcnance tests is to con-
ncct thc test cquipmcnt at thc machine terminals.

7.3 lnduction-type devices

Maintenancc tests may also be performed using an induction-typc dcvice, as dcscribed in 4.2.2, to induce thc
test voltagc in individual coils of a fully-configurcd winding. Scc Figure A.2. Performing this type of test on
induction and cylindrical-rotor machines will require removing thc rotor from the stator. For salient-polc
synchronous machines, thc dcgrcc of disasscmbly rcquircd to perform this test can be minimizcd by remov-
ing a single ficld coil and rotating thc rotor and testing fixturcs.

7.4 lnsufficient coupling

The dcgrec of coupling that can be achicvcd by thc surge-inducing coil varíes rather widely, and in sorne
cases it may not be possible to reach thc 75% voltage leve] in the coils bcing tcsted. Thcrcfore, the 75% fig-
ure should be considcrcd a general guideline.

7.5 Other methods/further details

Othcr mcthods of dctccting turn insulation failurcs and means of minimizing damage duc to faults are
includcd in thc bibliography ([85J, 18131 , 18181 , 1831J,18341 , 18481 , 1850J, 18531 , and 18541).

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Std 522-2004 IEEE GUIDE FOR TESTING TURN INSULATION OF FORM -WOUND

Annex A

(informative)

Test procedures and methods

A.1 Method for applying surge tests to complete windings

A.1.1 General

The arrangement of thc surge-inducing coil and laminatcd-iron sections in thc bore of the machine is shown
in Figure A.1. The voltagc waveform is measurcd with a onc-turn search coil placed in thc laminated-iron
sections. Thc search-coil voltagc is observcd on an oscilloscope through a rcsistive voltage dividcr. A con-
sistent pattern for both short-circuited and normal coi Is is obtaincd regardless of the clcctrical position of the
coil in the winding since thc scarch coil is affectcd only to the cxtcnt of the rcduction of flux resulting from
a short-circuitcd coil. A short-circuited coil gcncrally shows a reduction of the peak amplitudc of thc wavc
in thc order of 20% whcn compared to the normal coil. Thcrc is also a vcry slight increase in frequcncy of
thc short-circuited-coil wavcform, but this is not always sufficiently grcat to use as a test critcrion. lt is
nccessary to utilizc wirc with multiplc, fine, insulated strands in thc surge-inducing coi) to obtain minimum
impedance. Onc hundrcd strands of cnameled wirc, 0.010 in (0.25 mm) diamctcr, have proven satisfactory
for this purposc. lt is suggestcd that the surgc-inducing and search coils be insulated to ground for the maxi-
mum voltagc to appcar in each coil. lt will be neccssary to rcmovc the machine rotor, or for salient-polc
machines a pote on the rotor, to providc spacc for the coils and Jaminatcd-iron scctions in the bore arca. To
assurc consistcnt results, it is good practice to fit thc laminated iron sections against thc bore with uniform
tightness.

A.1.2 Formulas

The test circuit (Figure A.2) uscd consists principally of Jumped inductance (L) (the surgc-inducing coil) and
capacitancc (C), with mínimum rcsistance (R). Thc frequcncy of oscillation of the surge voltagc can, there-
fore be calculated from the formu la:

(A.1)

Which, when the sccond term under thc radical is small comparcd to thc first, reduces to:

l
fo= - - (A.2)
2nffe

For example:
a) A 200 hp motor tcsted with a two-turn surgc-inducing coil of 20 µH inductancc and a 16 µF capaci-
tor will ha ve an oscillation frequcncy of 8900 Hz.
b) A 69 500 kVA hydrogenerator tcsted with a two-turn surge-inducing coil of 130 µH inductance and
a 2 µF capacitor will have an oscillation frequency of 9800 Hz.

