December 2012

www.cibsejournal.com

LET THERE
BE LIGHT
The daylight factor: should
clients ignore the professionals?
Sponsored by:

CIBSEdec12_Lightingsupp pp01 cover.indd 1 15/11/2012 16:59

 2 CIBSE Journal November 2012 www.cibsejournal.com

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 editor’s view lighting special

Blindingly obvious?
I
t’s a familiar tale: the sun is blazing through the windows, Contents
www.cibsejournal.com but the blinds are down and the lights are on; what else
4 The measure
are building occupiers to do when natural daylight causes of quality
Editorial
Editor: Alex Smith glare and yet their colleagues at the furthest end of the Peter Boyce asks how
Tel: 01223 273520
Email: asmith@cibsejournal.com
room are practically working in the dark? Academic Kit Cuttle industry defines good
lighting
Deputy editor: Carina Bailey believes he may have an answer: ignore the lighting profession
Tel: 01223 273521
Email: cbailey@cibsejournal.com and the daylight factor when it comes to designing inhabitable 8 In a different class
Senior designer: Dean Farrow A new school building
Technical editor: Tim Dwyer spaces. Read the thinking behind his argument – and the
programme will change the
opposing view of John Mardaljevic – on page 14. face of lighting in schools
Advertisement sales
Sales manager: Jim Folley Peter Boyce continues the theme, examining the role
Tel: 020 7324 2786, jim.folley@redactive.co.uk 14 A guiding light?
Sales consultant: Mark Palmer, Tel: 020 7324
lighting criteria play in delivering good quality lighting.
Two academics go head to
2785, mark.palmer@redactive.co.uk According to Boyce, the client and designer should have an head to debate the relevance
Sales executive: Darren Hale
Tel: 020 7880 6206, darren.hale@redactive.co.uk ambition to achieve more than simply designing a space that of the daylight factor
Recruitment sales: Paul Wade
Tel: 020 7880 6212 avoids complaints from 17 A bright new dawn?
paul.wade@redactive.co.uk
its occupants. Learn more The new Part L regulations
Advertising production: Jane Easterman
are due out soon, but
Tel: 020 7880 6248
jane.easterman@redactive.co.uk
about his ideas on the Ignore the what requirements are
obstacles and behaviours
For CIBSE
that can make or break
lighting they expected to include in
terms of lighting?
Publishing co-ordinator: Nicola Hurley
Tel: 020 8772 3697, nhurley@cibse.org good quality lighting on profession and
Editorial advisory panel page 4. the daylight
George Adams, engineering director,
Spie Matthew Hall
And Andrew Bissell factor
Laurence Aston, director, Buro Happold explains how the new
Annabel Clasby, mechanical building services
engineer, Atkins Priority Schools Building Programme heralds a step change
Patrick Conaghan, partner, Hoare Lea in lighting for schools. Turn to page 8 to find out why Bissell
Consulting Engineers
Rowan Crowley, director, einside track thinks the lighting community is starting to give more
James Fisher, e3 consultant, FläktWoods
David Hughes, consultant
credence to daylight and measured weather data than the
Philip King, director, Hilson Moran daylight factor.
Chani Leahong, senior associate,
Fulcrum Consulting Carina Bailey, deputy editor
Nick Mead, group technical director,
Imtech Technical Services
Christopher Pountney, graduate engineer,
AECOM

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replacement for fluorescent and improved aesthetics. the environmental impact of
The opinions expressed in editorial material do not necessarily
and halogen. With high levels Lamp changing is a significant commercial and domestic
represent the views of the Chartered Institution of Building
Services Engineers (CIBSE). Unless specifically stated, goods
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or services mentioned in editorial or advertisements are not
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carbon output and zero manager and integrated LED In the next 12 months I would
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 4 CIBSE Journal December 2012 www.cibsejournal.com

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 LIGHTING SPECIAL RECOMMENDED CRITERIA

