oy NL angle of reflection. € Image -LIGHT-REFLECTION AND REFRACTION SECTION A — REFLECTION OF LIGHT BY SPHERICAL MIRRORS ig CONCEPTS | © To revise the laws of reflection at plane surface and the characteristics of image formed as well as the uses of reflection at plane surfaces. © To introduce the concepts of reflection at curved surfaces and the general terms related to the reflection at curved surfaces. © To introduce the concept of geometric diagrams for the reflection at convex and concave surfaces at various |_| distances from the pole, and hence, deduce the nature, position and size of image. @ To learn uses of convex and concave mirrors. © To introduce sign conventions for reflection by spherical mirrors, and hence, solve simple numerical problems, Tee STUDY MATERIAL 2 \AReetetics of light isthe phenomenon due to which 4 parallel beam of light avelling tough a cenain medium on striking some surface, bounces off from it in some other tirection. 4 2. Regular reflection of light i @ phenomenon de 0 which a parallel beam of light avelling tough a Certain medium on striking some smooth polished surface, bounces off from it, as & parallel beam i some other direction, baleen ae! 4. Irregular reflection of ight i a phenomenon due to which a parallel beam of light, travelling through dome medina, ge eleied fo vation pumila Arectinns, cs ating Ses taten etek Ba “called diffused reflection, =~ Lams of refleeton + (i) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal lie in the same plane at the point of incidence. : Gi) The ante of idence is always equal to the + When the rays of light, diverging from a point, after reflection or refraction, either actually ‘meet at some other point, or appear to meet at some other point, itis called image of the object. | 6, Real image : When the rays of light, diverging from © point, after reflection or refraction, actually »_Reivenge at some other point, then that point is the real image of the object. 4g. 7 Virtual image : When the cays of light, diverging from a point, after reflection or refraction, appear to wd eam | “PHYSICS” a5 | diverge from another point, then the image so formed at that point is called its virwal image. 8. Properties of an image in plane mirror : (i) Image is virtua. Gi) Image is erect. (iii) Image is of the same size as object. Gv) Image is formed as far behind the plane mirror as the object is in front of it (0) Image is laterally inverted. 9. Plane mirror is used (i) as looking glass (i) for providing false dimensions in show-cases (iii) in the construction of reflecting periscope (iv) in solar cookers (v) and for signalling purposes. 10. Spherical mirror is the one which is made from a part of hollow sphere. 11. Coneave mirror : A mirror which is polished from the outer side of a hollow sphere, such that the reflecting side is towards its, hollow side, is called concave mirror. 2 Cae 12. Convex mirror : A mirror which is polished on the hollow side of the sphere, such that the reflecting surface is towands its bulging side, is called convex mirror, 2 13, Pole : The mid-point of a spherical mirror is called pole. 14, Centre of curvature is the centre of the sphere of which the spherical mirror is a part. 15. Principal axis is an imaginary line passing through the pole and centre of curvature of a spherical mirror.SA 16. Linear aperture is the diameter of a spherical mirror. \Ust Principal focus of a spherical miror is the point on the principal axis where the rays travelling parallel to the principal axis either actually meet or appear to ‘meet. In case of concave mirror the rays actually meet, whereas in case of convex mirror, they appear to meet. 2 418. Focal length is the linear distance between te pole and principal focus of spherical misror. 19, Radius of curvature is the linear distance between the pole and the centre of curvature of a spherical mirror. 20, In spherical mirrors Radius of curvature = 2 x Focal length. 21, Rules for drawing images in concave mirrors : A ray coming parallel to principal axis, after £ relletion, pases though principal focus. Gi) A tay initially passing through principal Toous, after Feflection, travels, parallel to principal axis. ay Gi) A ray passing through centre of curvature after reflection, retraces its path. 22, Rules for drawing images in convex mirrors : (A say coming parallel to principal axis, after | “fefleetion, appears to pass through principal t focus. Gi) A ray coming along principal focus after reflection, travels parallel to principal axis. EE QUESTIONS bets A. Very Short Answer ‘Type Questions (1 mark each) |. The image formed by a concave mirror is observed to be virtual, erect and larger than object. The Position of the object should be (i) between the principal focus and the centre of curvature. (ii) at the centre of curvature (lil) beyond the centre of curvature. ‘ (iv) between the pole of the mirror and its prinicipal focus. | [78Q-2] | Ans, The correct answer is (iv). 2. No matter how far you stand from a mirror, your image appears erect. The mirror may be + () plane (ii) concave (i) convex (iv) either plane or convex. [78Q-5] awaneeee = passing throug h COMAATG Lond “A ray coming along centre Of curvature'after refleetion retraces its path. 23, Sign conventions for sphetical mirrors + (All distances are measured from the pole of the spherical mirror (i) The distances measured in the same direction a5 incident light are taken a postive. (iiy The distances measured against the direction of incident light, are taken as negative Gv) Distances measured upward and_per- pendicular to the principal axis, are taken 2s positive. (y) Distances measured downward and per- pendicular to the principal axis, are taken as negative. va f distance of object from the pole, *v” isthe distance of image from the pole and ‘f*is the focal length of the spherical mirror. hy 28. Linear magnification : m= hee tte height of image and h, is the height of object. 26, Uses of corivex mirror : It is used as : i) rear view mirror (i) reflector of street lights. 27. Uses of concave mirror : IL is used as : (2) reflector in automobile lights (ji) as a shaving mirror Gii) by entists for seeing the back of tooth (iv) reflector of the solar furnaces. ‘Ans. The comect answer is (iv) 4. is | f oF am | fu = 15cm as w is always negative] i | = - 22.5 em as calculated above = | s f- ” ‘Thus, the focal length of the converging mirror is = 24cm. > 14, An object placed in front of a diverging mirror at a distance of 30 cm, forms a virtual and erect image lea AA | perAns. which is 1/5 of the size of the object. Calculate : , : {eee se’ | () the postion of the image, (if) the focal length of the diverging mirror. (@) To calculate the position. vvis positiveas the image is virwal = A Also * i L = [wis always negative} =» F = Som - = = 75 em ‘Thus, image is formed at a distance of 6 cm ved Oe ie ‘Thus, the focal length of the diverging mirror is (ii) To calculate the focal length. 