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SOLUTION (7.1)
Known: Marketing materials from a major athletic shoe manufacturer claim that a
cushioning system they have designed helps protect the foot from harmful forces by helping
to absorb impact. The cushioning system has the ability to absorb shock by dissipating
vertical impact and transferring it to the horizontal plane. The system is placed in the
forefoot and/or the rear foot of the shoes mid-sole.
Find: Using the force flow concept, explain, if possible, how a cushioning system
could absorb shock by dissipating vertical impact and dispersing it into the horizontal
plane.
Analysis: A cushioning system that absorbs impact energy during the foot strike phase
of running and conforms to the foot area of contact should help to reduce peak forces
and distribute the pressure evenly over the contact area. A material such as rubber or a
gel sac will deform down and “squeeze” outwards on the horizontal plane. This helps to
increase the impact time duration and greatly lower peak forces.
The system can relieve localized pressure “hot spots” by allowing the shoe sole to
conform to the foot. A gel type system, that can not carry significant shear stresses, will
deform around the contact area and distribute the stress more evenly when compared to
a mechanically stiffer material like plastic that deforming little under the contact
stresses. ■

7-1
SOLUTION (7.2)
Known: Impact is one case encountered in dynamic loading.
Find: Describe the difference between impact loading and static loading.
Analysis: According to Section 7.1, the usual way of distinguishing between impact
and static loading is to compare (1) the time required for applying the load with (2) the
natural period of vibration of the undamped sprung mass (see Figure 7.1a). Static
loading can be assumed if the time required to apply the load is greater than three times
the natural period. Impact loading exists if the time of loading is less than half the
natural period.
■
Comment: Common examples of impact loading from everyday life include driving a
nail or stake with a hammer, breaking up concrete with an air hammer, razing a
masonry building with an impact ball, and colliding of automobiles in an accident.
Moreover, all explosive propulsion of projectiles involves impact. Such structures as
automobile bumpers, highway guardrails, machinery guards, etc., are designed on the
basis of providing ability to absorb energy of impact. Impact-absorbing mountings are
used to protect delicate equipment from damage during operation and transit.

7-2
SOLUTION (7.3)
Known: A tensile impact bar is fractured in service. A new bar is made exactly like the
old one except that the middle third is enlarged to twice the diameter of the ends.
Find: Compare the impact capacities of the new and old bars.
Schematic and Given Data:

3L L 2d

d d
OLD NEW

Assumptions:
1. Neglect stress concentrations.
2. The static load capacities of the old and the new bars are the same.
3. The mass of each bar is negligible.
4. Ignore damping due to internal friction.
Analysis: Neglecting stress concentration, the load capacities of the old and the new
bars are the same.
Area = A Area = A

L Area = 4A

3L L

Area = A

OLD NEW

7-3
Solution 1.
1. The corresponding deflections are:

P(3L)
!= ! = PL + PL + PL = 9 PL
AE AE 4AE AE 4 AE
2. The new bar deflects only 3/4 as much as the old bar. Energy ∝ (load capacity)
(deflection). Hence, the new bar can absorb 3/4 times the energy of the old bar.■
Solution 2.
1. The elastic capacity for the old bar is determined directly from the Eq. (7.5a),
where σ = Sy:

S2y V
Uold =
2E
2. For the new bar, the energy absorbed is equal to the energy absorbed by the middle
section plus the energy absorbed by the two end sections. The end sections are
weakest and can be loaded to a stress of Sy. Their volume is (2V/3) where V is the
volume of the old rod.
The energy capacity of the two end sections is

2 (S2y)(V)
Uends = 3 = 2 Uold
2E 3
The middle section has four times the cross sectional area as an end section; hence,

(Sy/4)2(4V/3) (S2y)(V) 1
Umiddle = = = U
2E 24E 12 old
The total energy capacity is Uends plus Umiddle:

Unew = 2 + 1 Uold = 3 Uold

3 12 4 ■
Hence, the new bar can absorb 3/4 times the energy of the old bar.
Comment: The stress concentrations at the changes in section of the stepped bar would
further reduce its impact capacity and would tend to promote brittle fracture at a step.

7-4
SOLUTION (7.4)
Known: A vertical rod is subjected to an axial impact by a 100 lb weight dropped from
a height of 2 ft. The rod is made of steel, with Sy = 45 ksi and E = 30 ✕ 106 psi.

Find: The length of the member to avoid yielding for a diameter of (a) 1 in., (b) 1.5 in.,
and (c) 1 in. for half of its length, and 1.5 in for the other half.
Schematic and Given Data:

Drop
weight

24 in.

Assumptions:
1. The mass of each member is negligible.
2. Neglect any stress concentrations.
Analysis: Neglecting stress concentration, the load capacities of the old and the new
bars are the same.

Area = 0.785 in2 Area = 1.77 in 2 Area =2

1.77 in

L
2L 2L
Area = 2
L 0.785 in

d = 1.0 in d = 1.5 in d = 1.0 in; d = 1.5 in

a b c

7-5
(a) Diameter is 1.0 inches
1. For a rod with uniform axial stress, σ = 2UE , or
V
6
(2)(100)(24)(30 x 10 )
V = 2UE2 = 2 = 71 in.3*
σ 45, 000

2. L = V = π71 = 90. 5 in.

A / ■
4
(b) Diameter is 1.5 inches
1. V = 71 in.3
(71)(4)
2. L= 2 = 40 in. ■
(π)(1. 5)
(c) Diameter of 1.0 inches and 1.5 inches
1. Let VS = small end volume. (Large end volume = (1.5)2 VS)
2. Small end stress = Sy = 45,000 psi
45, 000
3. Large end stress = 2
(1. 5)
2 2
V σ S V (45, 000)
4. Small end energy = US = S = S 6
2E (2)(30 x 10 )
2

5.
σ 2
Large end energy = UL = V L L =
(2. 25V S)
45, 000
2. 25
6
( )
2E (2)(30 x 10 )
2
6. U = US + UL = 2400 in. lb. = V S(45, 000)6 1 + 1
(2)(30 x 10 )
(
2. 25 )
7. Therefore, VS = 49.1 in.3

8.
49. 1
LS = π = 62. 6 in.
/4
9. Therefore, L = 125.2 in. ■
Comment: Note physically why, if the "excess diameter" were machined off, the rod
could be shortened from 125 inches to 90 inches.