Grosvenor Hill, a spec office

development in Mayfair, with
lighting by Hoare Lea

Q
W
hat role do lighting criteria universal definition remains the extent to
play in delivering lighting which the installation meets the objectives At the moment, good
quality? Before any attempt and the constraints set by the client and quality lighting most
can be made to answer this the designer. The objectives can include frequently occurs
question, it is necessary to define these enhancing the performance of relevant
when a talented
terms. tasks, ensuring visual comfort, creating
Defining lighting criteria is easy. A specific impressions and generating a
architect and a creative
lighting criterion is some photometric or desired pattern of behaviour, as well as lighting designer work
colorimetric quantity recommended as a minimising energy consumption and together – neither
basis for design. The Society of Light and operating cost. given to slavishly
Lighting (SLL) Code for Lighting is full The constraints are usually the budget, following numerical
of them. the time available for completion of the
lighting criteria
However, defining lighting quality is not work and, sometimes, restrictions on the
so easy. A number of different approaches design approach that can be used.
have been suggested by the academic To many people, defining lighting quality
community: single-number photometric in this way must be a disappointment.
indices calibrated by subjective responses It is both mundane and obvious. It is
(Bean and Bell, 1992); the results of a not expressed in terms of photometric
holistic design process based on lighting measures, but rather in terms of the impact
patterns (Loe and Rowlands, 1996); lighting lighting has on more distant outcomes.
conditions that have desirable impacts on There are three arguments in favour of such
task performance, health and behaviour an outcome-based definition of lighting
(Veitch and Newsham, 1998), through quality, rather than any of the alternatives
to lighting that enhances the ability to based directly on lighting variables.
discriminate detail, colour, form, texture The first is that lighting is usually
and surface finishes without discomfort designed and installed as a means to an
(Cuttle 2008). end, not as an end in itself, so the extent
Despite these attempts to focus, the most to which the end is achieved becomes the

www.cibsejournal.com December 2012 CIBSE Journal 5

CIBSEdec12_Lightingsupp pp04-07 Boyce.indd 5 15/11/2012 17:11

 Left and right: 7 More London (PwC HQ), a 2012 Lighting Design
Award winner. Architecture by Foster, lighting by BDP Lighting

measure of success. The retailer does not care workplaces. Or am I being too hard on the
about lighting per se, but only about lighting designers of such places? When it comes to
as a tool for increasing sales. many workplaces, at the design stage, the
SLL/CIBSE Ireland The second is that what is desirable lighting designer does not know what work is to be
International depends on the context. Almost all the aspects done there, where it is to be done, what the
Lighting Conference of lighting that are considered undesirable in furnishings will be like or even what the
This feature is based on the address one context are attractive in another. surface reflectances are to be. In the face of
Peter Boyce will be giving as one The third is that there are many physical such ignorance, eliminating the bad is about
of the four keynote speakers at the and psychological processes that can influence the best that can be expected and applying the
SLL/CIBSE Ireland International the perception of lighting quality (Veitch, SLL recommendations is enough to ensure
Lighting Conference in Dublin in
April 2013. Entitled ‘Lighting Focus 2001a and b). It is this inherent variability that that the bad is banished.
on Energy, Standards and Quality’, makes a single, universally applicable recipe This lack of specific information also goes
the conference will also feature for good quality lighting based on photometric a long way to explaining the persistence of the
three other keynote speakers: SLL horizontal working plane as a basis of design.
quantities an unreal expectation.
president Iain Macrae will head
the energy session; Peter Raynham If this is so, what is the purpose of the Despite the use of ‘task plane’ rather than
the standards session; and Mike recommendations given in the SLL Code ‘working plane’ in recent recommendations
Simpson new technologies and for Lighting? The answer is to eliminate bad – and the protests of eminent lighting
innovations.
lighting. The recommendations do this by professionals – the fact is that the horizontal
Venue: Croke Park, Dublin. The making sure that the amount, spectrum and working plane is still the plane of choice for
80,000 seater stadium is home
to the Gaelic Games and was distribution of light provided is enough for simple lighting calculations. This is because,
famously visited by the Queen whatever the visual system is likely to be asked in the absence of any other information,
during her Diamond Jubilee. to do, ensuring that this light will be provided applying the illuminance recommendations
Date: 14 April 2013. in such a way that it does not cause visual to a horizontal working plane and assuming
Cost: Delegate fee is €105. There discomfort. high-reflectance room surfaces is usually
is an early booking discount (by Is this enough to ensure good quality enough to guarantee adequate illumination
28 February) of 10%, as well as a
further 10% discount for CIBSE lighting? The answer is yes, but only if all for most forms of work.
and SLL members. Members of that the client and designer have in mind But what happens if the client and the
supporting organisations will also is to avoid complaints from occupants. designer have greater ambitions than simply
get a 10% discount. Unfortunately, this appears to be the limit of avoiding complaints, and are willing to supply
More details are available from ambition of many clients and designers, as is additional information about the nature and
kevin.kelly@dit.ie
evident to anyone who visits many modern location of the work, and the furnishing and