75 cm. WEEE SECTION: REVISION ASSIGNMENT-1A Re A 1. Find the focal length of a concave ‘whose radius of curvature is 20 cm, uw 2. Why do we prefer convex mirror as a rear-view mirror in vehicles? m 3. Define real image. . uy 1. State four characteristics of an image formed in a plane mirfor. Ri 2. State two uses of a convex mirror. RI 3. Where is the image formed in case of a concave mirror, when the object is : (i) at infinity, (ii) in between infinity, and cesitre of curvature, Ry 1, Am object 5.0 em in length is placed at a distance of 10 cm in front of a convex mirror of radius of curvature 15 em. Find the position, nature and size of the image. BI 2. You are required to obtain an erect image of an object placed in front of a concave mirror, Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image and state its characteristics. BI 1. A convex mirror used on a moving automobile has radius of curvature of 3.0 m, If another truck is following at a constant distance of 4.5 m, find (position, ii) the nature, (iii) magnification for the image formed in it, Also draw a neat diagram for the formation of image. ISI ANSWERS TO NUMERICAL PROBLEMS Av Lem CA v= 4.28 om 1 = 214 om D. (i) 1.125 m Giid 0.25of light in a given medium © To introduce the concept of lateral displacement. © To learn simple terms associated with lenses. as well as characteristics of the images formed. © To learn uses of convex and concave lenses. @ To learn about the power of lens and its merits 1, Refractian is the phenomenon due to which a ray of: light deviates from its original path, while travelling from one optical medium to another optical medium. 2. Path taken by refracted rays: (@) When a ray of light is travelling obliquely from an optically rarer medium to an optically denser medium, it always bends towards normal. 4 Gi) When a ray of light is travelling obliquely from an optically denser mediim to an optically rarer medium, it always bends away from the normal. Git) When @ ray of light strikes normally at the point of incidence, it does not suffer any refraction, 3. Snell's laws of reftaction : (i) The ratio between all the values of sine of angle of incidence and sine of angle of refraction for two given media, is a constant quantity. The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence, lie in the SECTION B — REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH RECTANGULAR GLASS SLABS AND LENSES © To introduce concept of refraction of light while travelling from different media by doing activities. © To verify the*Snell’s.Law of refraction, using a rectangular glass slab. © To introduce concept of refractive index as a ratio between sin i and sin r. ¢ To introduce concept of refractive index as the ratio of velocity of light in air and vacuum to the velocity © To show simple effects of refraction of light by geometric diagrams. © To introduce the concept of lenses as spherical optical pieces, and their kinds. © To learn experimentally the images formed by the convex and concave lenses and their geometric diagrams © To learn sign conventions in solving simple problems on convex and concave lenses. 60 Ee $=STUDY MATERIAL 2 4, Refractive index : The ratio between the sine of angle of incidence (in air) and the sine of angle of refraction (in denser medium) is called refractive index. ini 5. Refractive index (W) = = Velocity of light Velocity of light in a given medium 6. Lateral displacement is perpendicular shift in the path of the incident ray, while emerging out from optical slab. Tt is directly proportional to : ( thickness of optical slab, (i) refractive index of optical material (medium), (i) angle of incidence, and (iv) inversely proportional to wavelength of light. 7. When a ray of light emerges out from rectangular optical slab, then : (i) incident ray is parallel to emergent ray (ii) angle of incidence is equal to angle of emergence, 8, Lens is defined as a portion of a transparent, optical material, having one or two spherical surfaces. 2. Lanvar-lene ae nanwanaina lane ies. mere oftransparent, optical material, having one or two spherical surfaces. such that it is thicker in the middle and tapering at the edges. 10. Concave lens or diverging lens is a piece of transparent, optical material, having one or two spherical surfaces, such that it is tapering in the middle and thicker at the edges. 1. Principal axis of lens is an imaginary line joining the centres of curvatures of two spherical surfaces. 12. Optical centre of lens is the point within the lens, where a fine drawn through aperture, meets the principal axis 13. Principal focus of lens is a point on the principal axis of the lens such that a beam of light parallel to the principal axis after refraction either actually ‘meets or appears to meet here. 14, Focal length of lens is the linear distance between the optical centre and principal Focus. 15, Focal plane : A vertical plane passing through principal focus of the lens is called focal plane. 16. Rules for drawing images in coavex lens : () Any ray of light travelling parallel to the principal axis, after refraction, passes through principal focus. Gi) Any ray of light, initially passing through principal focus, after refraction travels parallel to principal axis. Git) Any ray of light which passes through optical centre does not suffer any refraction, 17, Rules for drawing images in concave le (i) Any ray of light travelling parallel to. the principal axis, after refraction, appears to come from principal focus ii) Any ray of light travelling along principal focus, after refraction, travels parallel to principal axi (iii) Any ray of light which passes through optical centre does not suffer any refraction. s\ 18 Power of fens is the reciprocal of focal Tength in metres 19, Unit of power of lens is dioptre (D), It is +ve for ‘eonvex fens and ve for concave lens 20, Sign coaventioxe: for lenses = (i) Ail distances are measured from the optical centre of the lens. (i) Distances measured from optical centre in the direction of the incident light are taken as positive. i) Distances measured from the optical centre sgainst the direction of the incident light are taken as negative, Gv) The distances measured upward and perpendiicuiar to the principal axis ae taken as positive. (¥) The distance measured downward and perpendicular to the principal axis are taken as negative a. AL is the lens formula where ‘v" is the distance of the image from optical centre, ‘u’ is the distance of the object irom optical centre and °f is the focal length of lens. hoe hy height of the object and A, is the height of the image. 