* This assumes a deflection, which is negligible in comparison with the 24 in. drop.

7-6
SOLUTION (7.5)
Known: A rescue car, of 1400 kg mass, attempted to jerk a stuck vehicle back onto a
road using a 5-m steel tow cable of stiffness k = 5000 N/mm. The rescue car reached a
speed of 4 km/hr at the instant the cable became taut.
Find: Estimate the maximum impact force and resulting elongation that develops in the
cable.
Schematic and Given Data:

Rope
k = 5000 N/mm v = 4 km/hr
L=5m m = 1400 kg

Assumptions:
1. The cable is attached rigidly to the masses of the cars.
2. Ignore the mass of the rope.
3. Neglect any stress concentrations.
4. Ignore damping due to internal friction within the rope.
5. The rope responds to the impact elastically.
Analysis:
1. From Eq. (7.4a), Fe = W ! 2/g"st where "st = W
k
W = gravity force = mg = (1400 kg)(9.81 m/s2) = 13,734 N

13, 734 N
Therefore, !st = = 2. 75 mm; " = 4 km = 1. 11 m
s
5000 N/mm hr
(1. 11 m/s)2
2. Fe = (13, 734 N) = (13, 734)(6. 76) N
(9. 81 m/s2)(0. 00275 m)
3. Maximum impact force = 6.76 times the gravity weight of the car,
or 92.9 kN ■

4. Cable elongation = 92. 9 kN = 18. 6 mm ■

5 kN/mm

7-7
SOLUTION (7.6)
Known: A rescue car, of 2800 kg mass, attempted to jerk a stuck vehicle back onto a
road using a 5-m steel tow cable of stiffness k = 5000 N/mm. The rescue car reached a
speed of 4 km/hr at the instant the cable became taut.
Find: Estimate the maximum impact force and resulting elongation that develops in the
cable.
Schematic and Given Data:

Rope
k = 5000 N/mm v = 4 km/hr
L=5m m = 2800 kg

Assumptions:
1. The cable is attached rigidly to the masses of the cars.
2. Ignore the mass of the rope.
3. Neglect any stress concentrations.
4. Ignore damping due to internal friction within the rope.
5. The rope responds to the impact elastically.
Analysis:
1. From Eq. (7.4a), Fe = W ! 2/g"st where "st = W
k
W = gravity force = mg = (2800 kg)(9.81 m/s2) = 27,468 N

Therefore, ! st = 27,468 N = 5.5 mm; " = 4 km = 1.11 m

5000 N/mm hr s
2
(1.11 m/s)
2. F e = (27,468 N) = 131,297 N
(9.81 m/s 2)(0.0055 m)
3. Maximum impact force = 4.78 times the gravity weight of the car,
or 131.3 kN ■

131.3 kN = 26.26 mm
4. Cable elongation = ■
5 kN/mm

7-8
SOLUTION (7.7)
Known: A rescue car, of 1400 kg mass, attempted to jerk a stuck vehicle back onto a
road using a 5-m steel tow cable of stiffness k = 2500 N/mm. The rescue car reached a
speed of 4 km/hr at the instant the cable became taut.
Find: Estimate the maximum impact force and resulting elongation that develops in the
cable.
Schematic and Given Data:

Rope
k = 2500 N/mm v = 4 km/hr
L=5m m = 1400 kg

Assumptions:
1. The cable is attached rigidly to the masses of the cars.
2. Ignore the mass of the rope.
3. Neglect any stress concentrations.
4. Ignore damping due to internal friction within the rope.
5. The rope responds to the impact elastically.
Analysis:
1. From Eq. (7.4a), Fe = W ! 2/g"st where "st = W
k
W = gravity force = mg = (1400 kg)(9.81 m/s2) = 13,734 N

Therefore, ! st = 13,734 N = 5.5 mm; " = 4 km = 1.11 m

2500 N/mm hr s

(1. 11 m/s)2
2. Fe = (13, 734 N) = 65,648.5 N
(9. 81 m/s2)(0. 00275 m)
3. Maximum impact force = 4.78 times the gravity weight of the car,
or 65.6 kN ■

4. Cable elongation = 92. 9 kN = 18. 6 mm ■

5 kN/mm

7-9
SOLUTION (7.8)
Known: A rescue car, of 1400 kg mass, attempted to jerk a stuck vehicle back onto a
road using a 5-m steel tow cable of stiffness k = 5000 N/mm. The rescue car reached a
speed of 8 km/hr at the instant the cable became taut.
Find: Estimate the maximum impact force and resulting elongation that develops in the
cable.
Schematic and Given Data:

Rope
k = 5000 N/mm v = 8 km/hr
L=5m m = 1400 kg

Assumptions:
1. The cable is attached rigidly to the masses of the cars.
2. Ignore the mass of the rope.
3. Neglect any stress concentrations.
4. Ignore damping due to internal friction within the rope.
5. The rope responds to the impact elastically.
Analysis:
1. From Eq. (7.4a), Fe = W ! 2/g"st where "st = W
k
W = gravity force = mg = (1400 kg)(9.81 m/s2) = 13,734 N

Therefore, ! st = 13,734 N = 2.75 mm; " = 8 km = 2.22 m

5000 N/mm hr s
2
(2.22 m/s)
2. F e = (13,734 N) = (13,734)(9.56) N
(9.81 m/s 2)(0.00275 m)
3. Maximum impact force = 9.56 times the gravity weight of the car,
or 131.3 kN ■