6 CIBSE Journal December 2012 www.cibsejournal.com

CIBSEdec12_Lightingsupp pp04-07 Boyce.indd 6 15/11/2012 17:12

 LIGHTING SPECIAL RECOMMENDED CRITERIA

Top: Lighting at Grosvenor Hill, designed by Hoare Lea

Inset: The St Botolph Building in London, designed by Grimshaw

as a spec office development, with lighting by Speirs and Major

finishes of the space? Good quality lighting given to slavishly following numerical lighting
can then be delivered, provided attention is criteria. This should not be taken to mean This inherent variability
paid to context, fashion and opportunity. that numerical lighting criteria is irrelevant. makes a single, universally
Context is important because what would Its purpose is to act as a baseline so that bad applicable recipe for good
be considered attractive lighting for an lighting is eliminated.
quality lighting based on
office seems unlikely to be so attractive in an The interesting question then becomes
intimate restaurant. Fashion is important whether or not lighting criteria can be
photometric quantities an
because we often crave the new to provide developed to bridge the gap between unreal expectation
interest and variety. There is no reason to eliminating the bad and creating the good,
suppose that lighting should be any different particularly where the amount of information,
in this respect from most other aspects of life. the time available for design and the budget
As for opportunity, that is partly a matter of are all limited. If common lighting practice is
technology and partly a matter of being in the to advance, some thought will have to be given
right place at the right time. to answering this question. CJ SLL PUBLISHES NEW GUIDE
And what is the right place? An eminent The Society of Light and Lighting
lighting designer, JM Waldram, once said: References (SLL) has published its new SLL
‘If there is nothing worth looking at, there is 1 Bean AR and Bell RI (1992) The CSP Index: A Practical
Guide to Limiting Obtrusive Light,
nothing worth lighting.’ So the right place is Measure of Office Lighting Quality, LR&T 24, 215-225. which will be available later this
2 Cuttle C (2008) Lighting by Design, 2nd edition, Oxford,
month. While outdoor lighting is
presumably a place that contains something important for people’s work, safety
Architectural Press.
worth looking at. Also, given that to be really 3 Loe DL and Rowlands E (1996) The art and science of and leisure, it can cause issues of sky
good the lighting has to be matched in some lighting: a strategy for lighting design, LR&T 28, 153-164. glow, light trespass or glare, which
way to the particular environment, each 4 Veitch JA (2001a) Lighting quality considerations from can affect health if sleep is disturbed,
biophysical processes, J Illumin Eng Soc 30, 3-16. and affect the visibility of the stars
lighting solution would be specific and not and the behaviour of flora and fauna.
5 Veitch JA (2001b) Psychological processes influencing
generally applicable. lighting quality, J Illumin Eng Soc 30, 124-140 The guide provides further insight
This combination of fashion and specificity 6 Veitch JA and Newsham GR (1998) Determinants of into the factors and considerations
lighting quality 1: State of the science, J Illumin Eng Soc 27, around obtrusive lighting. SLL’s
suggests that the conditions necessary to
92-106 accompanying Factfile 7: Design
produce good quality lighting are liable to 7 The Society of Light and Lighting’s Code for Lighting, and Assessment of Exterior Lighting
change over time and space. At the moment, www.cibseknowledgeportal.co.uk Schemes, will also help designers
good quality lighting most frequently occurs consider if outdoor lighting is actually
● Author and academic PETER BOYCE is the necessary. The guide is available at
when a talented architect and a creative technical editor of Lighting Research and Technology www.cibseknowledgeportal.co.uk
lighting designer work together – neither