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STATOR COILS FOR ALTERNATING-CURRENT ELECTRIC MACHINES Std 522-2004

L AM INATED- IRON SECTIONS

STRAN OEO-WIRE SURGE - IN OUCI NG COIL

ONE TURN SEARCH COI L

STATOR-CORE SECTION

Figure A.1-Surge-inducing coil

ONE - TURN SE A RCH COIL

SURGE - INDUC ING COIL

RESISTIVE-TYPE
VO LTAGE DIVIDER
1
1
1000 : 1 RAT IO~ 1
1
1
I CAPACITOR oc 1
VOLTA GE
SOURCE 1

: {}- 1

o--~----' 1
L __

OSC ILLOSCOPE -
RE L AY- OPERATED -
SWITCH
-¡ - _J

SURGE GENERATOR
WINOING
UN OER TEST

Figure A.2-Suggested arrangement of test equipment

A.2 Suggested test procedure for wound machines

Arrange test cquipment as shown in Figure A.2, being certain to connect all grounds including the frame of
the machine being tested. Do not ground the windings to be tested ; consider them as being energizcd during
all testing since it is not possible to surge test one coi! in the core without having sorne impact on the other
coils because of the mutual and cross linking effects.

Expose the Jeads of one stator coi! in the winding by removing the insulation at the conneetion for calibra-
tion of the voltage wave (a line coi! may be used and then it will be necessary to expose only the other Jead
of that coi!). Place the laminated-iron sections, including the surge-inducing and search coi Is, in the bore to

Copyright© 2004 IEEE. All rights reserved. 9

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Std 522-2004 IEEE GUIDE FOR TESTING TURN INSULATION OF FORM -WOUND

line up with the slots of the stator coi! sclectcd for calibration. The Jaminatcd-iron sections should be insu-
Jated from the core of the machine being tested with a thin insulating material, such as O.ü!O in (0.25 mm)
thick adhesive tape, and should be tightly fitted against the machine core. Connect the voltage-divider lcads
to the stator coi! being used for calibration. Apply a small voltage (1000 V) to the surge-inducing coi! and
observe the voltage wave induccd in a stator coi! (this should be approximately 75% of the volts-per-turn
applied to the surge-inducing coi!). When a suitable waveform is established (refer to Figure A.3 for the
expected pattern of the voltage wave) , increase the applied voltage to obtain first-peak-amplitude equivalent
to the voltage desircd for the test. This should be based on a mínimum of350 volts-per-turn peak with max-
imum voltage of 75% of the coi! test voltage specified in Clause 6.

To determine the effect of a short-circuited turn, apply a deliberate short circuit across the exposed Jeads of
the stator coi! and apply the same voltage leve! used to obtain the desired volts-per-turn stress. This will
establish the criteria for the test of the remaining coils in the winding and the waveforms of the short-cir-
cuited and normal coils should be generally proportional to those shown in Figure A.3. Proceed to test the
winding by moving the Jaminated-iron sections sequentially so they are positioned over each of the coils in
the machine. Record the oscilloscope settings, the voltage Jevcl applicd to the surge-inducing coi! , and the
amplitude of the first full peak of the voltage wave observed on the oscilloscope, identifying the top-slot
number of each coi) as it is tested. Since the waveform observcd on an oscilloscope screen for any set of
conditions can generally be determined more accurately by repetitive sweeps, perform at lcast three capaci-
tor discharges to establish the form. The accuracy of this test in determining the Jocation of a short-circuited
coi) can be ascertained by exposing the lcads of a stator coi) found to be short-circuited, and retesting it with
a dcliberate short circuit applied across the Jeads. There should be no significant change from the waveform
obtained during the previous test.

'
! 1

1\ ¡r'\
!
1
¡

\ ,f \ - í~
\ i'( \ ,j ~\
\
\
I
1
/ .......
\ _,
i/ \ I
f.,,'
-
1 1' I
'\ '/
1
-. ''':\/ 1

\'-~ ~ ! '
1
i

1\""' 1

\ '\_ SHORT- CIRCUI TEO CO IL

NORMAL COIL

Figure A.3-Voltage waveform for short-circuited and normal coils

using induced-voltage test method

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STATOR COILS FOR ALTERNATING-CURRENT ELECTRIC MACHINES Std 522-2004

A.3 Suggested test procedure for coi Is during winding (if surge comparison
equipment is not available)