131.3 kN = 26.26 mm
4. Cable elongation = ■
5 kN/mm

7-10
SOLUTION (7.9)
Known: A rescue car attempted to jerk a stuck vehicle back onto a road using a 12 m
elastic cable of stiffness 2.4 N/mm. The rescue car was able to reach 12 km/hr at the
point of becoming taut.
Find: Estimate the impact force developed and the resulting cable elongation.
Determine the energy stored in the cable. Write a warning that you suggest should be
provided with elastic cables sold for this purpose.
Schematic and Given Data:

Rope
k = 2.4 N/mm v = 12 km/hr
L = 12 m m = 1400 kg

Assumptions:
1. The cable is attached rigidly to the masses of the cars.
2. Ignore the mass of the rope.
3. Neglect any stress concentrations.
4. Ignore damping due to internal friction within the rope.
5. The rope responds to the impact elastically.
6. The stuck vehicle does not move significantly until the rescue car has just come to
a stop.
Analysis:
1. From Eq. (7.4a), Fe = W ! 2/g "st where "st = W/k
W = gravity force = mg = (1400)(9.81) = 13,734 N

!st = 13734 N = 5723 mm

2. 4 N/mm

! = 12 km = 3. 33 m/s
hr
(3. 33)2
Fe = (13, 734 N) = (13, 734)(0. 44) = 6043 N
(9. 81)(5. 723)
Maximum impact force is 6043 N ■

Cable elongation = 6043 N = 2518 mm ! 2. 5 m ■

2. 4 N/mm

7-11
2. Energy = (average force)(deflection) = 6043 N 2. 5 m = 7554 N•m ■
2
Gravity force on a 100 kg mass is (100 kg)(9.81 m/s2) = 981 N
Hence, (7554 N.m)/(981 N) = 7.7 m is the equivalent free fall.

Comment: Note that in Problem 7.5, the added traction force with half the weight on
the driving wheels and a coefficient of friction (on ice) of 0.1 would be (13734/2)(0.1)
= 687 N. This would add negligibly in Problem 7.5, but would be significant in
Problem 7.9. Also, in Problem 7.9, the extra energy of adding a 687 N force throughout
the distance of rope-stretch would make a further significant addition. Thus the
possibility of storing considerably more than 7554 N•m of energy exists. A warning
should include (1) attach ends securely to appropriate structures on each car, (2) keep
all personnel well away from the rope when in use, and (3) examine rope and do not use
it if weakened by damage. ■

7-12
SOLUTION (7.10)
Known: A 6000 lb tow truck, attempted to jerk a wrecked vehicle back onto a road
using a 15 foot length of steel tow cable 1 in. in diameter (E = 12 x 106 psi of the
cable). The tow truck reached a speed of 3 mph at the instant the cable became taut, but
the wrecked vehicle does not move. The cable breaks in the middle and the two 7.5
foot halves are connected in parallel for a second attempt.
Find: (a) Estimate the maximum impact force applied to the wrecked car and the stress
produced in the cable. (b) Estimate the impact force and the cable stress developed in
the second attempt if the wrecked vehicle still remains fixed.
Schematic and Given Data:
Rope v = 3 mph
d = 1.0 in. m = 6000 lb
E = 12 x 10 psi
L = 15 feet

Assumptions:
1. The cable is attached rigidly to the masses of the cars.
2. Ignore the mass of the rope.
3. Neglect any stress concentrations.
4. Ignore damping due to internal friction within the rope.
5. The rope responds to the impact elastically.
Analysis:
(a) L = 15 feet
1. From Eq. (7.4a), F e = W ν 2/gδst where v = 3 mph = 52. 8 in. /sec

2. δ st = PL = (6000)(180) 6 = 0. 1145 in.

AE (. 785)(12 x 10 )
2
(52. 8)
3. F e = (6000) = (6000)(7. 94) = 47,600 lb ■
(386)(0. 1145)

4. σ = F e = 47, 000 lb2 = 60. 6 ksi ■

A 0. 785 in.
(b) L = 7.5 feet (two parallel 1 in. cables)
1. δst is decreased by 4, therefore Fe is increased by 2. Thus, the impact
force is 95,200 lb. ■
2. Both Fe and A are doubled; hence, σe remains at 60.6 ksi. ■

Comment: Note that in (a) and (b), the same volume of equally stressed material
absorbs the same amount of energy.

7-13
SOLUTION (7.11)
Known: A 100 lb weight falls from a known height onto an aluminum beam of known
geometry and material properties. The beam is supported by two springs.
Find: Determine the maximum beam stress and deflection.
Schematic and Given Data:

100 lb
1.0 in x 1.0 in
12 in. aluminum bar

100 lb/in. 100 lb/in.

30 in.
60 in.

Assumptions:
1. The masses of the beam and spring can be neglected.
2. The beam and springs respond elastically.
3. The impact load is applied uniformly at the center of the beam.
Analysis:
1. The static deflection for the beam only, supporting springs only, and total system
are respectively:
3
!st(beam) = PL
48EI
where E = 10.4 Mpsi (Appendix C-1)
I = bh3/12 = 1.0(1.0)3/12 = 0.0833 in.4
100(60)3
!st(beam) = = 0. 519 in.
48(10. 4"106)(0. 0833)

!st(springs) = P = 100 = 0. 50 in.