23. A convex lens always forms real and inverted image except when the object is between optical centre and 22. Linear magnification m where h, is the cave Tens always forms virtual, erect and red image which is always in between optical centre and principal focus. 25. In a convex lens, the magnification ‘mis postive ‘when image. formed is virual, and negative when image formed is real. In case of concave lens, the magnification is always positive. EE ~QUESTIONS A. What do you understand by the term refraction of light? ‘Ans, The phenomenon due to which a ray of light deviates from its original path, while travelling from one ‘optical medium to another optical medium is called refraction of light. AZ Ak tay of light travels from air to pass striking the surface of glass at 30°. In which direction the ray will bend with respect to normal? A. Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) ‘Ans. The ray will bend towards the normal within the glass. A&A nay of light travels from water t0 air, strikes the surface of separation at an angle of 30°. In which direction the ray will bend? ‘Ans, The ray will bend away from the normal in the air AE Sate Snell's law of refraction, Ans. All values of sine of angle of incidence (in air) and sine of angle of refraction (in other medium), bear a constant ratio to rach other:| 3< What do you understand by the term refractive index? | ‘Ans. The ratio between the sine of angle of incidence ( in | air) to the sine of angle of refraction (in a denser | medium) is called refractive index. | __6Refractive index of glass is 1.5. What do you understand from the statement? ‘Ans. It means that ratio of sine of angle of incidence air) to-sine of angle of refraction (in glass) is 1.5. LT@ At what angle a ray of light should strike the surface of glass, so that it does not suffer any refraction? ‘Ans. It should strike normally i.c., angle of incidence i should be ze. 8: How is refractive index related to velocty of light in a ‘medium and velocity of light in vacuurn? Velocity of light in air oF vacuum Velocity of light in medium Ans. Refractive index = _/9. What do you understand from the term lateral . displacement? ‘Ans. Lateral displacement is perpendicular shift in the path of the incident ray, while emerging out from an optical slab. “10. Will the lateral displacement increase/decrease, If giass Block is'made thicker? ‘Ans. The latéril displacement will increase. A ray of light traveling in air enters obliquely into water. Does the light ray bend towards normal or away from normal? why? [In-text Question-1 Page 176] Aris. The ray bends towards normal. It is because the velocity of light decreases in water as compared to the air. Light enters from air.to lass having refractive index 1.5, What is the speed of light in the glass? Speed of light in vacuum is 3 x 108 ms!. [Intext Question 2- Page 176] Speed of light in glass __ Speed of light © Refractive index _ 3x10% ms eae 13. Name a medium which has : () highest optical density, (i) lowest optical density. [n-text Question:3 Page 176] (i) Highest optical density of material medium is 2.42 for diamond, Gi) Lowest optical density of material medium is 1.0003 for air. are given Kerosene oll, turpentine of! and water Ans. vacuum = 2x 10% ms! Ans. 14 Xe §2- having optical densities 1.44, 1.47 and 1. respectively. In which of these medium the light trave, fastest and why? — [Intext Question 4- Page 176. ‘Ans. Light travels fastest in water. as lesser the optics density, more is the speed of light. The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. What is th meaning of this statement? in-text Question-5 Page 176, ‘Ans, From the statement it implies that the ratio of spep of light in vacuum to the speed of light in diamon is 242 \16e Define tens. “Ans. A piece of optical material bounded by one or tw spherical surfaces is called lens. 172 Why is a convex lens called converging lens? “Ans. It is because a parallel beam of light on passin; through it converges at a point. 18°" Define optical centre of a lens. ‘Ans. A point within the lens, where a line drawn through its aperture intersects the principal axis. ‘19. Define. principal focus for a convex lens, ‘Ans. A point on the principal axis ofa lens, where the ray, coming parallel to the principal axis after refraction ‘meet is called principal focus of the convex lens. Define principal focus of a concave lens. ‘A point on the principal axis of a lens, where the ray: coming parallel to the principal axis after refraction appear t0 meet is called principal focus of the concav lens AA virtual, erect and enlarged image Is formed by a lens Is the lens convex or concave? The lens is convex lens. ‘Where will you place an electric lamp from a conve: lens, so that a parallel beam of light comes out of iti The lamp should be placed at the principal focus 0: the Tens. 23.A small object is placed in front of convex lens, wher 2 real, inverted and enlarged image Is formed on the ‘other side of lens. Where is the abject placed? ‘Ans. The object is between F and 2F of the convex lens 24, Printed letters appear diminished when viewed througt 4 lens. What is the nature of lens? ‘The lens is a concave lens. ‘A thin spherical lens has 2 focal length ~ 20 em. What is the nature of lens? ‘The lens is a concave lens. AA thin spherical lens has radius of curvature 50 cm, What is its focal length? Radius of curvature _ 50cm 2 2 20. Ans. wat. Ans. 2h Ans. Ans. 25. Ans. 26. Ans. Focal length = = 25cm27. What do you understand by the term power of fens? ‘Ans. The reciprocal of focal length of a fens in metres, is, called power of lens 28. Name the unit in which power of fens is measured. ‘Ans. The power of lens is measured in dioptres. 29. The power of a lens is +1.5D. Is the lens convex or ‘concave? Ans, It is a convex lens. 30. The power of a lens is ~2D. Is the lens converging or diverging? Ans. It is a diverging lens. 31. P, and Py are the power of two thin lens. What is the power P when both lenses are placed In contact with fone another? Ans. P =P, + Py. 32, Define 1 dioptre power of lens. [Mmtext Question-1 page 187] ‘Ans. A lens having a focal length of 1 m is said to have a power of 1 dioptr. 33. Find the power of a concave lens of focal length 2m, Mmtext Question-3 Page 184] 1 1 Ans, Power of lt = “eign mass 2m =- 05D. _* Which of the following materials cannot be used to make a lens? ([78Q-1] (a) Water ; (b) Glass; (c) Plastic; (d) Chay. ‘Ans. (d) is the correct choice as clay is an opaque substance, 35. Where should an object be placed in front of a convex lens to get a real Image of the same size of the object. (a) At the principal focus of the lens. (b) At twice the focal length. (©) AC infinity. | (LA Lighe enters from air to water having refractive index | 4/5. What isthe speed of ight in water? Speed of light i in vacuum 3% 108 me". pi = Speed of Fightin vacuum = “Speed of light in water 1 Speed of light in water Speed of light in vacuum z B. Short Answer ‘Type Questions (2 marks each) $3 (d) Between the optical centre of the I principal focus. () is the comect answer. 