The turn-to-turn test can be applied to each coi) of a set of new coils, completely assembled in the slots and
with slot wedges in place, by applying the surge directly to the stator coi) befare insulating the connections.
In this arrangement, the voltage-divider lcads are connected in parallcl with the surge-generator Jeads to the
stator coil. The effcct of a short-circuited turn under this test condition will be as indicated in Figure A.4.
Calibration of the voltage waveform is performed as previously describcd and the peak voltage is recorded
by top-coil-slot number with the voltages applied in steps of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 of the peak test volt-
age (rcduced per the suggestions in paragraph 6.5 for unimpregnated or uncured coils) . For a single shot
surge generator, five impulses should be applicd at each level. (The number 5 is suggested to harmonize 522
with IEC 60034-15 LB21J). With the directly applied test technique, a short-circuited stator coi) will provide
a flat response (Figure A.4) to the applied voltage and, therefore, the step voltages are of value in approxi-
mating the voltage Jevel where a short circuit may devclop in the stator coil. Be aware that when applying a
turn-to-turn surge test to a single coi) in a stator core, ali the coi Is in the core will receive sorne leve! of surge
voltage to the ground insulation because of the mutual inductance in the slots and the cross linkage on the
end windings. The magnitude ofthis induccd surge to the ground insulation will vary as a function ofthe rel-
ative position of the floating coils to the coi) under test and has been found to vary from 50% of the applied
surge to almost zero. This induced surge in the ground insulation can have detrimental effects as the induced
surges may overstress the ground insulation especially at the corners. This stress may initiate a future failure
site if the surge voltage leve! is too high when the coils are tested in the unimpregnated or uncurcd state
Stranges , et al. [8541.

r
(\ 1 !
[ 1 r 300 VOL TS fr... '
\ I ll PER TURN
\ \ LI
' "

(A} NORMAL COIL (C) SHORT- CIRCUITEO COI L

¡ fl
I 'I I ....,, 6 0 0 VOLTS f -
1 I V
PER TURN

1
u

(8) NORMAL COIL (0 ) SHORT-CIRCU ITED COIL

Figure A.4-Waveforms of short-circuited and normal coils tested directly connected,

in the iron

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Std 522-2004 IEEE GUIDE FOR TESTING TURN INSULATION OF FORM-WOUND

A.4 Further details

For further details concerning this method, such as the design of laminated-iron sections, see Oliver, et al.
IB421 .

A.5 Marx Generator circuit

30Mn SPARKGAP

200

Cg e,
40 nF 0.6 nF

CHARGING RESISTOR
GENERATOR STORAGE CAPACITOR
TAIL RESISTOR
FRONT RESISTOR
LOAD CAPACITOR
RESISTIVE POTENTIAL DIVIDER

Figure A.5-Schematic circuit for Marx Generator

Circuit parameters are for guidance only. Other appropriate values may be used to produce the required
impulse shape.

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STATOR COILS FOR ALTERNATING-CURRENT ELECTRIC MACHINES Std 522-2004

Annex B

(informative)

Sample test form

Name - - - - - - - - - - - - Machine SIN - - - - - - - Test No. - - - - - -

Date - - - - - - - Manufacturer - - - - - - - - - - - - - Time - - - - - - -

Insulation Resistance Test

lmin _ _ _ __ 10min _ _ __ P.J. _ __ Passed: Yes No

1 min (40 ºC) _ _ _ __ 10 min (40 ºC) _ _ _ _ _ _ Temp. _ _ Re!. Hum. _ _ _ __

Test Equipment: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _S/N: _ _ _ _ _ _ _Cal. Date: Cal. Due: _ _ __

Electrical Yoltage Impulse Test

Test Equipment: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _S/N: _ _ _ _ _ _ _Cal. Date: _ _ _Cal. Due: _ _ __

Test Equipment: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _S/N: _ _ _ _ _ _ _Cal. Date: _ _ _Cal. Due: _ _ __

Total No. of Coils: _ _ _ _ _Coils Passed: _ _ _ _ _Coils Failed: - - - - - - - -

Impedance/ Impulse test Impedance/ Impulse test Imped ance/ Impulse test
Coil Coil Coil
Resistan ce Passed Failed Resistan ce Passed Failed Resistan ce Passed Failed