2k 2(100)
!st(total) = 0. 519 + 0. 50 = 1. 019 in.
2. From Eq. (7.1) or (7.2) the impact factor is

2(12)
1+ 1 + 2h = 1 + 1 + = 5. 96
!st 1. 019
3. Hence, the total impact deflection is (1.019)(5.96) = 6.07 in. The deflection of the
beam is (0.519)(5.96) = 3.09 in.
4. The extreme-fiber beam stress is estimated from Fe = (100)(5.96) = 596 lb as

7-14
 ! = M = FeL where Z =I/c = 0. 0833 = 0. 167 in. 3
Z 4Z (1. 0/2)
596(60)
!= = 53. 5 ksi
4(0. 167) ■
Comments:
1. From Appendix C-2,

Aluminum alloys Su(ksi) Sy(ksi)

1100-0 12 4.5
2024-T4 65 43
7055-0 34 14.3
7075-T6 86 78

Among the above alloys, only 7075-T6 will not yield with the stress of 53.5 ksi.
2. If the weight of the beam is considered in the analysis, the impact factor from
2!h
Burr, Mechanical Analysis and Design, Elsevier, 1982, is 1 + 1+ where
"st
η is the correction factor.
Also from Burr, for impact at the mid-length of a simply supported beam,

!= 1 where mb = total mass of the beam, m = mass of falling

1 + (17/35)(mb/m)
object.
mb = Vρ where ρ = 0.1 lb/in.3 for aluminum (Appendix C-1).
mb = (1)(1)(60)(0.1) = 6 lb.

Thus, ! = 1 = 0. 972
1 + (17/35)(6/100)
2(0. 972)(12)
The impact factor is 1 + 1 + = 5. 89 which gives σ = 52.9 ksi.
1. 019
Neglecting the weight of the beam, we found that σ = 53.5 ksi. Thus, the effect of
including the weight of the aluminum beam in the analysis is small.

7-15
SOLUTION (7.12)
Known: A stranded steel cable with known cross section and modulus of elasticity
supports a 5-ton elevator. As the elevator is descending at a constant velocity, an
accident causes the top of the cable, 70 ft above the elevator, to suddenly stop.
Find: Estimate the maximum elongation and maximum tensile stress developed in the
cable.
Schematic and Given Data:

Steel cable
A = 2.5 in. 2
6
E = 12 x 10 psi

v = 400 fpm

Assumptions:
1. The mass of the cable is negligible.
2. Neglect any stress concentrations.
3. Ignore damping due to internal friction within the cable.
4. The cable responds elastically to the impact.
Analysis:
Solution 1 - Using Eqs. (7.1a)

2
1. ! = !st 1 + 1+ "
g!st
10, 000 lb 840 in.
where !st = PL = = 0. 28 in.
AE 2. 5 in. 2 12 " 106 psi

80 in. /s 2
2. !max = (0. 28 in. ) 1 + 1+ = (0. 28 in. )(8. 76) = 2. 45 in.
386 in. /s2 0. 28 in.

3. Impact factor = δmax/δst = 2.45/0.28 = 8.75

4. !max = Fmax/A = (5 tons)(2000 lb/ton)(8. 75)/2. 5 in. 2 = 35. 0 ksi ■

7-16
Solution 2 - Using Eq. (7.3a)

1. ! = !st " 2/g!st = (0. 28 in. ) (80)2/386(0. 28) = 2. 155 in.

But this is due to the accident only. Adding the pre-existing deflection of 0.28 in.
gives a total δmax = 2.435 in. ■
(80 in. /s) 2
2. Using Eq. (7.4a), Fe = W ! 2 = (10, 000) = 76, 950 lb
g"st (386 in. /s2)(0. 28 in. )

10, 000 + 76, 950

3. !max = W + Fe = = 34.8 ksi ■
A 2. 5
Solution 3 - Using Basic Energy Relationships
1. The rope stretch due to impact involves converting the kinetic energy of the
elevator mass to elastic energy in the cable:

1 m! 2 = 1 k"2
2 2
P AE (2. 5)(12 " 106)
where k = = = = 35, 714 lb/in.
! L 840
2. Using Eq. (7.3b), ! = 2U where U = 1/2 m" 2
k

m" 2 = (10, 000/386)(80)2

!= = 2. 155 in.
k 35, 714
3. Pre-accident equilibrium deflection of 0.28 in. is added to give !max = 2. 435 in.
Hence, !max = 34. 8 ksi (as in Solution 2) ■
Solution 4 - Using Differential Equation of Mass Motion
1. !Fvert. = 0: kx + mx = 0 (neglecting damping, and also the gravity force which is
in equilibrium with the pre-accident cable force; and where x is measured from the
equilibrium point.)

2. The solution is x = x0 sin k/m t where xmax = x0 k/m . This is known to be 80

in./s.
3. Therefore, 80 in. 35, 714 lb/in.
s = x0 10, 000 lb/386 in/s2
: x0 = 2. 155 in.

4. Adding 0.28 gives δmax = 2.435 in., and σmax = 34.8 ksi as in Solution 2. ■

7-17
SOLUTION (7.13)
Known: A stranded steel cable with known cross section and modulus of elasticity
supports a 5-ton elevator. As the elevator is descending at a constant velocity, an
accident causes the top of the cable, to suddenly stop.
Find: Estimate the maximum elongation and maximum tensile stress developed in the
cable for a cable length above the elevator of 1 to 500 feet.
Schematic and Given Data:

Steel cable
A = 2.5 in. 2
6
E = 12 x 10 psi

v = 400 fpm

Assumptions:
1. The mass of the cable is negligible.
2. Neglect any stress concentrations.
3. Ignore damping due to internal friction within the cable.
4. The cable responds elastically to the impact.
Analysis: The analytical procedure employed in SOLUTION (7.12) is followed.
However, rather than using L = 70 feet = 840 in, the analysis is conducted for L = 1 foot
to 500 feet in increasing increments of length. The solution for L = 70 feet is given
below followed by the plots for L = 1 foot to L = 500 feet.
Solution 1 - Using Eqs. (7.1a)

2
1. ! = !st 1 + 1+ "
g!st
10, 000 lb 840 in.
where !st = PL = = 0. 28 in.
AE 2. 5 in. 2 12 " 106 psi

80 in. /s 2
2. !max = (0. 28 in. ) 1 + 1+ = (0. 28 in. )(8. 76) = 2. 45 in.
386 in. /s2 0. 28 in.