www.cibsejournal.com December 2012 CIBSE Journal 7

CIBSEdec12_Lightingsupp pp04-07 Boyce.indd 7 15/11/2012 17:12

 IN A DIFFERENT
CLASS
O
The latest Priority Schools ctober saw the public launch of designers should take greater ownership
the Priority Schools Building of the subject of daylight, change the
Building Programme marks Programme (PSBP) and the BREEAM oversimplification of daylight
a step change in lighting for Facilities Output Specification: design, move away from daylight factors
schools, says Andrew Bissell Generic Design Brief (FOS). The underlying and in their place use measured weather
principle of the PSBP is to target the data. That, and ending the obsession
schools most in need of new buildings with crunching numbers, so that lighting
and facilities – in total, around 261 have designers think more about people’s needs
been identified. The purpose of the FOS and their tasks.
is to set the new criteria for the internal To satisfy these discussions the FOS
and external spaces. It specifically covers brings together the four components of
form and structure, fabric and materials, lighting design in one section: daylight,
environmental requirements, building electric light, lighting control and
services, safety and security, and operation maintenance. Furthermore, lighting design
and maintenance. is the primary heading in the environmental
The lighting community is discussing, requirements section, a reflection of the
with increasing frequency, how lighting value placed on daylight within the learning

8 CIBSE Journal December 2012 www.cibsejournal.com

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 LIGHTING SPECIAL SCHOOLS

Daylight analysis results

The results can be either a single value A lightshelf is reducing the

to show the room satisfies the daylight perimeter DA and distributing the
autonomy (DA) criteria or a graph that can light to the back of the classroom
be more informative and aid understanding
of the benefits of the light redirecting
systems and secondary glazing

76-80

Q
76
70-76

70 64-70

58-64
64
52-58

58 46-52

40-46
52

46
The secondary glazing at
the back of the classroom 40
has increased the DA

At this point in the room the

DA is approaching the target
minimum of 50%

environment. This emphasis on daylight is The phrase CBDM was first coined
well documented in the Hershone Mahone by John Mardaljevic in 2006 when he
Group studies, among others. Of equal presented the concept to the CIBSE National
Lighting design is the
importance is that lighting is not included Conference. Since then the principles primary heading in the
within the building services section. have been discussed at many daylight environmental requirements
The FOS recognises the crucial and lighting events, as well as introduced section, a reflection of the
relationships that exist when creating a into the text of BS 8206-2: 2008 Code of value placed on daylight
lit environment. Designing for daylight is Practice for Daylighting and LG5: Lighting within the learning
the priority, followed by an electric lighting in Education (2011). The concept is quite
solution. The electric lighting solution must simple: rather than simulate the quantity of
environment... Of equal
both meet the needs of the occupants of the light within a space through the use of an importance is that lighting
space and respond to the known distribution overcast sky model, CBDM makes use of is not included within the
of daylight. Lighting control is introduced actual weather data and, as a result, time- building services section
to ensure the systems operate efficiently
Useful daylight index (UDI)
and in line with user requirements. Finally,
the ongoing operation, measurement and UDI <100 [%] UDI 100-3000 [%] UDI >3000 [%]

maintenance is designed and recorded to

ensure the lighting solution delivers what 89
86 89
was promised. 81 80 85
79 77 76
The first stage in lighting the learning 76

environment is to consider the daylight

available. This is where we see the major
change for the PSBP, compared with
previous building programmes and
associated school lighting guides and
specifications. The FOS first describes 20 22 23 22
16
the desired outcome for the learning 15
11 9
10 8
environment – for example, light from 3 5 3 3 6
1 1 1 1 2
two sides of the room to create balance,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
well-lit soffits and walls to give the room
brightness, and control of glare to ensure
The sample graph here Secondary glazing The target is a UDI >3000 will
the result is not the familiar ‘blinds down, shows the results of a UDI will improve the UDI 100-3000 always rise adjacent
lights on’ scenario. The specification analysis for a classroom. UDI 100-3000 as of 80% for to external glazing,
Each line represents the it reduces the UDI the learning equally UDI <100 will
then goes on to set numerical daylight results as if a line had been <100 figure space always reduce
drawn down the centre of
parameters and, in place of daylight factors, the room from the external
climate-based daylight modelling (CBDM) window to the back wall.
A 3D graph would provide
has been adopted. further detail