36. A spherical mirror and a thin spherical lens have each fecal length ~ 15 cm. The misror and the lens are ely to be : (a) Both concave (b) Both convex (c) The mirror is concave and the fens is convex (a) The mirror Is convex and the lens is concave, [78Q-4] nd its [78Q-3} Ans. ‘Ans. _(d) is the comect answer, __AT. ‘Which of the following lenses would you prefer to use while reading small letters found in a dctionary? (78Q-6] (2) A convex lens of focal length 50 cm. (b) A concave tens of focal length 50 cm. (6) A convex lens of focal length 5 cm. (d) A concave lens of focal length 5 cn. ‘Ans. —(c) is the correct answer as lesser the focal length of a convex lens, more is the magnification. 38. If che power of a lens is +5 dioptre, what is its focal length? [bathi 1994C] + 10cm _100em Ams. Focal length of lens = SOST=—— == = 20 em. 39 What is the focal length of a plane mirror, [Deihi 2001C] ‘Ans. The focal length of a plane mitror is infinite, The refractive index of diamond is 2.42, What is the ‘meaning of this statement in relation to speed of light? [C.B.S.E. Delhi - 2008] Ans, Refractive index of diamond (2.42) Speed of light in vacwum (or air) = Speed of light in diamond _ 3x108 me roa 3 2% The velocity of light in air is 3 x 108 ms! and in damond is 1.2 x 108 ms-!, Find the refractive Index of damond, 225 x 108 mst, ‘Veiocity of light in air Velocity of ligt Ans. x3: State wwo factors which determine lateral displacement | of ray of lighe passing through a rectangular glass slab, Ans. (i) Lateral displacement is directly proportional to the thickness of glass optical stab. (Gi) Lateral displacement is directly proportional to | the angle of incidence, 74. Show the path of a ray of light through a rectangular ‘hass block, showing clearly the lateral displacement of the ray of light. AU = Lateral displacement 3. Draw a diagram show how a stick held obliquely in water appears bent and shore, ‘Ans. Apparent poston of stick Actual position of stick 4. The refractive Index of flint glass is 1.60 and that of Water Is 1.33 with respect to air. What isthe refractive Index of flint glass with respect to water? Ans Watery Hain + tue 165 + 1.33 | = 1 oie 7. Give two uses of convex lens. Ans. (i) Convex lens is used as an objective lens for telescopes. Gi) Convex tens is used in eine projectors. 8. “Give two uses of concave lens. Ans. (i) Concave lens is used in correcting short sightedness, (i) Concave tens is used as an eye lens Galitean telescope. <_-% Imagine you are blind-folded and asked to distinguish between a convex fens and concave lens. How will you proceed? Move your fingers at the circumference (edge) of each of lens. The lens which has thick edges is a concave lens, whereas the lens having thin edges is a convex lens, Ans. ‘State whether the following are positive or negative when a convex lens forms real Image : (I) distance of object from lens (il) distance of image from lens. G) Distance of object trom fens is negative. (ii) Distance of image from lens is positive. State whether the following are postive or negative when 2 concave lens forms a virtual image : () distance of Image from lens (i) focal length of lens. () Distance of image from lens is negative. (ii) Focal length of lens is negative. ‘A doctor has prescribed a corrective lens of power +1.5D. Find the focal length of the lens. 15 the prescribed lens converging or diverging. [TBQ-17] =n ela Power of lens 1.5 = 0.6666 m = 66.66 cm Gi) The lens is convex in nature as its power is positive, Find the focal length of lens of power ~ 2.0 D. What type of lens is this? (7BQ-16] 10. Ans, Mh Ans. 12, ‘Ans. (i) Focal length of lens = Im Power of lens ‘Ans, (i) Focal length of lens = 2 0.5m = = 50.00 em (i) The lens is concave as its power i JAC FIM In the blank spaces (a) When a ray of tight, traveling oblquely In denser ‘medium, enters a ___ medium, it always bends away from the. (b) When a ray of light strikes the surface of separation of two optical media at right angies, it suffer any : (@) (1) Rarer (2) Normal (©) (1) does not @) Refraction, 15,By drawing a neat diagram show, why a coin placed in ‘water tank appears raised. negative, Ans. Hai 8, eae ne er: Sr Yate sith Danian Kesinament in PrinnaeXQ BP ta Ans. Water 16. Explain why does a tank fled completely with water “appears shallow. ‘Ans. The rays of light travelling obliquely from any point “20 | ‘on bottom of water tank,-on emerging out in air, bend } away from the normal. These rays on reaching the eye appear to mest ata higher point, and heace, the tank appears shallow. 17. Define convex lens. What are its kinds? Show each kind )~ bya diagram, Ans. A piece ofa transparent material, having one oF two spherical surfaces. such that itis thicker in the middle and tapering at the edges is called convex lens, — $$ 19. Draw neat cisgram for the formation of 2. 2 convex lens, when che object is at infinity. Ans. Draw a neat diagram for the formation of an image for 2 concave lens, when the object I at infinity. Ans. Convex lenses are of tires kinds, the diagrams of 24. What are the characteristics of image formed when an which are shown below : Pranoconivex Coneavo-convex Tens tens Double convex tons 18. Define a concave lens. What are its kinds? Show each Kind by a diagram, ‘Ans. A piece of transparent material, having one or two spherical surfaces, such that it is tapering in the ‘middle and thicker at the edge is called concave lens. ‘The three kinds of concave lenses are shown below : Double concave Tone Plono-concave Convexo-eoncave ‘ene ‘object is berween the infinity and 2F, of a convex lens? (i) The image i) The image Gi) The image (iv) The image is formed between F, and 2F, on the other side of the lens. 22, State the characteristics of image formed, when an object Is between the infinity and 2F, of a concave lens. (The image is virtual (ii) The image is erect (iii) The image is diminished (iv) The image is formed between the optical centre and F, of the concave lens. 23, What do you understand by the term linear ‘magnification of 2 lens? State two formulae for the linear magnification. ‘Ans, The ratio between the height of image produced by a lens to the height of the object is called linear ‘magnification, Ans. Ans. height of image Linear magnification —— height of object Distance of image from the optical centre Distance of object from the optical centreM, me oad 24: Draw a neat diagram to illustrate the use of convex lens asa magnifying glass, Ans. 25. The focal length of the glasses of a short sighted person is 37.5 cm, Calculate the power of glasses and their nature, ‘Ans. As, the person is shortsighted, the lens of his glasses is concave. 