ChemE 132 LE 1 Reviewer

OUTLINE
• Introduction to Mass Transport, Diffusivities
• Shell Mass Balances in Stationary Media
• Interphase Mass Transport

INTRODUCTION TO MASS TRANSPORT, DIFFUSIVITIES

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Fick’s First Law of Diffusion: applies to steady-state diffusion

𝑑𝜔𝐴 𝑑𝑥𝐴
• In terms of one dimension (y-axis): 𝑗𝐴,𝑦 = −𝜌𝐷𝐴𝐵 ∗
; 𝐽𝐴,𝑦 = −𝑐𝐷𝐴𝐵
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
• In terms of the entire field: 𝑗𝐴 = −𝜌𝐷𝐴𝐵 ∇𝜔𝐴 ; 𝐽𝐴∗ = −𝑐𝐷𝐴𝐵 ∇𝑥𝐴
*𝑗𝐴 + 𝑗𝐵 = 0; 𝐽𝐴∗ + 𝐽𝐵∗ = 0

Different Types of Diffusion

• Mass Diffusion: described by Fick’s law
• Thermal Diffusion: due to difference in temperature
• Pressure Diffusion: due to pressure differences
• Forced Diffusion: due to application of external force (i.e. electricity)

Convective/Bulk Mass Flux: 𝑛𝑡 = 𝜌𝑣 = 𝑛𝐴 + 𝑛𝐵 ; 𝑁𝑡 = 𝑐𝑣 = 𝑁𝐴 + 𝑁𝐵

Total/Combined Flux Vector: 𝑛𝐴 = 𝜌𝐴 𝑣 + 𝑗𝐴 = 𝜔𝐴 (𝑛𝐴 + 𝑛𝐵 ) − 𝜌𝐷𝐴𝐵 ∇𝜔𝐴 ; 𝑁𝐴 =
𝑥𝐴 (𝑁𝐴 + 𝑁𝐵 ) − 𝑐𝐷𝐴𝐵 ∇𝑥𝐴

Transport Phenomena Comparison

𝑑𝑣𝑥
• Newton’s Law of Viscosity: 𝜏𝑦𝑥 = −𝜇
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑇
• Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction: 𝑞 = −𝑘
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝜔𝐴 𝑑𝑥𝐴
• Fick’s First Law of Diffusion: 𝑗𝐴,𝑦 = −𝜌𝐷𝐴𝐵 ∗
; 𝐽𝐴,𝑦 = −𝑐𝐷𝐴𝐵
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

*Unit for diffusivity is [length2 time-1]

Schmidt Number (Sc): shows relationship of momentum transfer and mass

𝑣 𝜇
transfer; 𝑆𝑐 = =
𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝜌𝐷𝐴𝐵

Lewis Number (Le): shows relationship of heat transfer and mass transfer; 𝐿𝑒 =
𝛼 𝑘
=
𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝐷𝐴𝐵

Methods for Determining Diffusivity Values

 • Experimental Diffusivity: tabulated for gas pairs, liquids, and solids
• Diffusivity Estimation
𝜌𝐷𝐴𝐵
o For gas pairs with low densities: 1 1 1 =
3 3 1 1 2
(𝑝𝑐,𝐴 𝑝𝑐,𝐵 ) (𝑇𝑐,𝐴 𝑇𝑐,𝐵 ) ( + )
𝑀𝐴 𝑀𝐵
𝑏
𝑇
𝑎( ) , where 𝑎 = 2.745 × 10−4 , 𝑏 = 1.823 for nonpolar gas
√𝑇𝑐,𝐴 𝑇𝑐,𝐵
pairs (except He and H2), and 𝑎 = 3.640 × 10−4 , 𝑏 = 2.334 for H2O
𝑐𝑚2
pairs with a nonpolar gas; 𝐷𝐴𝐵 is in , 𝑝 is in 𝑎𝑡𝑚, and 𝑇 is in 𝐾
𝑠
o Chapman-Enskog (for gas pairs): 𝐷𝐴𝐵 =
1 1 1
0.0018583√𝑇 3 ( + ) 𝑝𝜎2 , where (for nonpolar gas pairs)
𝑀𝐴 𝑀𝐵 𝐴𝐵 Ω𝐷𝐴𝐵
1 1.06036 0.1930 1.76474
𝜎𝐴𝐵 = (𝜎𝐴 + 𝜎𝐵 ), Ω𝐷𝐴𝐵 = (𝑇 ′)0.15610 + + ,
2 exp 0.47635𝑇 ′ exp 3.89411𝑇 ′
𝑇 𝜀𝐴𝐵 𝜀𝐴 𝜀𝐵 𝑐𝑚2
𝑇′ = 𝜀 , and =√ ; 𝐷𝐴𝐵 is in , 𝜎𝐴𝐵 is in Å, 𝑇 is in 𝐾, 𝑝 is
( 𝐴𝐵
𝑘
) 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑠