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 LIGHTING SPECIAL SCHOOLS

Baseline primary school design – section through classrooms overcast sky, light shelves appear to act as
Façade glazing is 30% of Internal reflections Roof lights are placed over the The acoustic baffles are obstructions with daylight factor modelling;
the internal wall where no must be 70/50/20 as a corridor openings to maximise located away from the
external obstructions exist minimum the internal daylight window openings light pipes and light wells don’t show a
significant benefit, given their cost; and
there is little difference when you compare
a north and south facade. All in all, the
above analysis does not reflect real life.
With CBDM the direct sun and diffuse
components will be dynamic in their
intensity and altitude for each facade:
north, south, east and west. Therefore,
while orientation has always been
understood, the analysis and results will
now detail the impact of the sunlight and
daylight, and inform the designer of the
quality and quantity of light within the
space.
The key measure of CBDM is the
Useful Daylight Index (UDI). For the
South façade glazing requires Floor to ceiling height The external glazing at
baseline designs we have set a target for
a light shelf or light redirecting is 3m where no external 30% is appropriate for a each learning space of a UDI of 100-
component obstructions exist 7.2m deep space
2,000 lux for 80% of the occupied time
dependent direct and diffuse daylight can during daylight hours. Previously, daylight
now be analysed and used to design the factors concentrated on minimums and
façade and light-directing components. averages, but in moving to a maximum and
The importance of using a design minimum we are ensuring there is always
process that more accurately simulates a level of daylight without having too many
the world we experience hardly needs occasions where the blinds will be pulled
highlighting. However, the benefits when down to combat too high a level of daylight.
you design buildings in this way are The UDI measure is very much driving a
quite significant. For example: with an quality of light within a space.

Baseline secondary
school section

10 CIBSE Journal December 2012 www.cibsejournal.com

CIBSEdec12_Lightingsupp pp08-10,12 PBSB.indd 10 15/11/2012 17:02

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www.cibsejournal.com November 2012 CIBSE Journal 11

p11_CIBSELIGDec12.indd 11 14/11/2012 12:02

 Lighting special SCHOOLS

Baseline primary
school section

A secondary measure extracted from of luminaires have their own combined

There are new techniques CBDM is daylight autonomy (DA). The Passive InfraRed Sensors (PIR) and/or
purpose of this measure is to ensure that photocell operating dimmable luminaires.
for many lighting designers
we create spaces that are predominantly An often forgotten element of any
and architects to become lit by daylight and, as a result, the electric design discipline is the operating and
familiar with, and those who lighting will be off. The criterion is that the maintenance post completion. One
do so have an opportunity to learning environment should receive its proposal with the PSBP is to link payments
be innovative and stand out target illuminance – say 300 lux average – to the energy performance of the building.
from the rest for 50% of the occupied hours. What that means for the lighting design
The electric lighting design follows the is that the school will be provided with a
strategy and guidance set out in LG5 and LENI (lighting energy numeric indicator)
the research completed by Fagerhult, Lund rating by the lighting designer, and the
University and University College London electrical load and occupation data will be
in the paper: Influence of Ambient Light on recorded and assessed against the original
the Performance, Mood, Endocrine Systems estimation.
and other Factors of School Children 2009. Clearly, there can be many reasons why
The importance of ambient light has been the original estimation and actual data
adopted and, as such, all of the baseline do not align and there will be a 12-month
design schools have exposed soffits period to investigate any discrepancy and
with sufficiently high ceilings to allow adjust the target. This is a significant
suspended luminaires. Using suspended change to previous building programmes
luminaires delivers direct and indirect light as, over the years, a significant amount of
to the space to create a bright and visually energy and building usage data will become
comfortable learning environment. available for future designs.
Cylindrical illuminance has been In conclusion, the PSBP and FOS have
adopted as it is seen as a way to eliminate raised the bar in relation to lighting design
poor quality schemes, where a room that for the learning environment. However,
truly requires three rows of luminaires it is important to note that it has done so
is reduced to two rows. The double-row by taking on board the latest research and
designers often maintain they have thinking in how these spaces should be lit
achieved the working plane light levels. and analysed. There are new techniques for
However, they fail to comment on how the many lighting designers and architects to
teacher’s face will be poorly illuminated. become familiar with, and those who do so
Ensuring the space operates efficiently have an opportunity to be innovative and
and for the benefit of occupants, the stand out from the rest.
lighting control system must be simple The baseline school designs can be found
Daylight design guide
and intuitive, yet also maximise the energy on the Education Funding Agency website.
A guide to lighting design in savings. In many Building Schools for These should be taken as a starting point,
schools is available from the
Society of Light and Lighting, the Future (BSF) schools, the outer row of and not as the only solution. CJ
entitled LG5: Lighting for luminaires were linked to a daylight sensor l Andrew Bissell is lighting design director
Education. The publication but often, through ‘value engineering’, at Cundall Light4. For more information on baseline
is available through CIBSE’s the remaining rows would be on or off via designs for schools, visit www.education.gov.
Knowledge Portal at uk/schools/adminandfinance/schoolscapital/
www.cibseknowledgeportal.co.uk a manual switch. The FOS and baseline buildingsanddesign/baseline
design cost plan require that each row