100___100 F(inem) 375 ~ ‘The minus sign indicates that lens is concave in Applying, P= 2.670. 26. Explain with the help of a diagram, why a pencil ‘partly ‘surface, [C.B.S.E. Delhi - 2008] msi O in water, along OB and OC, on emerging out from water, © suffer refraction "and, T38,, move along BD fgencr’ and CE, These rays on reaching the eye, appear t0 come from point I, Which above the point. Similury, all other rays + A convex lens forms a reat and inverted image of a ‘needle at a distance of 50 cm from it. Where Is the needle placed in front of the convex lens, if the image ‘sequal to the size of the object? Also find the power of the lens, [n-text Question-2 Page 184] ‘Ans. As the convex lens forms a real and inverted image Of the needle at the same distance where the. needle is located, therefore, we can say that the needle is located at 2F, which is 50 em from the convex lens. Focal length of convex Jens 100m Focal length (in em) 25em 2 fe half a convex lens is covered with a black paper. wit Power of the lens = ‘this ens produce a complete image of the object? C. Short Answer Type Questions (3 marks each) starting from the region FO in water, appear to ct from region Fl. Thus, the pencil in water appe bent and short. (BIC Draw ray dagrams to represent the nature, postion and relative size of the image formed by a convex lens for the object placed : (a) at 2F,. (b) between F, and the optical centre O of lens. ‘Outside Delhi - 2008) Ans. (a) Image is (i) virtual, (ii) erect, (iii) enlarged and (iv) are formed on the same side of object. Verify your answer and explain your observation. ITBQ-9] ‘Ans. The lens will produce complete image of the object as illustrated by the diagram below. objec ‘The image formed is not as bright as the object because half of the lens is blacked. However, it forms a complete image, because each part of the lens by itself is converging in nature, 3. An object is placed at a distance of 10 cm from a ‘convex lens of focal length 15 cm. Find the position and nature of image formed. 17BQ-12]| Ans. Distance of the object from the convex lens (a) = 10 can (It is always negative) Distance of the image from the convex lens ()= 2 (To be calculated) Focal length of the lens = 15cm (fis positive for convex lens) 10 30 _ = 30cm. As, v is ~ 30 cm, therefore, a virtual image is formed on the same side of the object. | 306m = Tem As magnification is +3, therefore, the virtual image is erect and magnified 3 times. A convex lens is used as burning glass. Show it by drawing a neat diagram, stating clearly where the image is formed. Is there any relation between the distance from fens a which Image is frmed and focal length of lens = 4 Ans, ‘The distance at which image is formed is equal to the focal length of the convex lens. 5. By drawing a neat dlagram show how the image of a characteristics of image. Characteristics of image : Image is real and inverted i) Image is enlarged s1®@ ‘State three rules for drawing geometric images in a concave lenis, 1. A ray of fight travelling parallel to principal ais, after refraction appears to come from the principal focus A ray of light, initially travelling along principal focus. after refraction. travels parallel to privcipal axis, Any ray of light which passes through optical centre does not suffer any refraction, 72 State three rules for drawing images in convex lenses. “Ans. 1. Any ray of light travelling parallel to principal is, afler refraction, passes through the principal focus, Any ray of light, initially passing dhrough principal focus, after refraction travels parallel to principal axis, Any ray of Fight which passes through optical centre, does not suffer any refraction. 8<-Draw a neat ray dlagram for a convex lens and state the characteristics of the image, when the object is beyond, 2F,, but not at infinity. Ans. 3. Ans. i) Image is diminished Gv) mage is formed in between F, an ether sie of ls 2 Braw a neat ray cag fora convex lens and state the characteristics of image, when the object is in between 2F, and F,. 1d 2F,, on the 2 ‘small slide can be projected on large screen. State two Ans. Characteristics of image + @ Image is real i) Image is inverted (ii) Image is enlarged (iv) Image is formed in between 2F, and infinityBeis st 10. Draw a neat ray diagram for a concave lens and state 5 the characteristics of image, when the object any = 252 ‘here between optical centre and infinity. z Applyin; See wee FE Characteristics of is e [lees : ara image + eos: @ Image is virwal 2510 F (i) Image is erect i (Gil) Image is diminished - (iv) Image is formed between optical centre and F, ‘on the same side of lens. ga Darten 11, State sign conventions for u, v and f in case of convex 7 lens, when the image is reat Thus, the focal length of the lens is 7.14 em, Ans. (The distance of the object from the optical 15, Two thin lenses of power + 2.5 D and =1.5 D are centre (x) is always negative. placed in contact with each other. Calculate: (I) power (ii) The distance of the image from the optical of the combination, (ii) focal length of the centre (v) is always positive, ‘combination. ii) The focal length of the lens () is always Ans. Power of the combination positive, P= P+P, 12. ‘State sign conventions for u, v and fin case of convex. = P= +25-15D=+10D Tens, when the Image is virtual. Focal length of the combination, Ans. (i) The distance of the object from the optical tin) 1 : centre (1) is always negative. fe Del im (i) The distance of the image from the optical a contre (v) is always negative. 16. A convex fens of focal length 40 cm and a concave Gi) The focal length of the lens (f) is’ always ens of focal length 50 cm are placed in contact with positive, each other. Calculate ; (I) the power of the 15. State the sign conventions for u, v and f in case of eembestiony (1 focal kage of the combirtion, ‘concave lens. ‘Ans. Power of the convex lens (P,) nw.) The dans of the oj rom the ep Hd, Heo centre (wis always negative. = 1m. Gi) The distance of the image from the optical Fey Ae) 25D centre (v) is always negative. Power of the concave lens (P;) Gil) The focal length of lens () is always negative. = rm =Km) __ 5p 14. A comer ins prot 3 and need mage 25 Fim) 0.5(m) ti st rom the lens. = Catena bam ve 4+ Power of the combination ‘Ans. Magnification (m) = ~ 2.5 (real image) Bereta Does + 05D Distance of the image from the lens (v) = 25 em. Sie c eneit of tie combjoation Distance of the object from the lens (u) = ? (to be calculated) Focal length of the lens () = ? (to be calculated) Applying,17. A concave lens fas focal length of 20 cm. At what distance from the lens a 5 cm tall object be placed so that it forms an image at 15 cm from the lens? Also ‘aleulate the size of the image formed? (CBSE 2007 (Delhi)) ‘Ans. Focal length of the concave lens (f) = 20 em. Distance of the object from the lens + (w) = ? (To be cateutated) | Distance of the image from the lens (v) = ~ 15 em bala tiat Fa ' | Applying, = = ) Also. . nisxs -60 | = 125 cm ‘Thus, virtual, erect and diminised image is formed fon the same side as the object. 