in 𝑎𝑡𝑚, and Ω𝐷𝐴𝐵 is unitless

o Wilke-Chang (for dilute solution of liquids, 278𝐾 ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 313 𝐾):
1
𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝜇𝐴𝐵 1.173×10−16 𝜙𝑀𝐵
2
𝑚2 𝑚3
= ; 𝐷𝐴𝐵 is in , 𝜇𝐵 is in 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠, 𝑉𝐴 is in ,
𝑇 𝑉𝐴0.6 𝑠 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
and 𝜑 is unitless

Lennard-Jones Potential: used to derive the Chapman-Enskog solution; 𝜑(𝑟) =

𝜎 12 𝜎 6
4𝜀 [( ) −( ) ]
𝑟 𝑟

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SHELL MASS BALANCES IN STATIONARY MEDIA

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*Flux variables in fixed space is the total flux (𝑛𝐴 , 𝑁𝐴 ), while flux variable moving
along the mass or molar average velocity is the diffusive flux (𝑗𝐴 , 𝐽𝐴 )
*The total (or convective) mass flux of a species is the sum of its convective
(advective) flux (𝜌𝐴 𝑣 = 𝜔𝐴 (𝑛𝐴 + 𝑛𝐵 )) and its diffusive flux (−𝜌𝐷𝐴𝐵 ∇𝜔𝐴 )

Shell Mass Balance: can be used to determine the concentration profile of a

species in a system; 𝑅𝐴,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑅𝐴,𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑅𝐴,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0
Assumptions for Shell Mass Balance
• Made over a thin shell of fluid or solid
• Modeled inside a continuous phase
• Made infinitesimally small, hence form is in differential equation
• Requires constants of integration (boundary conditions, based on order of
the differential equation)

Types of Boundary Conditions for Shell Mass Balance

• Dirichlet: concentration is specified at boundaries
• Neumann: molar flux is specified at the boundaries
• Robin: molar flux at interphase is specified, or the rate of chemical reaction
at the surface is specified

Different Scenarios for Consideration

• Diffusion of Gases in a Two-Bulb Experment
• Diffusion through a Stagnant Film
• Diffusion of Gases through Solids
• Diffusion Away from a Slightly Soluble Sphere
~~Diffusion of Gases in a Two-Bulb Experment~~
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Setup • Lower bulb and tube from z = 0 to z = -L filled with denser

