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ES 102 ST1 Reviewer

The document provides important notes and equations across 10 modules related to stress, strain, deformation, and torsion. Some key points covered include: - Types of normal and shear stress and strain - Parts of a conventional stress-strain diagram for ductile materials - Hooke's law, Poisson's ratio, and relationships between modulus values - Deformation equations for axially loaded members and effects of temperature - Second moment of area, parallel axis theorem, and radius of gyration - Strain distribution, shear stress distribution, and polar moments of inertia for shafts - Angle of twist equation and compatibility conditions for torsion members

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ClarenceMillares
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81 views10 pages

ES 102 ST1 Reviewer

The document provides important notes and equations across 10 modules related to stress, strain, deformation, and torsion. Some key points covered include: - Types of normal and shear stress and strain - Parts of a conventional stress-strain diagram for ductile materials - Hooke's law, Poisson's ratio, and relationships between modulus values - Deformation equations for axially loaded members and effects of temperature - Second moment of area, parallel axis theorem, and radius of gyration - Strain distribution, shear stress distribution, and polar moments of inertia for shafts - Angle of twist equation and compatibility conditions for torsion members

Uploaded by

ClarenceMillares
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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IMPORTANT NOTES AND EQUATIONS (ES 102 – ST 1)

Module 1

Module 2
Types of Stress
𝑃
• Normal: perpendicular component of force acting on an area (𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑒 = )
𝐴
o Axial: under axial loading (two force applied on longitudinal axis)
o Bearing: between two surfaces
𝑉
• Shear: parallel component of force acting on an area (𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑒 = )
𝐴
o Direct: due to direct action of applied load (either single or double)

o Punching: resist punching of hole through a surface due to action of


concentrated loads

Module 3
Types of Strain
δ
• Normal: axial deformation per unit length of the member (𝜀 = )
𝐿
• Shear: change in angle between two initially perpendicular lines along a
𝜋
body (𝛾 = − 𝜃)
2

Small Strain Analysis: assumes deformation within a body are infinitesimal


• 𝜀≪1
• sin Δ𝜃 ≈ Δ𝜃; tan Δ𝜃 ≈ Δ𝜃
• cos Δ𝜃 ≈ 1
• 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 ≈ 𝑦
Module 4
Parts of Conventional Stress-Strain Diagram (ductile materials)
• Elastic region: stress-strain relationship is linear; specimen returns to
original shape without permanent deformation
o Proportional limit: upper limit of linearity
o Elastic limit: upper limit of elastic region
o Hooke’s Law: relationship showing linearity (𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀)
• Yielding: increase in strain (continue in deformation) without increase in
stress (no additional load applied); only portion of strain is recovered
(plastic behavior)
• Strain-hardening: material can now withstand higher amounts of stress
o Ultimate stress: upper limit of strain-hardening region

• Necking: cross-sectional area begins to decrease noticeably in a localized


region of the specimen; force required decreases; only present in ductile
materials
o Fracture stress: end of necking region; point where material breaks
Ductile materials: large elongation involved prior to failure
Brittle materials: no significant elongation before breaking

Module 5
Poisson’s ratio: ratio of lateral strains to longitudinal strains; usually between 0
and 0.5 (0 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ 0.5)

𝜀𝑥 1 −𝑣 −𝑣 𝜎𝑥
1
Generalized Hooke’s Law: [𝜀𝑦 ] = [−𝑣 1 −𝑣] [𝜎𝑦 ]
𝐸
𝜀𝑧 −𝑣 −𝑣 1 𝜎𝑧

Hooke’s Law for Strain: 𝜏 = 𝐺𝛾

Relationship of modulus of rigidity, modulus of elasticity, and Poisson’s ratio: 𝐺 =


𝐸
2(1+𝑣)

Factor of Safety: value that specifies the amount of load a structure is subjected
𝜎
into (𝐹𝑆 = 𝑢𝑙𝑡 > 1)
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤

Module 6
Saint-Venant’s Principle: stress distribution may be assumed independent of the
mode of the load application except in the immediate vicinity of the point of the
application

𝐿 𝑃
Deformation on Axially Loaded Members (Application of Load): 𝛿𝑃 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 =
𝐴𝐸
𝑃𝐿
𝐴𝐸

Relationship of Deformation of a Member and Displacement of Points in a


𝑃𝐿
Member: 𝛿𝐵/𝐴 = Δ𝐵 − Δ𝐴 = ( )
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐵
Types of Geometry of Deformation
• Coaxial or Parallel Axial Members
o No gap: 𝛿1 = 𝛿2
o Gap in one of the members: 𝛿1 + 𝑔𝑎𝑝 = 𝛿2

• Axial Members Connected End to End in Series


o No gap: 𝛿1 + 𝛿2 = 0
o With gap in between: 𝛿1 + 𝛿2 = 𝑔𝑎𝑝

𝛿1 𝛿2
• Axial Members and a Rotating Rigid Element: =
𝑎 𝑏
Module 7
Deformation on Axially Loaded Members (Temperature Effects): 𝛿𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿Δ𝑇
Thermal Stress Experienced by a Restrained Member: 𝜎𝑇 = 𝐸𝛼Δ𝑇

Module 8
Second Moment of Area//Area Moment of Inertia
• With respect to the x-axis: ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴
• With respect to the y-axis: ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝐴

Parallel Axis Theorem: 𝐼 = 𝐼 ̅ + 𝐴𝑑 2

Polar Moment of Inertia: resistance of cross section to torsion acting on a


specified axis
• With respect to the origin: 𝐽0 = ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝐴 = 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦
Radius of Gyration

𝐼
• With respect to the x-axis: 𝑘𝑥 = √ 𝑥
𝐴
𝐼𝑦
• With respect to the y-axis: 𝑘𝑦 = √
𝐴
𝐽
• With respect to the origin (polar radius of gyration): 𝑘0 = √ 0 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦
𝐴

Module 9
𝑑𝜙 𝜌
Linear Strain Distribution Within a Cross Section: 𝛾 = 𝜌 ; 𝛾𝜌 = 𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑐
𝜌 𝑇𝜌
Shear Stress Distribution Within a Cross Section: 𝜏𝜌 = 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑐 𝐽

1 1
Polar Moment of Inertia of a Solid Circular Shaft: 𝐽0 = 𝜋𝑟 4 = 𝜋𝑑 4
2 32
1
Polar Moment of Inertia of a Hollow Circular Shaft: 𝐽0 = 𝜋(𝑅4 − 𝑟 4 ) =
2
1
𝜋(𝐷4 − 𝑑 4 )
32

Module 10
𝐿 𝑇 𝑇𝐿
Angle of Twist: 𝜙 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 =
𝐽𝐺 𝐽𝐺

Compatibility Conditions
• Case 1: Both end supports are fixed (𝜙𝐴/𝐵 = 𝜙𝐴/𝐶 + 𝜙𝐶/𝐵 = 𝜙1 + 𝜙2 = 0)
• Case 2: Coaxial Torsion Members (𝜙1 = 𝜙2 )

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