18." A concave lens has a focal length of 15 cm. At what distance should an object 10 cm long be placed so that it forms an image of 10 cm from the lens? Find the 1. An object 5 cm high is held 25 cm from a coverging lens’ of focal length 10 cm. Draw a ray dlagram and find the position, size and the nature of the image ) formed. Ans. Height of object, Distance of the object from convex lens, u=—25 em, Focal length of convex lens, ! Distance of the image from convex lens Using lens formula, Jens Also, fox.a car D. Long Answer ‘Type Questions (§ marks each) SA nature and size of the image formed. @ (CBSE 2007 Foreign) Focal length of concave lens (f) = ~ 15 em Distance of object from lens (w = ? (To be calculated) Ans. Distance of the image from the lens (v) 10cm Applying, . - \ A Aso 2 A. -10 * 30 =10%10 = y= MO a8 om ‘Thus, viral, erect and diminised image is formed ‘on the same side as the object. Thus, the image is inverted and formed at distance of 16.7 em from the lens and measures 3.3 em, The ray diagram is shown below. 2. A concave lens of focal length 15 cm, forms an image 10 cm from the lens. How far is the object placed from the lens? Draw a ray diagram. Ans. Focal length of the rancave lens (f) = ~ 15 cmigtance of the image from concave lens (1) = — 10 cm. Distance of the object from concave lens (1) = ? Applying the lens formula, u 15 10 30 30 w= 30m, ‘Thus, the object-is placed at a distance of -30 em from the concave lens. The ray diagram is shown below. object t iS e----u=-30em - i 3. (i) State Snell's law of refraction of light, (ii) A transparent medium A floats in another transparent medium B. When a ray of light travels obliquely from A into B, the refracted ray bends away from the normal. Which media A or B Is optically denser and why? (ii) Draw ray-diagrams to show passage of rays of light through a rectangular glass slab, when angle Of incidence is (a) zero (b) alittle less than 90°. [CBSE - 2004] Ans. (i) Snell’s Inw of refraction The ratio between the sine of angle of incidence and sine of angle of refraction for ‘wo optical media is a constant quantity and is, ‘commonly called refractive index. (i) The medium A is optically denser, It is because the refracted ray will bend away from the ol ii) { 1 en ny oe Tamas eee — ~ Zi slightly Tess than 00" Zr slighly less than 42° Glass slab When the ray strike the glass slab at an litle less than 90" 4. Find the position, nature and size of image formed by + 2 convex lens of focal length 18 cm of an object 3 cm high placed at a distance of 27 em from it. Also draw ‘2 neat diagram. LOD. (comp.) 2004] ‘Ans. For convex lens = Focal length of the lens () = + 18 cm Size of the object (0) = 3 em Distance of the object from the lens (u) Distance of the image from the lens (v) ? Size of the image (I) = ? Applying lens formula : = 27 om 7 = f= ve+S4em «27 Negative sign of I shows that image is inverted. ‘Thus, a real and inverted image of the size 6 cm is formed at distance of 54 em from lens. A ovject—] ve £ 2 8 F Image: . rs Characteristics of image (@) Image 's real and inverted i) Image'is enlarged6\e WERE SECTION REVISION ASSIGNMENT-15 LASERS ‘A. 1, What do you understand by the statement that refractive index of glass is 1.52? ul 2. Define 1 dioptre power of a lens, ur 3. Define principal focus of a convex lens. my B. + 1, The velocity of light in air is 3 x 10% ms“! und in diamond is 1.2 x 10° ms", Find the refractive index of diamond. iO] 2. Draw a diagram to show how a stick held obliquely in water uppeats bent and shor 2) 3, Find the focal length of leus of power -2.0D. What typ of lens is iis? eI C1. An object is placed at # distance of 10 em from a conver"iens of fovs! leagth 45 em, Find the position and nature of image. BI 2, Draw a neat ray diagram for concave lens and state the characteristics of image, when the object is any~ where between pole and infinity. BI ‘What do you understand by the term refraction? i) State Snell’s law of refraction (Gii) What is the position of the object when a real, diminished and inverted image is formed by a conven lens? iv) Wil the lateral displacement increase/decreasc/or remain constant, if the thickness of glass slab decreases? (v) When does a ray of light not suffer refraction passing through a concave lens? 13) ANSWERS TO NUMERICAL PROBLEMS B. 1.25 CY =~ 30cm. ERE CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT - 1 Sesusiabiibisbacieciay ‘A. 1, What do you understand by the term virtual image? uy 2. No matter how far you stand from a spherical mjrror, your image appears always erect. What is the kind of spherical mirror? a 3, An image formed by a spherical mirror has magnification ~2.5. Is the image real or viral? Wu 4, Define principal focus of a concave lens. ur 5, Where will you place an electric lamp from a convex lens, $0 that parallel beam of light comes out of « ui 6. P, and P, are power of two lenses. What is the power P, when both lenses are placed in contact with one another? a° or B. © -1, Convex mirror and a plane mirror form virtual image. How will you distinguish between the two by looking at the images of an object? 2 2. The image of an object is formed on itself when placed at a distance of 50 em from a concave mirror. What is the focal length of concave mirror? re) { 3. State one-use each of : (i) Convex mirror; (ii) Concave mirror. re] | 4. Show the path of a ray of light through a rectangular glass block, showing clearly the lateral displacement of a ray of light 21 5. State whether the following are positive or negative when a convex lens forms : (a) real image; (b) virtual image. G distance of object from lens, (ii) distance of image from lens. el | | 6. By drawing a neat diagram show how image of a small slide can be projected on a large screen. State two characteristics of the image, 21 ©. 1. A convex lens has a focal length of 30 em. Calculate at what distance should the object be placed from the lens so that it forms an image at 60 em on the other side of lens. Also find the magnification produced by the Tens. BI, 2. Gi) State three rules for drawing geometric images in a concave lens. i) Two thin lenses of power + 4.5 D and — 1.5 D are placed in contact with each other. Calculate : (i) the ower; (ii) the focal length of the combination, By) 3. Find the position, nature and size of image of an object 4 cm high placed at a distance of 10 em from a concave mirror of focal length 20 cm. BI 4G) What is the angle of refraction when an incident ray strikes the surface of a rectangular glass slab at an angle of zero degree? (ii) Explain, why a stamp placed under a rectangular glass slab appears raised. By) D. 1.) What do you understand by the term refraction of light? i) A ray of light strikes the surface of water, such that its speed in water is 2.25 x 10° ms, If refractive index of water is 4/3, what is the speed of light in ait, (Gil) By drawing a neat diagram, show how a convex lens can be used as a simple microscope. [5] 2. A concave lens of focal length 15 cm forms an image 10 cm from the lens. How far is object from the lens? ‘What are its characteristics? Support your answer by drawing a neat diagram. 