gas
• Upper bulb and tube from z = L to z = 0 filled with lighter
gas
Assumptions • Both bulbs are well-mixed
• Quasi-steady state
• Constant temperature and pressure, ideal gas
Boundary • BC1: At 𝑧 = 𝐿, 𝑥𝐴 = 𝑥𝐴+
Conditions • BC2: At 𝑧 = −𝐿, 𝑥𝐴 = 𝑥𝐴− = 1 − 𝑥𝐴+
Shell Balance 𝑆𝑁𝐴𝑧 − 𝑆𝑁𝐴𝑧+Δz = 0
Equation and 𝑆𝑁𝐴𝑧 − 𝑆𝑁𝐴𝑧+Δ𝑧
Complete ⟹ =0
𝑆Δ𝑧
Solution 𝑁𝐴 − 𝑁𝐴𝑧+Δ𝑧 𝑑𝑁𝐴,𝑧
⟹ lim 𝑧 = =0
Δ𝑧→0 Δ𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑥𝐴 𝑑𝑥𝐴
⟹ 𝑁𝐴,𝑧 = 𝐶 = 𝑥𝐴 (𝑁𝐴 + 𝑁𝐵 ) − 𝑐𝐷𝐴𝐵 = −𝑐𝐷𝐴𝐵
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑁𝐴,𝑧
⟹ 𝑥𝐴 (𝑧) = − 𝑧 + 𝐶1
𝑐𝐷𝐴𝐵
Assumption as • Equimolar Counterdiffusion (EMD): 𝑁𝐴,𝑧 = −𝑁𝐵,𝑧
Additional o 𝑥𝐴 + 𝑥𝐵 = 1 is maintained, no vacuum in system
Equation
𝑁 𝑁
Particular Using BC1: 𝐶1 = 𝑥𝐴+ + 𝐴,𝑧 𝐿 and 𝑥𝐴 (𝑧) − 𝑥𝐴+ = 𝐴,𝑧 (𝐿 − 𝑧)
𝑐𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝐷𝐴𝐵
Solution
 1 𝑐𝐷𝐴𝐵
Using BC2: 𝑁𝐴,𝑧 = ( − 𝑥𝐴+ ) and 𝑥𝐴 (𝑧) − 𝑥𝐴+ =
2 𝐿
1 𝑧
(2 − 𝑥𝐴+ ) (1 − 𝐿)
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~~Diffusion through a Stagnant Film~~

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Setup • Liquid A level is maintained at 𝑧 = 𝑧1

Assumptions • At 𝑧 = 𝑧1 , A is in VLE with B
• B is insoluble in liquid A
• Velocity profile along 𝑟 is neglected
• Steady-state
• Temperature and pressure are constant, ideal gas
Boundary • BC1: At 𝑧 = 𝑧1 , 𝑥𝐴 = 𝑥𝐴,1
Conditions • BC2: At 𝑧 = 𝑧2 , 𝑥𝐴 = 𝑥𝐴,2
Shell Balance 𝑆𝑁𝐴𝑧 − 𝑆𝑁𝐴𝑧+Δ𝑧 = 0
Equation and 𝑆𝑁𝐴𝑧 − 𝑆𝑁𝐴𝑧+Δ𝑧
Complete ⟹ =0
𝑆Δ𝑧
Solution 𝑁𝐴 − 𝑁𝐴𝑧+Δ𝑧 𝑑𝑁𝐴,𝑧 𝑑 𝑐𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑑𝑥𝐴
⟹ lim 𝑧 = = (− )=0
Δ𝑧→0 Δ𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝑥𝐴 𝑑𝑧
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑥𝐴
⟹ ( )=0
𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝑥𝐴 𝑑𝑧
 1 𝑑𝑥𝐴
⟹ = 𝐶1
1 − 𝑥𝐴 𝑑𝑧
⟹ − ln(1 − 𝑥𝐴 (𝑧)) = 𝐶1 𝑧 + 𝐶2
⟹ − ln(1 − 𝑥𝐴 (𝑧)) = (− ln 𝐾1 )𝑧 − ln 𝐾2
⟹ 1 − 𝑥𝐴 (𝑧) = 𝐾1𝑧 𝐾2
Assumption as • Unimolecular Diffusiom (UMD): 𝑁𝐵,𝑧 = 0
Additional 𝑐𝐷 𝑑𝑥
o 𝑁𝐴,𝑧 = − 𝐴𝐵 𝐴
1−𝑥𝐴 𝑑𝑧
Equation
o 𝑥𝐴 + 𝑥𝐵 = 1 is maintained, but no movement for
species B
𝑧
Particular Using BC1: 1 − 𝑥𝐴,1 = 𝐾1 1 𝐾2
𝑧
Solution Using BC2: 1 − 𝑥𝐴,2 = 𝐾1 2 𝐾2
𝑧 −𝑧 1 − 𝑥𝐴,2
⟹ 𝐾1 2 1 =
1 − 𝑥𝐴,1
1
1 − 𝑥𝐴,2 𝑧2 −𝑧1
⟹ 𝐾1 = ( )
1 − 𝑥𝐴,1
Substituting to the equation derived using BC1: 1 − 𝑥𝐴,1 =
𝑧1
1−𝑥 𝑧2 −𝑧1
(1−𝑥𝐴,2) 𝐾2
𝐴,1
−𝑧1
1 − 𝑥𝐴,2 𝑧2−𝑧1
⟹ 𝐾2 = (1 − 𝑥𝐴,1 ) ( )
1 − 𝑥𝐴,1
𝑧−𝑧1
1 − 𝑥𝐴 (𝑧) 1 − 𝑥𝐴,2 𝑧2 −𝑧1
⟹ =( )
1 − 𝑥𝐴,1 1 − 𝑥𝐴,1
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~~Diffusion of Gases through Solids~~