12 CIBSE Journal December 2012 www.cibsejournal.com

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of emitted light in degrees Kelvin. The when they fail. It is JCC’s view that designing For commercial applications the 2,200
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3000 is considered warm and preferred in size is unreliable. We design integrated LED the old fashioned 2 x 26 watt CFL downlighter,
many UK households, where as above fittings from scratch to optimise light output 50% more efficient and requiring no lamp
4000 is cooler and generally specified for and improve heat dissipation, removing the replacement.
commercial applications. need for lamp replacement.
Change is always scary
Selecting a fitting? Fluorescent office lighting is finished Sticking your head in the sand doesn’t
Ensure that the quoted lumens is actually LED office lighting is now more reliable, help. LED lighting is now viable and widely
delivered by the fitting. For example, initial aesthetically appealing and easier to install specified; the only questions are which
than fluorescent. JCC’s Skytile is a stylish product and which supplier? JCC have
600 x 600 LED ceiling panel and at developed innovative LED products through
2,700 lumens is equivalent to a 4 x 18W extensive design and testing. We work closely
fluorescent. At 79 lumens per circuit Watt it with LED chip manufacturers to ensure our
is double the energy efficiency. The standard products use the latest technology and we
colour temperature of 4700K provides near provide a 5 year extended warranty.
perfect daylight. The ambient light and
shallow cut off angles of Skytile also lend
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RadiaLED Technology

JCC Adv.indd 13 15/11/2012 09:30

 A GUIDING
LIGHT?
Academics Kit Cuttle and
THE INTUITIVE
ARGUMENT
KIT CUTTLE
John Mardaljevic debate the
relevance of the daylight As discussion among lighting professionals
revolves around the role of the horizontal
factor: would people be better
working plane, it is generally overlooked that
off ignoring the advice of the this concept remains firmly embedded in the
lighting profession, or should definition of the daylight factor (DF) – and,
furthermore, that this factor is becoming ever
the standards be improved?
more prominent in sustainability regulations
and guidelines.
Really, we all understand daylight. In our
living rooms we arrange the furniture for
view and for that sense of contact with the
outside, and to allow a flow of light into the
space that creates light and shade patterns,
within which we can place an object, such as a
vase of flowers, to ‘catch the light’. We do this
intuitively and derive pleasure from the ever-
changing visual effects.
But then if we find ourselves involved on
a project where someone mentions daylight,
we forget all that intuitive stuff and switch
So, with all this computational into technocrat mode. The distribution of
power at out elbows, why are daylight is specified in terms of the daylight
architects not beating paths factor, being the daylight illuminance at a
to our doors for advice? Why point on the horizontal work plane, relative
are they doggedly hanging on to the simultaneous illuminance due to an
to control of everything to do unobstructed ‘standard overcast sky’. This
concept is supposed to enable us to evaluate
with windows? daylight objectively – that is to say, to treat
– Kit Cuttle daylight as an alternative source for providing
work plane illuminance.
And it has become so much easier to do
this. The protractors, graphical techniques and
tables of data developed in the last century to
enable point-by-point calculations were tedious
to use, but these have given way to computer
programs that generate colour-coded DF