15) ANSWERS TO NUMERICAL PROBLEMS B. 2,25 em C. Lu=-60cem;m=-1 2. (ii) P = 43D ; f = 33,33 em 3.v= 20cm; 1=8em 4. @ Zero D. 1. Gil) 3 x 10 ms 2u=-300m i J = 033 emsees Teeny HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD SECTION A — HUMAN EYE AND REFRACTION THROUGH GLASS PRISM so@ i saa Parts of Human Eye : (@ Selerotie is the outermost white fibrous covering of the eye. Gi) Cornea is the transparent frout bulging portion of the eye. ii) Choroid is a grey membrane attached to sclerotic from the inner side, (iv) Retina is a hemispherical sereen formed by the nerve endings of the optic nerve which is sensitive to light. (9) Optic nerve is bundle of approximately 70,000 nerves originating from the brain and centering the eye ball from posterior side. (vi) Yellow spot is a slightly raised area situated at the centre of the retina and has a very high concentration of nerve endings. (vii) Blind spot is the region on the retina, where the optic nerve enters the eyeball. It has no nerve endings. (siti) Crystalline lens + It is a double convex lens made of transparent tissue which help in focussing the image of the object on the (ix) Ciliary museles : It isa ring of muscles which hholds the crystalline lens and changes its focal length by contraction and expansion. * (@) Inis is a circular contractile diaphragm suspended in front of the erystalline lens which has a circular hole init and is commonly called pupil, The pupil controls the amount of light entering in the eye. | | | CONCEPTS }— © To understand the various parts which constitute the human eye and their functions. ‘© To understand the concept of accommodation in Human eye, ‘© To learn about simple defects in liuman eye and their corrections. ‘@ To learn about refraction of light through glass prism and various terms related to it STUDY MATERIAL SEIS Gi) Vitreous humour is a dense jelly-ike fluid, filling the posterior portion of the eye. It protects the eyeball from collapsing. (xii) Aqueous humour is a watery saline fluid filling anterior portion of eye. Tt Keeps the cornea moist and prevents front portion of eye from collapsing. 2, Accommodation of Eye : The process by which the ciliary muscies alter the focal length of the crystalline lens, so as to focus nearer or far-off ‘objects cleatly on the retina is called accommodation of eye. 43, Short-sightedness or Myopia is a defect in which a person can see clearly the nearer objects, but cannot see clearly the far-off objects 4, Long-sightedness or Hypermetropia is a defect in ‘which a person can see clearly the far-off objects, but cannot see clearly the nearer objects ', Presbyopia is a defect in which a person cannot see clearly, the nearer or far-off objects. Prism is a piece of glass or any other transparent material bounded by two triangular and three rectangular surfaces. 7. When the refraction of light takes place through a prism then : angle of incidence + angle of emergence angle of prism + angle of deviation 8, An incident ray approaching the prism from the side of base, on emerging out of it, bends towards the base, In simple language a prism bends the rays of Tight towards its base.64 CO QUESTIONS Eee A. Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) 1. What is the function of crystalline fens in the human Ans. The defect is myopia, It can be corrected by using a Ans. 2. Ans. 3 Ans. 4, Ans. 5 Ans. Ans. Ans, Ans. 9. Ans. Ans. 1. Ans. 12. eye? It focuses the image of an object on the retina What is che function of clary muscles in the human eye? The ciliary muscles alter the focal length of the crystalline Jens, What is the function of cornea in the human eye? Cornea acts as a window to the world and allows the light rays to enter the eyeball ‘What is the function of retina in the human eye? Retina receives the image of the objects and then transmits it to brain in the form of electric pulses. A person can see nearer objects clearly, but not the far-off objects. Name the defect in the eye. ‘The defect is myopia or short-sightedness. . A person can see far-off objects clearly, but not the nearer objects. Name the defect in the eye. ‘The defect is hypermetropia or long-sightedness. A person can neither see nearer object, nor the far-off objects clearly. Name the defect in the eye. ‘The defect is called presbyopia, 1. To a person the lines drawn parallel to one another appear distorted. Name the defect in the eye? Astigmatism is the defect. What is meant by the power of accommodation of the eye? intext Q : 1~ Page 190] The process by which ciliary muscles alter the focal Tength of cystalline tens, 50 as to focus the nearer ot far-off objects clearly on the retina is called accommodation of eye. AA petson with myopic eye cannot see objects beyond 1.2 m distinctly, What should be type of corrective lens used to restore proper vision? Lintext Q : 2 ~ Page 190] ‘A concave Jens of focal length 1.2 m should be used to restore vision. What isthe far poine and near point of the human eye with normal vision ?[Intext Q : 3 ~ Page 190] ‘The far point for normal eye is infinity and the near point is 25 em. A student has difficulty in reading blackboard wile siting in the last row. What could be the defect the child is suffering from ? How can It be corrected ? Uin-text Q : 4 - Page 190] Ans. Ans, Ans. Ans, Ans, Ans. ‘concave lens of appropriate focal length, 13. Why Is a normal eye not able to see clearly the-objects placed closer than 25 cm? £TBQ-8] If the distance ofthe objects is less than 25 em., then the image is formed behind the retina. In other words, the rays starting from object do not meet at retina, but behind it. In such a situation a blurred image is formed on the retina, and hence, the object is not seen clearly, . The human eye can focus objects of diferent distances by adjusting the focal length of eye lens. This ts due to: (a) Presbyopta (b) Accommodation (©) Nearsightedness —(d) Farsightedness (78Q-1] (®) The accommodation is the correct choice. The human eye forms the image of an object at its = (2) Comea (0) ris (©) Pupt (A) Retina [TBQ-2 (@ The retina is the comect choice, The least distance of distinct vision for young adult with normal vison 1s about. (a) 25m, (b) 2.5 cm () 25 cm (d) 25m [1BQ-3] (©) 25 em is the correct choice. The change in focal length of an eye lens is caused by the action of (2) Pupil (6) Retina (C) Ciliary muscles (d) iis [TBQ-4] (©) The ciliary muscles is the correct choice. What happens to the Image dlstance in the eye, when we increase the dlstance of an-object from the eye ? [7BQ-9] ‘The image distance remains unchanged and is equal to the focal length of the eye lens. What do you understand by the term “normal eye”? When an eye can see the nearer or far-off objects clearly without any extemal aid, the eye is said to be normal eye. 14, 15. 