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Setup • Cross section of a tubing with natural gas flowing inside
• Natural gas diffuses into the tubing radially
Assumptions • Steady-state, constant temperature and pressure
• Along the length of tube far from the ends (no z
dependence)
• Small solubility of natural gas but not negligible
Boundary • BC1: At 𝑟 = 𝑅1 , 𝑐𝐴 = 𝑐𝐴,1
Conditions • BC2: At 𝑟 = 𝑅2 , 𝑐𝐴 = 𝑐𝐴,2
Shell Balance 𝑁𝐴𝑟 (2𝜋𝐿𝑟) − 𝑁𝐴𝑟+Δ𝑟 (2𝜋𝐿(𝑟 + Δ𝑟))
Equation and = 2𝜋𝐿(𝑁𝐴 𝑟)|𝑟 − 2𝜋𝐿(𝑁𝐴 𝑟)|𝑟+Δ𝑟 = 0
Complete 2𝜋𝐿(𝑁𝐴𝑟 𝑟)| − 2𝜋𝐿(𝑁𝐴𝑟 𝑟)|
𝑟 𝑟+Δ𝑟
Solution ⟹ =0
2𝜋𝐿Δ𝑟
(𝑁𝐴𝑟 𝑟)|𝑟 − (𝑁𝐴𝑟 𝑟)|𝑟+Δ𝑟 𝑑(𝑁𝐴 𝑟)
𝑟
⟹ lim =
Δ𝑟→0 Δ𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑑 𝑑𝑥𝐴
= (−𝑐𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑟) = 0
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑑 𝑑𝑐𝐴
⟹ ( 𝑟) = 0
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑐𝐴
⟹ 𝑟 = 𝐶1
𝑑𝑟
⟹ 𝑐𝐴 (𝑟) = 𝐶1 ln 𝑟 + 𝐶2
Assumption as • 𝑥𝐴 (𝑁𝐴 + 𝑁𝐵 ) = 0
Additional 𝑑𝑥
o 𝑁𝐴 = −𝑐𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐴
𝑑𝑟
Equation o Species B is solid, so no bulk motion is present
Particular Using BC1: 𝑐𝐴,1 = 𝐶1 ln 𝑅1 + 𝐶2
Solution Using BC2: 𝑐𝐴,2 = 𝐶1 ln 𝑅2 + 𝐶2
𝑅1
⟹ 𝑐𝐴,1 − 𝑐𝐴,2 = 𝐶1 ln ( )
𝑅2
𝑐𝐴,1 − 𝑐𝐴,2
⟹ 𝐶1 =
𝑅
ln ( 1 )
𝑅2
Substituting to the equation derived using BC2: 𝑐𝐴,2 =
𝑐𝐴,1 −𝑐𝐴,2
𝑅1 ln 𝑅2 + 𝐶2
ln( )
𝑅2
𝑐𝐴,1 − 𝑐𝐴,2
⟹ 𝐶2 = 𝑐𝐴,2 − ln 𝑅2
𝑅1
ln ( )
𝑅2
 𝑟
𝑐𝐴 (𝑟) − 𝑐𝐴,2 ln (𝑅2 )
⟹ =
𝑐𝐴,1 − 𝑐𝐴,2 𝑅
ln ( 1 )
𝑅2
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~~Diffusion Away from a Slightly Soluble Sphere~~