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Std 522-2004 IEEE GUIDE FOR TESTING TURN INSULATION OF FORM -WOUND

Extra Coil Destructive Test

1. Test Leve] (kY): - - - - Test Levcl (PU*): ____Failure Location: - - - - - - -

2. Test Leve] (kY): - - - - Test Levcl (PU*): ____Failure Location: - - - - - - -

3. Test Leve] (kY): - - - - Test Levcl (PU*): ____Failure Location: - - - - - - -

Comments: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

*per unit

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STATOR COILS FOR ALTERNATING-CURRENT ELECTRIC MACHINES Std 522-2004

Annex C

(informative)

Bibliography

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transients," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, EC-2, no. 4, pp. 638-645, Dcc. 1987.

IB21 Bacvarov, D. C. and Sharma, D. K., "Risk of winding insulation breakdown in Jarge ac motors caused
by steep switching surges, part l: computed switching surges, and part ll: probabilistic risk assessment,"
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IB31 Baltensperger, P. and Meyer, H ., "Overvoltages resulting from the disconncction of high voltage
motors," Brown Boveri Review, vol. 40, no. 9, pp. 342- 350, 1953.

IB41 Bartnikas, R. and McMahon, E. J. , Editors, "Engineering Dicleetrics, Vol. 1 Corona Measurement and
lnterpretation ," Stp. 669, West Conshohocken, Pa. ASTM, 1979.

IB51 Chowdhuri, P. , "Fault detection in three-phase rotating machines," IEEE Transactions on Power Appa-
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IB61 Christiansen, K. A. and Pedersen, A., "An experimental study of impulse voltage phenomena in a large
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IB71 Cornick, K. J. and Thompson, T. R. , "Stcep-fronted switching voltage transients and their distribution
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IB81 Dakin, T. W. and Berg, D., " Progress in dielectrics," Theory of Gas Breakdowns, vol. 4, Academic
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IB91 Dick, E. P. , Gupta, B. K., Pillai, P., Narang, A., and Sharma, D. K., "Equivalent circuits for simulating
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IB 101 Dick, E. P., Gupta, B. K., Pillai , P., Narang, A., and Sharma, D. K., "Practica) calculations of switch-
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IBI 11 Dick, E. P, Gupta, B. K., Pillai , P., Narang, A., Lauber, T. S., and Sharma, D. K., "Prestriking volt-
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18121 Elcctricity Supply lndustry, "Testing the insulation systems of stator coils for rotating clectrical
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1B131 EPRI Project RP 2307-1, "Turn insulation capability of large ac motors," Final Report, EPRI EL-
5862, vol. 1and2,July 1988.

Copyright© 2004 IEEE. All rights reserved. 15

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IEEE
Std 522-2004 IEEE GUIDE FOR TESTING TURN INSULATION OF FORM-WOUND

18141 Foust, C. M. and Rohats, N., " Insulation testing of electrical windings," Tra.nsactions of the AfEE,
vol. 62, pp. 203- 206, 1943 .

IBIS! Greenwood , A. and Glinkowski, M., "Voltage escalation in vacuum switching operations," IEEE
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18161 Gupta, B. K., Lloyd, B. A., Dick, E. P., Narang, A., Greenwood, A. N., and Sharma, D. K., "Switch-
ing surges at large ac motors," Paper 11 -07, 1988 Session of CIGRE, International Conference on Large
High Voltage Electric Systems, París, France.

18171 Gupta, B. K., Lloyd, B. A., Stone, G. C., Campbell, S. R., Sharma, D. K., and Nilsson, N. E., "Turn
insulation capability of large ac motors, part 1-surge monitoring," IEEE Transa.ctions on Energy Conver-
sion, EC-2, no.4, pp. 658-665, Dec. 1987.

18181 Gupta, B. K., Lloyd, B. A., Stone, G. C., Sharma, D. K., and Fitzgerald, J . P., 'T urn insulation capa-
bility of large ac motors, part 2 - impulse strength," IEEE Tra.nsactions on Energy Conversion, EC-2, No. 4,
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18191 Gupta, B. K. , Lloyd , B. A., Stone, G. C., Sharma, D. K., Nilsson, N. E., and Fitzgerald, J . P., "Turn
insulation capability of large ac motors, part 3 - insulation coordination," IEEE Transactions on Energy
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18201 Heller, B. and Veverka, A., "Surge phenomena in clectrical machines," London, England: Iliffe
Books, Ltd., 1968.