3. Impact factor = δmax/δst = 2.45/0.28 = 8.75

7-18
4. !max = Fmax/A = (5 tons)(2000 lb/ton)(8. 75)/2. 5 in. 2 = 35. 0 ksi ■

Solution 2 - Using Eq. (7.3a)

1. ! = !st " 2/g!st = (0. 28 in. ) (80)2/386(0. 28) = 2. 155 in.

But this is due to the accident only. Adding the pre-existing deflection of 0.28 in.
gives a total δmax = 2.435 in. ■
(80 in. /s) 2
2. Using Eq. (7.4a), Fe = W ! 2 = (10, 000) = 76, 950 lb
g"st (386 in. /s2)(0. 28 in. )

10, 000 + 76, 950

3. !max = W + Fe = = 34.8 ksi ■
A 2. 5
Solution 3 - Using Basic Energy Relationships
1. The rope stretch due to impact involves converting the kinetic energy of the
elevator mass to elastic energy in the cable:

1 m! 2 = 1 k"2
2 2
(2. 5)(12 " 106)
where k = P = AE = = 35, 714 lb/in.
! L 840
2. Using Eq. (7.3b), ! = 2U where U = 1/2 m" 2
k

m" 2 = (10, 000/386)(80)2

!= = 2. 155 in.
k 35, 714
3. Pre-accident equilibrium deflection of 0.28 in. is added to give !max = 2. 435 in.
Hence, !max = 34. 8 ksi (as in Solution 2) ■
Solution 4 - Using Differential Equation of Mass Motion
1. !Fvert. = 0: kx + mx = 0 (neglecting damping, and also the gravity force which is
in equilibrium with the pre-accident cable force; and where x is measured from the
equilibrium point.)

2. The solution is x = x0 sin k/m t where xmax = x0 k/m . This is known to be 80

in./s.
3. Therefore, 80 in. 35, 714 lb/in.
s = x0 10, 000 lb/386 in/s2
: x0 = 2. 155 in.

4. Adding 0.28 gives δmax = 2.435 in., and σmax = 34.8 ksi as in Solution 2. ■

7-19
7-20
Comments: Wire materials (cables) are generally made from improved plow steel
which has an ultimate strength (tensile) of 200-240 ksi. It should be noted that abrupt
impacts with low elongation and a cable length less than 5 feet produce stresses higher
than 119 ksi.
The ability of the longer cable to elongate significantly lowers the maximum cable
stresses and inspection of the plots shows an interesting point around 50 feet of cable
length. For a length of at least 50 feet of cable the maximum tensile stress is less than
41 ksi.
The actual construction of the wire cable can significantly influence the modulus of
elasticity.

Standards and codes for elevators should be consulted and reviewed when analyzing
elevator cable stresses and elongations just like designing and analyzing other human
hoist systems.

7-21
SOLUTION (7.14)
Known: A stranded steel cable with known cross section and modulus of elasticity
supports a 950-lb gin pole. As the gin pole is descending at a constant velocity, an
accident causes the top of the cable, 70 ft above the gin pole, to suddenly stop.
Find: Estimate the maximum elongation and maximum tensile stress developed in the
cable.
Schematic and Given Data:

Steel cable
2
A = 0.110 in.
6
E = 12 x 10 psi

Gin pole
v = 30 fpm

Assumptions:
1. The mass of the cable is negligible.
2. Neglect any stress concentrations.
3. Ignore damping due to internal friction within the cable.
4. The cable responds elastically to the impact.
5. The cable is attached at the top of the gin pole (L = 70 feet).
Analysis:
Solution 1 - Using Eqs. (7.1a)
2
1. ! = !st 1 + 1+ "
g!st
(950 lb) (840 in. )
where δ st = PL = = 0. 60 in.
AE (0. 11 in. 2) 12 × 10 6 psi
( )
2.
(
δ max = (0.60 in.) 1 + 1+
(6 in./s) 2
(386 in./s 2)(0.60 in.) ) = (0. 60 in. )(2. 07) = 1. 24 in.

3. Impact factor = δmax/δst = 1.24/0.60 = 2.07

2
4. !max = Fmax/A = (950 lb)(2. 07)/0. 11 in. = 17. 9 ksi ■

7-22
Solution 2 - Using Eq. (7.3a)
2
1. ! = !st " 2/g!st = (0.60 in.) (6) /386(0.60) = 0.237 in.

But this is due to the accident only. Adding the pre-existing deflection of 0.60 in.
gives a total δmax = 0.837 in. ■
2
2. Using Eq. (7. 4a), F e = W ν 2 = (950) (6 in./s)
= 375 lb
gδst (386 in./s 2)(0.60 in.)

W + F e 950 + 375
3. σ max = = = 12. 0 ksi
A 0. 11 ■
Solution 3 - Using Basic Energy Relationships
1. The rope stretch due to impact involves converting the kinetic energy of the
elevator mass to elastic energy in the cable:

1 m! 2 = 1 k"2
2 2
6
P AE (0. 11)(12 × 10 )
where k = = = = 1, 571 lb/in.
δ L 840
2. Using Eq. (7.3b), ! = 2U where U = 1/2 m" 2
k
2
δ= mν 2 = (950/386)(6)
= 0.237 in.
k 1571
3. Pre-accident equilibrium deflection of 0.60 in. is added to give ! max = 0. 837 in.
Hence, ! max = 12. 0 ksi (as in Solution 2) ■
Solution 4 - Using Differential Equation of Mass Motion
1. !Fvert. = 0: kx + mx = 0 (neglecting damping, and also the gravity force which is
in equilibrium with the pre-accident cable force; and where x is measured from the
equilibrium point.)