16. 17. 19. 20. What do you understand by the term “defective eye” ? Ans. A condition in the eye due to which it cannot see clearly, whether far-off objects or nearer objects or both, is called deflective eve,| 21. Define prism, ‘Ans. Prism is a piece of glass or any other transparent material, bounded by two triangular and three rectangular surfaces. 22. What do you understind by the refracting surface of the prism ? ‘Ans. The rectangular surface of the prism is called refracting surface. 23, What is the refracting edge of a prism ? 11. The far poine of a myopic person is 80 cm in front of, the eye. What is the nature and the power of fens required to enable him to see very distant objects clearly? [78Q-6] ‘Ans. Far-off point of myopic eye (v) = -80 em Distance of the very far-off object from the eye glass (u) = © Focal length of the correcting lens () 1 ie iat 1 fv uw 80cm f= -80 em -. Power of the correcting lens (P) Oem As, the power of the correcting lens is negative, therefore, itis a coneave lens. (V) What is retina ? (i) Name two important points on retina. (@) Retina is a hemispherical screen formed by the nerve endings of the optic nerve, which is sensitive to light (i) Two important points on the retina are (@) yellow spot, (b) blind spot. “3. What is the function of the following in human eye ? () Yellow spot (ii) Choroid () Yellow spot is situated at the centre of the retina. Its function is to form an extremely clear image. Gi) It is a grey membrane lining the sclerotic. Its function is to darken the eye ball from 0 that no reflection takes place from its sides. 4. How dées eye regulate the fight entering Into it? ‘Ans. The pupil regulates the light entering in the eye. If “the light outside is very bright, then the muscles Ans, Ans, B. Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each) ‘Ans, ‘The line along which two refracting surtices of a prism meet is called refracting edge of the prism. 24. What do you understand by the term refracting angle of a prism ? ‘Aus. The, angle between the two refracting surfaces of @ prism is called refracting angle of the prism 25. Define angle of deviation for 3 prism. ‘Ans, The angle between the incident ray and the emergent ray (produced backward) is called angle of deviation. present in the iris relax and make the size of pupil ~ very small with result sinall amount of light enters in the eye ball. Conversely, if the light is dim, the muscles contract and increase the size of the pupil 5. (i) "What is the least distance of distinct vision for normal eye ? (ii) Does the above distance increase or decrease for long-sighted eye? (i) Least distance of distinet vision is 25 cm to 30 em for a normal eye. Gi) The least distance of distinct vision increases for a long-sighted person. Ans. 6. Name the kind of lens used for correcting (i) myopic eye, (ii) hypermetropic eye. (@ Concave lens is used for correcting myopic eye (ii) Convex lens is used for correcting hypermetropic eye. 7. Where do the parallel rays meet on passing through crystalline lens of : (i) long-sighted eye; (Il) short sighted eye? Ans. Ans. (i) In case of long-sighted eye the parallel rays tend to meet behind the retina. + Gi) In case of short-sighted eye the parallel rays tend to meet in front of the retina 8. By drawing a neat labelled diagram, show the course of a ray of light through an equilateral glass prism. Show clearly the angle of incidence and angle of deviation. Yang of deviation Ams. Angle of incidence — pd aden9. What is stropsis as applied to human eyes? Explain : ‘Ans. The phenomenon due to which wie can judge the depth or distance of an object due to the positioning of our eyes few centimeters from each other is called stropsis. ‘As our eyes are separated by few centimeter, each eye receives an image which is slightly different, ‘When these images are combined by the brain into ‘one image, the sensation of depth is produced, 1, A person needs a lens of power-5.5. dioptres for correcting distant vision. For correcting his near vision ‘he needs a lens of power + 1.5 dioptre, What is focal length of lens required for correcting : (i) distant vision, and (ii) near vision.2 1TBQ-5] ‘Ans. Power of the eye glass for distant vision = 55D Correction for power of the eye glass of near =+15D. (® Focal length of distant viewing cye glass =~ 18.18 em. Gi) Focal length of near viewing section of eye 100em slss = Tar 2, How does normal eye achieve accommodation? Ans. In order to focus far-off objects, the ciliary muscles relax, and in doing so, increase the curvature and focal length of the crystalline lens. Thus, the image of far-off object is clearly focussed on the retina, Which is at the principal focus of erystalline lens. Conversely, to focus near objects, the ciliary muscles contract and in doing so, decrease the curvature and hence, focal length of crystalline lens, ‘Thus, the images of objects, nearer to the eye are clearly focussed on the retina, which is between F and 2F of crystalline Tens 3. The siven dlagram shows the path of a ray of light through an equilateral prism. Answer the following questions : () Which is the refracted ray 2 (ii) Which is the emergent ray ? C. Short Answer Type Questions (3 marks each) & 10. (I) In how many hours after the death of donor, the eyes should be removed ? (i) What kind of persons cannot donate thelr eyes? ‘Ans. () The eyes should be removed within 4.6 hours after death, (Gi) People infected with AIDS, Hepatitis B and C, rabies, tetanus, ete cannot donate their eye. (il) What name is given to angle 1 (iv) What name is given to angle 3 (v) What name is given to angle 5 (vi) What is che relation between angles 1, 2, 3 and 4, Ans.” (i) QR is the refracted ray, Gil) RS is the emergent ray. (ii) Angle 1 is called angle of incidence, (iv) Angle 3 is called angle of deviation (¥) Angle 5 is the angle of refraction on face AB. (i) £2423 = 21424. 4. What is vitreous humour ? Where is it found in the eyeball? State two function of vitreous humour. gray in colour and transparent to light It is found in posterior part of the eyeball, Function: (It prevents the posterior part of eyeball from collapsing due to changes in atmospheric pressure. Gi) Wt practically helps in focussing the image clearly on the retina, 5. What Is aqueous humour? Where Is it found in the eye ball? State its two functions. Ans. Aqueous humour, is a saline, watery fluid,