18211IEC60034- 15, 1995. Rotating Electric Machinery, Part 15 , Impulse voltage withstand levcls of rotat-
ing AC machines with form-wound coils.

18221 IEEE 100 , The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms, Seventh Edition.

18231 "Impulse testing of rotating ac machines," AJEE Committce Report, AIEE Transactions, vol. 79, part
III , pp. 182- 188 , 1960.

18241 " Impulse voltage strength of ac rotating machines," IEEE Working Group Report, IEEE Transactions
on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS- 100, pp. 4041-4053, 1981 .

18251 Jackson, D. W. , "Surge protection of rotating machines," Chapter 8 of IEEE Course on Surges, IEEE
Publication No. 79EO 144-6-PWR, 1978.

18261 Jackson, D. W., "Survey of failures of surge protective capacitors and arresters on ac rotating
machines," Report by Working Group 3.4.9 of Surge Protective Devices Committee, IEEE Transa.ctions on
Power Delivery, PWRD vol. 4, no. 3 , pp. 1725- 1730, July 1989.

18271 Kaufmann, R. H., " Recommendations for surge voltage protection of motors in industrial power sys-
tems," Industrial Power Systems, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 4-6, June 1966.

18281 Khalifa, M., " High-Voltage Engineering - Thcory and Practice," Published by Marcel Dekker Inc.,
New York , 1983 .

18291 Koutsoukas, A., "A re-evaluation of motor insulation surge withstand capability ," Presented at Edison
Electric Institute, ESE Committee, San Diego, CA, Feb. 15 , 1983 .

18301 Koutsoukos, A. and Hadad , S. Z., "Vacuum circuit breaker and motor insulation surge withstand,"
Presentcd at American Power Conference, April 24-26, 1984.

16 Copyright© 2004 IEEE. All rights reserved.

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STATOR COILS FOR ALTERNATING-CURRENT ELECTRIC MACHINES Std 522-2004

18311 Krankel , D. and Schuler, R. A., "Method for checking the turn insulation of form-wound coil wind-
ings for high-voltage rotating machines," Brown Boveri Review, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 191 - 196, 1970.

18321 Laforte, J. T., McCoy, R.M. and Sharma, D. K. , "Impulse voltage capability of rotating machine
insulation as determined from modcl spccimens," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, EC-3, no. 1,
pp. 149- 157 , Mar. 1988.

18331 McLaren, P. G. and Abdel-Rahman, M. H. , "Steep-fronted surges applied to large ac motors - effcct
of surge capacitor value and Jead Jength," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, PWRD-3, pp. 990- 997,
July 1988.

18341 Moses, G. L , and Harter, E. F., "Winding-fault detection and Jocation by surge comparison testing,"
Transactions ofthe AJEE, vol. 64, pp. 499- 503, 1945.

18351 Musil, R. J., Wenger, S., and Scherer, K., " Practica] considerations concerning impulse voltage test-
ing of form-wound coils for rotating machines," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, EC-3, pp. 111-
115 , Mar. 1988.

18361 Narang, A., Gupta, 8. K., Dick, E. P. , and Sharma, D. K., "Measurement and analysis of surge distri-
bution in motor stator windings," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, EC-4, no. 1, pp. 126-134, Mar.
1989.

18371 Nassar, O.M., "Effect of surge wave reflection inside a motor on voltage distribution across stator
windings," IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems, PAS-104, no. 4, pp. 882- 889, April 1985.

18381 Nassar, O. M ., "Effects of system parameters and circuit breaker characteristics on large synchronous
motors," IEEE Transaction on Energy Conversion, EC-3, no. 1, pp. 95- 101, Mar. 1988.

18391 Nassar, O.M., "Motor insulation degradation dueto switching surges and surge protection require-
ments," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, EC-1, no. 3, pp. 182- 189, Sept. 1986.