14 CIBSE Journal December 2012 www.cibsejournal.com

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 LIGHTING SPECIAL HEAD TO HEAD

contours across the entire floor area, so that we

can compare daylight performance with that of If we find ourselves involved
electric lighting with minimal effort.
on a project where someone
So, with all this computational power at
our elbows, why are architects not beating mentions daylight, we forget
a path to our door for advice? Why are they all that intuitive stuff and
doggedly hanging onto control of everything switch into technocrat mode
to do with windows? The answer to that, I – Kit Cuttle
submit, is because they have not detached their
brains from that intuitive sense of what the everything the lighting profession proclaims
experience of daylight is all about. Our glossy through daylighting codes, standards and
print-outs of DF distribution leave them cold. recommended practice documents. The
As well as the delights of daylight, all progressive imposition of sustainability
of us have, at some time, experienced its regulations is making it increasingly difficult
capricious nature. We have been exposed to for anyone to do that.
debilitating sun glare, intolerable summertime ● KIT CUTTLE is an author and lighting academic
overheating, winter down-draughts, puddles of Go to www.kit-lightflow.blogspot.com for discussion by
Kit Cuttle on a new basis for lighting practice
condensate and traffic noise – there is so much
scope to get it wrong. However, developments
in glazing technology, window frame design
and shading devices offer an ever-growing
range of ingenious opportunities for
maintaining the visual openness of windows, THE STANDARDS-
while minimising their negative effects. BASED APPROACH
But before we can make any useful JOHN MARDALJEVIC
contribution towards balancing these
conflicting demands, we absolutely need to While I share many of Kit Cuttle’s concerns,
recognise that there is far more to daylighting emphatically made in his jeremiad, I’d like to
than delivering lumens onto a work plane. offer something that is rather more positive
The daylight factor has got us into a hole, than a blanket recommendation to ‘ignore
and it is getting deeper. Sustainability rating everything the lighting profession proclaims’.
systems are taking daylight into their scope Early on he makes the reassuringly
by specifying measures, such as requiring democratic statement that: ‘Really, we all
some value of DF contour to extend over understand daylight.’ What follows suggests
some substantial percentage of the floor that the experts’ transition to daylight
area, and of course this is just another way ‘technocrat’ is akin to a fall from grace.
of reducing daylight to work plane lumens. I am not convinced. Many of us do, indeed,
While these systems used to be advisory, they value the daylighting qualities afforded by,
are increasingly being imposed through the say, Victorian dwellings with high ceilings
consent process, making then unavoidable. and commensurately proportioned windows.
We cannot blame the regulators for this However, many of the selfsame people who
situation. Sustainability has to be a worthwhile occupy and enjoy those buildings will, when
goal, and in devising these systems they given a free hand, select a conservatory
have referred to the guidelines and reference extension that is woefully overglazed,
documents published by the lighting rendering the space uncomfortable – if not
profession, and have, quite reasonably, unusable – for much of the year. I don’t
assumed these to be the distillation of our believe that ‘we’ would be any less error-prone
knowledge. It is us who have misguided them. in our daylighting judgement, given projects
The unavoidable conclusion is that larger than a domestic extension.
we, the lighting profession, have got it I do, however, agree with Kit Cuttle that
absolutely wrong and are continuing to do the daylight factor (DF) is a crude measure
so, and the only people who have a chance of actual daylighting performance. A half-
of getting it right are those who ignore century or more of uncritical use of the DF