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Setup • A solid, slightly soluble sphere A is suspended in a

stationary liquid B
Assumptions • Diffusion of A is very small
• Amount of A is very small
Boundary • BC1: At 𝑟 = 𝑅, 𝑥𝐴 = 𝑥𝐴,1
Conditions • BC2: At 𝑟 → ∞, 𝑥𝐴 = 𝑥𝐴,∞
Shell Balance 𝑁𝐴𝑟 (4𝜋𝑟 2 ) − 𝑁𝐴𝑟+Δ𝑟 (4𝜋(𝑟 + Δ𝑟)2 )
Equation and = 4𝜋(𝑁𝐴 𝑟 2 )|𝑟 − 4𝜋(𝑁𝐴 𝑟 2 )|𝑟+Δ𝑟 = 0
Complete 4𝜋(𝑁𝐴𝑟 𝑟 2 )| − 4𝜋(𝑁𝐴𝑟 𝑟 2 )|
𝑟 𝑟+Δ𝑟
Solution ⟹ =0
4𝜋Δ𝑟
(𝑁𝐴𝑟 𝑟 2 )|𝑟 − (𝑁𝐴𝑟 𝑟 2 )|𝑟+Δ𝑟 𝑑(𝑁𝐴 𝑟 2 )
𝑟
⟹ lim =
Δ𝑟→0 Δ𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑑 𝑑𝑥𝐴 2
= (−𝑐𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑟 )=0
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑑 𝑑𝑥𝐴 2
⟹ ( 𝑟 )=0
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑥𝐴 2
⟹ 𝑟 = 𝐶1
𝑑𝑟
𝐶1
⟹ 𝑥𝐴 (𝑟) = − + 𝐶2
𝑟
 Assumption as • 𝑥𝐴 (𝑁𝐴 + 𝑁𝐵 ) = 0
Additional 𝑑𝑥
o 𝑁𝐴 = −𝑐𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐴
𝑑𝑟
Equation
o Due to minute diffusion of A in B
Particular 𝐶
Using BC2: 𝐶2 = 𝑥𝐴,∞ and 𝑥𝐴 (𝑟) = − 1 + 𝑥𝐴,∞
𝑟
Solution 𝑥𝐴 (𝑟)−𝑥𝐴,∞ 𝑅
Using BC1: 𝐶1 = −𝑅(𝑥𝐴,1 − 𝑥𝐴,∞ ) and =
𝑥𝐴,1 −𝑥𝐴,∞ 𝑟
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INTERPHASE MASS TRANSPORT

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𝛿𝑣
Peclet Number: ratio of convection rate to the diffusion rate of a species;
𝐷

Mass Transfer Coefficients: proportionality constant between mass transfer rate

and the related gradient; defined depending on the units of the gradient (𝑁𝐴 =
𝑘𝑥 Δ𝑥𝐴 = 𝑘𝑦 Δ𝑦𝐴 = 𝑘𝐶 Δ𝐶𝐴 = 𝑘𝑝 Δ𝑝𝐴 )

Schmidt Number (Sc, NSc): ratio of the momentum diffusion to the

𝜇
molecular/mass diffusion; 𝑆𝑐 =
𝜌𝐷𝐴𝐵

Sherwood Number (Sh, NSh): ratio of the convective interphase mass transfer to
𝑘𝑐 𝐿
the diffusion; 𝑆ℎ = ; highly dependent on geometry
𝐷𝐴𝐵