18401 Nassar, O.M., "The use of partial discharge testing in the evaluation of interturn insulation failure of
Jarge motors," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, EC-2, no. 4, pp. 615- 621, Dec. 1987.

18411 Oil Companies Materials Association (OCMA), Specification No. Elec. 1, "Three-phase induction
Motors," July 1981.

18421 Oliver, J . A., Woodson , H. H. , and Johnson, J. S., "A turn insulation test for stator coils," IEEE Trans-
actions on Power Apparatus and Systems, PAS-87, no. 3, pp. 669- 678, 1968.

18431 Petrov, G. N. and Abramov, A. l., " Impulse voltages between turns in the windings of elcctric
machines under surge conditions," Elektrichestvo, no. 7, pp. 24-31, 1954 .

18441 Reckleff, J. G., Nclson, J. K., Musil , R. J ., and Wenger, S., "Characterization of fast rise-time tran-
sients when energizing large 13.2 kY motors," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, PWRD-3, pp. 627-
636, April 1988.

18451 Rhudy, R. G. , Owen, E. L., and Sharma, D. K., "Yoltage distribution among the coils and turns of a
form-wound ac rotating machine exposed to impulse voltage," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,
EC-1, pp. 50- 60. June 1986.

18461 Rudge, W. J . Jr., Hunter, E.M., and Wieseman , R. W. , " Protection of rotating ac machines against
travclling wave voltages," General Electric Review, Feb./Mar. 1938.

Copyright© 2004 IEEE. All rights reserved. 17

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Std 522-2004

IB471 Rudge, W. J ., Jr. , Wieseman, R. W., and Lewis, W. W., " Protection of rotating ac machines against
travclling wave voltages dueto lightning," Tra.nsactions of the AJEE, 1938.

1B48 I Rylander, J. L., " High frequency voltage test for insulation of rotating clectrical apparatus," Transac-
tions of the AlEE, vol. 45, pp. 459-465, 1962.

IB491 Sexton, R.M., "A survey of turn insulation on large ac motors," Proe. 1967 Seventh Electrieal lnsula-
tion Conference, IEEE Publication 32C79, pp. 71 - 73.

IB501 Sexton, R.M. and Alke, R. J., "Detection of turn-to-turn faults in large high-voltage turbine genera-
tors," Transactions of the AJEE, vol. 70, pt 1, pp. 270- 274, 1951.

IB51 I Shankle, D. F., Edwards, R. F., and Moses, G. L. , "Surge protection for pipeline motors," IEEE
Tra.nsactions on lndustry and General Applica.tions, IGA-4, no. 2, pp. 171- 176, 1968.

IB521 Sills, H. R. and McKeever, J. L., "Characteristics of split-phase currents as a source of generator pro-
tection," AJEE Transactions (Power Appara.tus and Systems), vol. 72, pp. 1005- 1014, Oct. 1953.

IB531 Simmons, E., "Turn testing of rotating machinery ," Doble Client Conference, Jan. 1964.

IB541 Stranges, M. K. W. , Snopek, D. A., Younsi , A. K. , Dymond , J. H.,"Effeet of Surge Testing on Unim-
pregnated Ground lnsulation of VPI Stator Coils," IEEE Transactions on lndustry Applica.tions, vol. 38,
pp.1460- 1465, Sept/Oct. 2002.

IB551 Tempelaar, H. G. , "Determination of transient overvoltages caused by switching of high voltage

motors," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, EC-3, no. 4, pp. 806-814, Dec. 1988.

IB561 Wellaner, M. A., "New arrangement for testing the insulation of the turns of machine coils," Bulletin
Oerlikon, vol. 251, pp. 1624-1626, 1944.

IB571 Wright, M. T., Yang, S. J., and McLeay, K., "General theory of fast-fronted interturn voltage distribu-
tion in electrical maehine windings," Proceedings ofthe IEE, vol. 130 , pt. B., no. 4, pp. 245- 256, July 1983.

IB581 Wright, M. T. , Yang, S. J., and McLeay, K., "The influence of coi] and surge parameters on transient
interturn voltage distribution in stator windings," Proceedings of the IEE, vol. 130, pt. B, no. 4, pp. 257-
264, July 1983.

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