2. The solution is x = x0 sin k/m t where xmax = x0 k/m . This is known to be 6

in./s.
1, 571 lb/in.
3. Therefore, 6 in.
s = x0 : x 0 = 0. 237 in.
950 lb/386 in/s 2
4. Adding 0.60 gives δmax = 0.837 in., and σmax = 12.0 ksi as in Solution 2. ■

Comment: Comparison of Solution 1 with Solutions 2, 3, and 4 reveals that

the static deflection is not significant compared to the total deflection.

7-23
SOLUTION (7.15)
Known: The vertical drive shaft is 20 mm in diameter, 650 mm long, and made of
steel. The motor is equivalent to a steel flywheel 300 mm in diameter and 25 mm thick.
When the vertical shaft is rotating at 3000 rpm, the propeller strikes a heavy
obstruction, bring it to a virtually instantaneous stop.
Find: Calculate the elastic torsional shear stress in the vertical shaft.
Schematic and Given Data:

300 mm dia.
t=25 mm

20 mm dia.
650 mm
3000 rpm

Assumptions:
1. The weight of the shaft may be neglected.
2. The shaft acts as a torsional spring and responds elastically to the impact.
3. The short horizontal propeller shaft and the bevel gears have negligible flexibility.
Analysis:
1. For "flywheel", U = (1/2) Iω2 where I = (1/2) mr2 and m = πr2tρ where ρ = 7700
kg/m3 (Appendix C-1).
Thus, U = (1/4)πr4tρω2
2
4 kg 3000 " 2! rad
= (1/4) !(0. 150 m) (0. 025 m) (7700 3 ) s = 7554 N•m
m 60
2. From Eq. (7.6):

!=2 UG where G = 79 GPa (Appendix C-1)

V

(7554 N m)(79 " 109 N/m2)

!=2
(0. 010)2#(0. 650)

! = 3. 4 " 109 Pa # 3. 4 GPa ■

7-24
SOLUTION (7.16)
Known: The vertical drive shaft is 20 mm in diameter, 650 mm long, and made of
steel. The motor is equivalent to a steel flywheel 300 mm in diameter and 25 mm thick.
When the vertical shaft is rotating at 6000 rpm, the propeller strikes a heavy
obstruction, bring it to a virtually instantaneous stop.
Find: Calculate the elastic torsional shear stress in the vertical shaft.
Schematic and Given Data:

300 mm dia.
t=25 mm

20 mm dia.
650 mm

6000 rpm

Assumptions:
1. The weight of the shaft may be neglected.
2. The shaft acts as a torsional spring and responds elastically to the impact.
3. The short horizontal propeller shaft and the bevel gears have negligible flexibility.
Analysis:
1. For "flywheel", U = (1/2) Iω2 where I = (1/2) mr2 and m = πr2tρ where ρ = 7700
kg/m3 (Appendix C-1).
Thus, U = (1/4)πr4tρω2
2
! 4 kg 6000 " 2! rad
U = (1/4) (0.150 m) (0.025 m) (7700 3) s = 30,216 N•m
m 60
2. From Eq. (7.6):

!=2 UG where G = 79 GPa (Appendix C-1)

V
9
!=2 (30,216 N m)(79 " 10 N/m 2)
2
(0.010) #(0.650)

! = 6.8 " 10 9 Pa # 6.8 GPa ■

7-25
SOLUTION (7.17)
Known: The vertical drive shaft is 10 mm in diameter, 650 mm long, and made of
steel. The motor is equivalent to a steel flywheel 300 mm in diameter and 25 mm thick.
When the vertical shaft is rotating at 3000 rpm, the propeller strikes a heavy
obstruction, bring it to a virtually instantaneous stop.
Find: Calculate the elastic torsional shear stress in the vertical shaft.
Schematic and Given Data:

300 mm dia.
t=25 mm

10 mm dia.
650 mm

3000 rpm

Assumptions:
1. The weight of the shaft may be neglected.
2. The shaft acts as a torsion spring and responds elastically to the impact.
3. The short horizontal propeller shaft and the bevel gears have negligible flexibility.
Analysis:
1. For "flywheel", U = (1/2) Iω2 where I = (1/2) mr2 and m = πr2tρ where ρ = 7700
kg/m3 (Appendix C-1).
Thus, U = (1/4)πr4tρω2
2
4 kg 3000 " 2! rad
= (1/4) !(0. 150 m) (0. 025 m) (7700 3 ) s = 7554 N•m
m 60
2. From Eq. (7.6):

!=2 UG where G = 79 GPa (Appendix C-1)

V
9
!=2 (7554 N m)(79 " 10 N/m 2)
2
(0.005) #(0.650)

! = 6.8 " 10 9 Pa # 6.8 GPa ■

7-26
SOLUTION (7.18)
Known: The vertical drive shaft is 20 mm in diameter, 325 mm long, and made of
steel. The motor is equivalent to a steel flywheel 300 mm in diameter and 25 mm thick.
When the vertical shaft is rotating at 3000 rpm, the propeller strikes a heavy
obstruction, bring it to a virtually instantaneous stop.
Find: Calculate the elastic torsional shear stress in the vertical shaft.
Schematic and Given Data:

300 mm dia.
t=25 mm

20 mm dia.
325 mm

3000 rpm

Assumptions:
1. The weight of the shaft may be neglected.
2. The shaft acts as a torsional spring and responds elastically to the impact.
3. The short horizontal propeller shaft and the bevel gears have negligible flexibility.
Analysis:
1. For "flywheel", U = (1/2) Iω2 where I = (1/2) mr2 and m = πr2tρ where ρ = 7700
kg/m3 (Appendix C-1).
Thus, U = (1/4)πr4tρω2
2
4 kg 3000 " 2! rad
= (1/4) !(0. 150 m) (0. 025 m) (7700 3 ) s = 7554 N•m
m 60
2. From Eq. (7.6):

!=2 UG where G = 79 GPa (Appendix C-1)