Equations of Continuity
Dimension With Bulk Motion Without Bulk Motion
General 𝜕𝐶𝐴 𝜕𝐶𝐴
+ (𝑣 ∗ ∙ ∇𝐶𝐴 ) = 𝐷𝐴𝐵 ∇2 𝐶𝐴
Equation 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
= 𝐷𝐴𝐵 ∇2 𝐶𝐴
+ (𝑥𝐵 𝑅𝐴 − 𝑥𝐴 𝑅𝐴 )
Cartesian 𝜕𝐶𝐴 𝜕𝐶𝐴 𝜕𝐶𝐴 𝜕𝐶𝐴 𝜕 2 𝐶𝐴 𝜕 2 𝐶𝐴
+ 𝑣𝑥∗ + 𝑣𝑦∗ = 𝐷𝐴𝐵 ( 2 +
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕𝐶 𝐴 𝜕 2 𝐶𝐴
+ 𝑣𝑧∗ + )
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2
𝜕 2 𝐶𝐴
= 𝐷𝐴𝐵 ( 2
𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝐶𝐴 𝜕 2 𝐶𝐴
2
+ + )
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
+ (𝑥𝐵 𝑅𝐴 − 𝑥𝐴 𝑅𝐴 )
Cylindrical 𝜕𝐶𝐴 ∗
𝜕𝐶𝐴 𝑣𝜃∗ 𝜕𝐶𝐴 𝜕𝐶𝐴 1𝜕 𝜕𝐶𝐴
+ 𝑣𝑟 + = 𝐷𝐴𝐵 ( (𝑟 )
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝜕𝑡 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝐶𝐴 1 𝜕 2 𝐶𝐴 𝜕 2 𝐶𝐴
+ 𝑣𝑧∗ + 2 + )
𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑧 2
𝜕 2 𝐶𝐴
= 𝐷𝐴𝐵 ( 2
𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝐶𝐴 𝜕 2 𝐶𝐴
2
+ + )
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
+ (𝑥𝐵 𝑅𝐴 − 𝑥𝐴 𝑅𝐴 )
Spherical 𝜕𝐶𝐴
𝜕𝑡
1 𝜕 𝜕𝐶𝐴
= 𝐷𝐴𝐵 ( 2 (𝑟 2 )
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
1 𝜕 𝜕𝐶𝐴
+ 2 (sin 𝜃 )
𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
1 𝜕 2 𝐶𝐴
+ 2 2 )
𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜙 2

Different Scenarios for Consideration

• Diffusion in a Falling Liquid Film
• Diffusion of a Fluid Flowing across a Flat Plate
• Diffusion inside a Cylindrical Tube
• Diffusion in Flow around Spheres
~~Diffusion in a Falling Liquid Film~~
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Setup • Liquid film B is falling in the z-direction

• Left side is exposed to gas A which is slightly soluble in B
Assumptions • z-direction movement is by convection, x-direction
movement is by diffusion
• No end-effects
Boundary • BC1: At 𝑧 = 0, 𝐶𝐴 = 0
Conditions • BC2: At 𝑥 = 0, 𝐶𝐴 = 𝐶𝐴,0
• BC3: At 𝑥 = 𝛿, 𝐶𝐴 = 0 (simplified version of “At 𝑥 = 𝛿,
𝜕𝐶𝐴
= 0 to not result in an infinite series)
𝜕𝑥
Equation of ∗
𝜕𝐶𝐴 𝜕 2 𝐶𝐴
Continuity and 𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑧 = 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝜕𝑥 2
Complete 𝐶𝐴 (𝑥, 𝑧) 𝑥
⟹ = erfc
Solution 𝐶𝐴,0 4𝐷 𝑧
√ 𝐴𝐵
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝐶𝐴 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
⟹ 𝑁𝐴,𝑥 |𝑥=0 = −𝐷𝐴𝐵 | = 𝐶𝐴,0 √
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0 𝜋𝑧
 𝑊 𝐿 𝑊 𝐿
𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
⟹ 𝑊𝐴 = ∫ ∫ 𝑁𝐴,𝑥 |𝑥=0 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ 𝐶𝐴,0 √ 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦
0 0 0 0 𝜋𝑧

4𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 𝑊𝐿𝐶𝐴,0 √ = 𝑘𝐶 𝐴Δ𝐶𝐴
𝜋𝐿
= 𝑘𝐶 (𝑊𝐿)(𝐶𝐴,0 − 0)
4𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
⟹ 𝑘𝐶 = √
𝜋𝐿
Additional 𝜌𝑔𝛿 2 cos 𝛽 𝑥 2 𝑥 2
• 𝑣𝑧 = [1 − (𝛿) ] = 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 [1 − (𝛿) ]
Equations 2𝜇
• 𝑥𝐴 (𝑁𝐴 + 𝑁𝐵 )|𝑥=0 = 0
𝑑𝐶
o 𝑁𝐴,𝑥 |𝑥=0 = −𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐴 |
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0
o No bulk motion along x-direction
Relationship
𝑘𝐶 𝐿 4𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐿 4 𝐿𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝜌 𝜇
Between 𝑆ℎ = =√ =√ ( )( )
𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝜋𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝜋 𝜇 𝜌𝐷𝐴𝐵
Sherwood
1
Number and = 1.128(𝑅𝑒𝑆𝑐)2
Mass Transfer
Coefficient
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~~Diffusion of a Fluid Flowing across a Flat Plate~~

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Setup • Fluid with velocity 𝑢0 flows against a flat plate

Assumptions • At boundary layer thickness 𝛿, flow is modeled by Navier-
Stokes assuming laminar flow
 Boundary • BC1: At 𝑥 = 0, 𝐶𝐴 = 𝐶𝐴,0
Conditions • BC2: At 𝑧 = 0, 𝐶𝐴 = 𝐶𝐴,𝐼
• BC3: At 𝑧 = ∞, 𝐶𝐴 = 𝐶𝐴,0
• BC4: At 𝑥 = 𝛿, 𝐶𝐴 = 0 (simplified version of “At 𝑥 = 𝛿,
𝜕𝐶𝐴
= 0 to not result in an infinite series)
𝜕𝑥
Equation of 𝜕𝐶𝐴 𝜕𝐶𝐴 𝜕 2 𝐶𝐴
Continuity and 𝑢𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑢𝑧 𝜕𝑧 = 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝜕𝑥 2
Complete
Solution
Additional 𝑓
• Chilton-Colburn Analogy: 𝑗𝐷 = 𝑗𝐻 =
2
Equations 𝑁𝑢 𝑆ℎ
o 𝑗𝐻 = 1 ; 𝑗𝐷 = 1
𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟 3 𝑅𝑒𝑆𝑐 3
o Both 𝑗𝐻 and 𝑗𝐷 are functions of the Reynolds
number, geometry, and boundary conditions
Relationship 2
𝑆ℎ 𝑘𝑥 𝜇 3 𝑘𝐶 2
Between 𝑗𝐷 = 1 = 𝐶𝑣 (𝜌𝐷 ) = 𝑣 𝑆𝑐
3
𝑅𝑒𝑆𝑐 3 ∞ 𝐴𝐵 ∞
Sherwood
Number and
Mass Transfer
Coefficient
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~~Diffusion inside a Cylindrical Tube~~

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Setup • Boundary layer converges at the center to achieve fully

developed flow
• Region a-e is the entrance length
 Assumptions • At boundary layer thickness 𝛿, flow is modeled by Navier-
Stokes assuming laminar flow
Boundary • BC1: At 𝑥 = 0, 𝐶𝐴 = 𝐶𝐴,0
Conditions • BC2: At 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑤 , 𝐶𝐴 = 𝐶𝐴,𝐼
𝜕𝐶
• BC3: At 𝑟 = 0, 𝐴 = 0
𝜕𝑟
Equation of 𝑟 2 𝜕𝐶𝐴 1𝜕 𝜕𝐶𝐴
Continuity and 2𝑢̅ 𝑥 [1 − ( ) ] = 𝐷𝐴𝐵 [ (𝑟 )]
𝑟𝑤 𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
Complete
Solution
Additional 𝑟 2
• Hagen-Poiseuille Equation: 𝑢𝑥 = 2𝑢̅𝑥 [1 − ( ) ]
Equations 𝑟𝑤
o For laminar flow in tubes
Relationship • Graetz Solution: 𝑆ℎ𝑥 = 3.656
Between o For fully developed flow and large 𝑥
1
Sherwood 𝑘𝑐𝑥 𝐷 𝑃𝑒𝑀 3
Number and • Leveque Solution: 𝑆ℎ𝑥 = = 1.077 [ 𝑥 ] , where
𝐷𝐴𝐵
𝐷
Mass Transfer 𝐷𝑢̅𝑥
𝑃𝑒𝑀 =
Coefficient 𝐷𝐴𝐵
o For region with thin boundary layer
𝑃𝑒
0.0668[ 𝑥𝑀 ]
• Average solution: 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 3.66 + 𝐷
2 , where
𝑃𝑒 3
1+0.04[ 𝑥𝑀 ]
𝐷
̅𝑥
𝐷𝑢
𝑃𝑒𝑀 =
𝐷𝐴𝐵
o Between the Graetz and Leveque solutions
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~~Diffusion in Flow around Spheres~~