V

(7554 N m)(79 " 109 N/m2)

!=2
(0. 010)2#(0. 650)

! = 4.81 " 10 9 Pa # 4.81 GPa ■

7-27
SOLUTION (7.19)
Known: Figure P7.19 shows a cantilevered steel rod with a 90° bend lying in a horizontal
plane. A weight W is dropped from height h. The steel rod has a yield strength of 50 ksi.
Neglect the weight of the rod and neglect the transverse shear stresses. Assume that
maximum-distortion-energy theory of failure applies.
Find: What combinations of W and h are required to produce yielding of the rod?
Schematic and Given Data:

W
Point "A"

h Fe 3
y
1 x
15"

10" 2

Assumptions:
1. Weight of the rod can be neglected.
2. Transverse shear stresses can be neglected.
3. The maximum-distortion-energy theory of failure applies.
4. No plastic deformation occurs and deflection is proportional to force applied.
Analysis:
1. Find the force, Fe, required to yield the shaft material at the critical point “A”:

Mc 32(15Fe )
!= = = 153Fe
I "(1)3

Tc 16(10Fe )
#= = = 51Fe
J "(1)3

Using distortion energy theory:

1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
! e = [! + 3" ] = Fe [153 + 3(51) ] = 177Fe
For ! e = Sy = 50, 000 psi, Fe = 282 lb
■

7-28
2. Find δST caused by static application of force W:

Section 1-2 : M = Wx (Neglect V)

Section 2-3 : M = Wy, T = 10W (Neglect V)

10 15 15
Wx(x) Wy(y) 10w(10)
!= " dx + " dy + " dy
0
EI 0
EI 0
GJ

4 4
I = !(1) = 0.0491 in.4 ; J = !(1) = 0.0982 in.4
64 32

W " 1000 3375 % W

!= $# + '& + (1500 ) = 0.00232W
6
(30x10 )(.0491) 3 3 ( )
11.5x10 6 (.0982 )

3. Find Wh required for Fe = 282 lb:

" 2h % " 2h %
Fe = W $ 1 + 1 + : 282 = W 1 + 1 + '.
# ! ST '& $
# .00232W &
■
The final answer is any combination of W and h that satisfies the above equation.

4. If h >> δST (this is the added assumption), then

" 2h % " 2h %
Fe = W $ ' : 282 = W $ .00232W '
# ! ST & # &

2hW
282 = , Wh = 92.4
.00232

Ans :Wh ( 92.4 in. lb. ■

7-29
SOLUTION (7.20)
Known: Given a tensile bar with known dimensions.
Find: Estimate the ratio of impact energy that can be absorbed with and without the
notch which reduces the diameter to 24 mm.
Schematic and Given Data:

a K = 1.55

Drop
weight

b
K = 4.0 24 mm dia.

c
30 mm dia.

K = 1.4

Assumption: The tensile bar material exhibits brittle behavior.

Analysis:
1. Points a, b, and c are as noted in the above diagram.
2. Let S = allowable stress, or material strength.
Let σn = stress in main body-notched case. Let σu = stress in main body-
unnotched case.
3. At critical point a, σ = S, for unnotched case. At critical point b, σ = S, for the
notched case. At critical point c, σu = S/1.55 = .65S
2
!n = S 24 mm = 0. 16 S
4 30 mm
2
U = V! [Eq. (7. 5a)]
2E
Un = !2n = (. 16S)2
Therefore, U !2u (. 65S)2
u

7-30
 Hence, Un = 0. 06 or 0.06:1
Uu ■

SOLUTION (7.21)
Known: Long steel rods suspend a platform. The steel rod geometry is modified to
obtain greater energy absorbing capacity.
Find:
(a) Determine the smallest effective threaded section area A that would provide
maximum energy absorbing capacity for a new design.
(b) Using this value of A, determine the increase in energy absorbing capacity that
would be provided by the new rod design.
Schematic and Given Data:

Thread: Thread:
2 Area = A
Area = 600 mm
K = 3.9 K = 2.6
Very K = 1.3
long Area = 800 mm
2
2
Area = 800 mm

A = 600 mm 2
K = 1.3
K = 3.9
Area = A
Platform
K = 2.6

(a) Original design (b) New design

Assumption: Under impact loading, the rod material exhibits brittle behavior.

7-31
Analysis:

Thread:
Allowable stress Area = A
Thread: here = S; then
Area = 600 mm 2 K = 2.6
stress here
K = 3.9 K = 1.3
= S 600
3.9 800 2
= 0.1923S Area = 800 mm

Allowable stress at
these two places = S;
Area = 800 mm2 then stress here
= S/1.3
A = 600 mm2 = 0.769S
K = 3.9 K = 1.3

Area = A
K = 2.6
(a) Original design (b) New design

1. To balance stress at thread and fillet, A = 800 2. 6 = 1600 mm2 ■

1. 3
Ub = !2b = 0. 76922 = 16:
2. An increase of 1500% (the new design has 16 times the
Ua !2a 0. 19232
capacity of the original). ■

7-32
SOLUTION (7.22)
Known: A bolt has been fractured. A proposed redesign of the bolt involves drilling an
axial hole in the unthreaded portion, and incorporating a larger fillet radius under the
bolt head.
Find:
(a) Determine the theoretical optimum diameter of the drilled hole.
(b) Using this hole size, calculate the factor by which the modifications increase the
energy absorbing capacity of the bolt.
Schematic and Given Data:
Hole dia., d

K = 2.2 K = 1.5

250 mm dia. = 36 mm

Fracture
location Assume that hole
2 drilled to this depth
A = 800 mm
K = 3.8 does not significantly
change the K = 3.8
factor of the thread.
3 mm
(negligible)

(a) Original design (b) Modified design

Assumption: The bolt material exhibits brittle behavior.