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 Relationship • For Stokes flow (creeping flow around a sphere): 𝑆ℎ =
1
Between 𝑘𝑐 𝐷
= 0.6515(𝑅𝑒𝑆𝑐)2
Sherwood 𝐷𝐴𝐵
𝑘 𝐷
Number and • For forced convection around spheres: 𝑆ℎ = 𝑐 = 2 +
𝐷𝐴𝐵
Mass Transfer 1 1

Coefficient 0.6𝑅𝑒 2 𝑆𝑐 3
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*In fluid-fluid interfaces, the interface isn’t readily defined

Theories on Transfer in Fluid-Fluid Interfaces

• Film Theory
• Penetration Theory
• Surface Renewal Theory
• Two-Film Theory: overall mass transfer coefficient is based on resistance to
mass transfer at liquid phase, interfacial mass transfer resistance, and
resistance to mass transfer at gas phase; 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑘𝑝 (𝑝𝐴,𝑏 − 𝑝𝐴,𝐼 ) =
𝑘𝐶 (𝐶𝐴,𝐼 − 𝐶𝐴,𝑏 ) = 𝑘𝑦 (𝑦𝐴,𝑏 − 𝑦𝐴,𝐼 ) = 𝑘𝑥 (𝑥𝐴,𝐼 − 𝑥𝐴,𝑏 )
*For two-film theory, the interface doesn’t contain significant mass due to lack of
accumulation at the interface
*Assuming Henry’s law (𝐶𝐴,𝐼 = 𝐻𝑝𝐴,𝐼 ) is valid at the interface (species in both
𝐶
𝑝𝐴,𝑏 − 𝐴,𝑏
𝐻𝐴
phases are in equilibrium), then the two-film theory becomes 𝑁𝐴 = 1 1 =
+
𝑘𝑝 𝐻𝐴 𝑘𝐶
𝑝𝐴,𝑏 𝐻𝐴 −𝐶𝐴,𝑏
𝐻𝐴 1 (assuming equimolar counterdiffusion is valid)
+
𝑘𝑝 𝑘𝐶

𝐶𝐴∗ −𝐶𝐴,𝑏
*By defining a fictitious concentration 𝐶𝐴∗ = 𝑝𝐴,𝑏 𝐻𝐴 , 𝑁𝐴 = 𝐻𝐴 1 =
+
𝑘𝑝 𝑘𝐶

𝐾𝐿 (𝐶𝐴∗ − 𝐶𝐴,𝑏 )
∗
𝐶𝐴,𝑏 𝑝𝐴,𝑏 −𝑝𝐴
*By defining a fictitious pressure 𝑝𝐴∗ = , 𝑁𝐴 = 1 1 = 𝐾𝐺 (𝑝𝐴,𝑏 − 𝑝𝐴∗ )
𝐻𝐴 +
𝑘𝑝 𝐻𝐴 𝑘𝐶

𝑦𝐴,𝐼
*A more generic form for equilibrium is 𝐾𝐴 =
𝑥𝐴,𝐼

Overall Mass Balance Coefficient According to Two-Film Theory (EMD

Assumption)
−1
𝐻𝐴 1
• Based on the Liquid Phase: 𝐾𝐿 = ( + )
𝑘𝑝 𝑘𝐶
−1
1 1
• Based on the Gas Phase: 𝐾𝐺 = ( + )
𝑘𝑝 𝐻𝐴 𝑘𝐶
−1
1 1
• Based on Mole Fraction in the Liquid Phase: 𝐾𝑥 = ( + )
𝐾𝐴 𝑘𝑦 𝑘𝑥
−1
1 𝐾𝐴
• Based on Mole Fraction in the Gas Phase: 𝐾𝑦 = ( + )
𝑘𝑦 𝑘𝑥

𝑘 𝑘
*If unimolecular diffusion is assumed to be valid, 𝑘 ′ = (1−𝑥 = (𝑥 for the
𝐴 )𝐿𝑀 𝐵 )𝐿𝑀
𝑘 𝑘
liquid phase and 𝑘 ′ = (1−𝑦 = (𝑦 for the gas phase
𝐴 )𝐿𝑀 𝐵 )𝐿𝑀

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