7-33
Analysis:

Fillet, K = 1.5
!a != S
!b

Stress, S Thread, K = 3.8

!= S

(a) Original design (b) Modified design

1. Drill hole to make σ at fillet = σ at thread

P (3. 8) = P (1. 5)
800 ! 362 - d2
4
Hence, d = 29.9 mm. ■
2
U = ! V [Eq. (7. 5a)] : Ub = !b2Vb
2
2.
2E Ua ! a Va
In Fig. P7.13(a), stress in the large center volume of presumably uniformly

stressed material is !a = S 800 = 0. 207 S. Similarly, !b = S = 0. 667S

3. 8 "(18)2 1. 5

The large center volume in (a) is ! (36)2(250)

4
The large center volume in (b) is ! (362 - 29. 92)(250)
4
V 2
92 = 0. 310
Hence, b = 36 - 29. 2
Va 36
Ub = (0. 667S)2 • 0. 310 = 3. 22
Ua (0. 207S)2
The answer is by a factor of 3.22 ■

7-34
SOLUTION (7.23)
Known: A tensile impact bar has a small transverse hole.
Find: Determine the factor by which the hole reduces the impact energy absorbing
capacity of the bar.
Schematic and Given Data:

K=2

1 in. dia.

0.1 in.-dia.-hole
Very
Long

K=2

Assumption: Under impact loading, the rod material exhibits brittle behavior.
Analysis:
1. Drilling the "very long" rod will not significantly reduce the volume of uniformly
stressed material, but it will reduce the stress, σ, to which this material can be
subjected.
2. σ (for rod without hole) = S = S = 0. 5S, where K = 2 at the fillet.
K 2
σ (for rod with hole) = S area available
Kh area without hole
where Kh is the stress concentration at hole ≈ 2.7 (Fig. 4.37)
" - 0. 1
!h = S 4 = 0. 323 S
2. 7 "
4
2
3. From Eq. (7.5a), U = ! V ,
2E
(0. 5 S)2 (0. 323 S)2
U= V, Uh = V
2E 2E
2
U = (0. 5 S) = 2. 4, or Uh = U
Uh (0. 323 S)2 2. 4
7-35
4. The hole reduces the impact energy capacity of the bar by a factor of 2.4. ■

SOLUTION (7.24D)
Known: The bolt shown in Figure P7.13(a) is to be redesigned.
Find: Redesign the bolt in Figure P7.13(a) to increase the energy absorbing capacity
by a factor of three or more.
Schematic and Given Data:
Hole dia., d

K = 2.2 K = 1.5

250 mm dia. = 36 mm

Fracture
location Assume that hole
2 drilled to this depth
A = 800 mm
K = 3.8 does not significantly
change the K = 3.8
factor of the thread.
3 mm
(negligible)

(a) Original design (b) Modified design

Assumption: The bolt material exhibits brittle behavior.

Decisions:
1. Increase the radius under the bolt head changing the stress concentration from K =
2.2 to K = 1.5.
2. Drill an axial hole in the unthreaded portion of the bolt to make the stress at the
fillet equal to the stress at the thread.

7-36
Analysis:

Fillet, K = 1.5
!a != S
!b

Stress, S Thread, K = 3.8

!= S

(a) Original design (b) Modified design

1. Drill hole to make σ at fillet = σ at thread

P (3. 8) = P (1. 5)
800 ! 362 - d2
4
Hence, d = 29.9 mm.
2
U = ! V [Eq. (7. 5a)] : Ub = !b2Vb
2
2.
2E Ua ! a Va
In Fig. P7.13(a), stress in the large center volume of presumably uniformly

stressed material is !a = S 800 = 0. 207 S. Similarly, ! = S = 0. 667S

b
3. 8 "(18)2 1. 5

The large center volume in (a) is ! (36)2(250)

4
The large center volume in (b) is ! (362 - 29. 92)(250)
4
Vb = 362 - 29. 92 = 0. 310
Hence,
Va 362
Ub = (0. 667S)2 • 0. 310 = 3. 22
Ua (0. 207S)2

The answer is by a factor of 3.22 ■

7-37
Comment:
1. The energy absorbing capacity is increased by a factor of 3.22 because of the
design decisions.
2. Clearly this answer is only one of several possible solutions.

SOLUTION (7.25D)
Known: A plain tensile impact bar has a one-inch diameter and stress concentration of
1.5 at each end.
Find: Redesign the impact bar to reduce the impact energy absorbing capacity of the
bar by a factor of 2 or more.
Schematic and Given Data:

K = 1.5

1 in. dia.

0.1 in.-dia.-hole
Very
Long

K = 1.5

Decisions: Drill a 0.1 in-diameter home transverse to the axis.

Assumption:
1. Under impact loading, the rod material exhibits brittle behavior.
2. The bar is "very long".
Analysis:
S = S = 0.67S
1. σ (for rod without hole) = , where K = 1.5 at the fillet.
K 1. 5
σ (for rod with hole) = S area available
Kh area without hole
where Kh is the stress concentration at hole ≈ 2.7 (Fig. 4.37)
" - 0. 1
!h = S 4 = 0. 323 S
2. 7 "
4
7-38
 2
2. From Eq. (7.5a), U = ! V ,
2E
2 2
(0.67 S) (0.323 S)
U= V, Uh = V
2E 2E
3. The ratio of impact energy absorbing capacities is
2
U = (0.67 S) = 4. 30, or U = U
h
Uh (0.323 S)2 4. 3

Comments:
1. The hole reduces the impact energy capacity of the bar by a factor of 4.3.
2. Drilling the "very long" rod will not significantly reduce the volume of uniformly
stressed material, but it will reduce the stress, σ, to which this material can be
subjected.
3. The decision to drill a 0.1 in-diameter hole produces a design that clearly reduces
the impact energy absorbing capacity by a factor of 2 or more.
4. This design is only one of several possible redesigns. ■

7-39