www.cibsejournal.com December 2012 CIBSE Journal 15

CIBSEdec12_Lightingsupp pp14-16 Daylight.indd 15 15/11/2012 17:05

 based on the daylight factor. In that case, the
best the designer can do is try to make good
the failings that might – and often do – result
from compliance chasing. The client may
even decide that the expert is not required
since the façade treatment will be ‘optimised’
by someone using a software tool: tweaking
until the compliance target is reached.
If the standards are proving to be
insufficient to ensure good daylighting design,
then we should look to improving them rather
than ignoring or ditching them altogether.
Climate-based daylight modelling (CBDM) is
the prediction of luminous quantities founded
on standardised meteorological files specific
to the locale for the building under evaluation.
CBDM delivers predictions of, say, internal
illuminance on an hourly (or shorter) basis
for a full year, accounting for the contribution
from varying sun and sky conditions. Thus,
it models how daylight is experienced:
holistically – the illumination effect of sun and
sky together. CBDM is more than a decade old
and has been used effectively on a number of
has unfortunately led to a conflation, in many projects, large and small, from the New York
The designer will probably minds, of actual daylighting performance with Times Building to residential dwellings.
what the DF tells us. It is, of course, a proxy Metrics founded on CBDM include useful
also carry out a daylight factor daylight illuminance (UDI) and daylight
for daylight, but how good or bad a proxy
analysis because it’s a snip to depends on those important parameters that autonomy (DA). While as yet there are
do, looks techie and they can the DF approach cannot account for, such no target values for these metrics – they
charge the client for it – even as prevailing climate (meaning the totality are currently under formulation/debate –
if they take minimal notice of of sky and sun conditions) and building/ designers have always remarked to me how
it themselves site orientation. The expert daylight designer much easier it is to understand the daylighting
does, of course, appreciate these intrinsic performance of a space from, say, UDI plots
– John Mardaljevic than trying to guess how a DF relates to actual
deficiencies. If sufficiently experienced, the
designer can roughly guesstimate the likely daylight. Although it is work yet to be done,
daylighting performance of the space and so I’d wager a good supper that metrics founded
recommend suitable façade treatments to on CBDM will be able to distinguish between
temper the luminous environment. what are generally agreed to be good, bad and
Thus, the expert intuits what (in technocrat mediocre daylighting designs.
speak) is called the spatio-temporal dynamics The intention is not to engineer out the
of natural illumination. We, of course, expert designer. Architect Lisa Heschong
shouldn’t be surprised to learn that the made a memorable comparison between
designer recommends different treatments design and gastronomy: ‘The standard
for the north, south and east/west elevations. should ensure that a minimum ‘nutritional’
Nor that the advice would change if the value is achieved, while the chef (designer)
building were relocated from, say, Stockholm imparts their own flair using the available
to Madrid. After all, ‘climate-adapted design’ “ingredients”.’
is a notion that relates closely to vernacular Not all buildings will get the design input of
architecture. The designer will probably also the New York Times, and not all meals will be
carry out a DF analysis because it’s a snip to a la carte, but better standards can ensure that
do, looks techie and they can charge the client even our most commonplace buildings get
for it – even if they take minimal notice of it a ‘good helping’ of daylight – well-balanced,
themselves. avoiding both too much and too little.
If, however, the client demands that the
daylight credit from a particular guideline l John Mardaljevich is professor in building
daylight modelling
 at the School of Civil and Building
document (BREEAM, LEED and so on) must Engineering, 
Loughborough University.
be achieved, then the success of the design Go to www.climate-based-daylighting.com for material
will hinge, to a large degree, on the nature of by Mardaljevich on climate-based daylight modelling
and a critique of daylight and compliance.
the target sought – invariably some measure

16 CIBSE Journal December 2012 www.cibsejournal.com

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 LIGHTING SPECIAL BUILDING REGULATIONS

A BRIGHT NEW
DAWN?
Next year sees the release of the latest Part L
regulations. Liz Peck outlines the proposed
changes, which could see a major leap
forward in lighting energy efficiency

I
n March 2012, the consultation While this is generally a good thing,
on the proposals for Part L if efficiency was the only driver in
of the Building Regulations delivering good, sustainable lighting
for 2013 was released and, solutions, we’d have low pressure
for most involved in lighting, sodium or bare batten T5 lamps in every
there was rejoicing that the office, hospital and school in the country.
government had listened to our Thankfully it is not, and although
calls for change. producing metrics (let alone targets)
I have been among many for user comfort and a good working
who have condemned previous environment has challenged the experts
incarnations of Part L – the for years, we can rely on the designers
loopholes enabled efficient to deliver these environments in an
lamps to be used in completely efficient way, and the secret to this is
inefficient luminaires, and often controls.
luminaires to be left on all night in The proposed move away from
unoccupied buildings, as long as the occupancy and daylight controls as the
luminaire itself was efficient. only deliverable and measured controls is
We argued that efficient lighting, a huge step forward; the controls package
by definition, met the demands can now deliver up to 30% reduction on
of the users in terms of comfort, the original luminaire efficacy.
lighting level and, crucially, suitable In other words, there’s no excuse
control, so that it was dimmed or not to use the right luminaires for the
switched off when not required. Not application, just make sure they are
rocket science you might think, but controlled properly. We don’t need to
a harder case to argue than you might have a situation where inappropriate
imagine. But with understanding came luminaires get specified because of their
agreement and compromise. efficacy, because we can use whichever
The March consultation paper then luminaire we like (within reason) and
outlined the government’s plan for control it. The most efficient luminaire is
lighting in non-domestic buildings the one that is off when it is not needed,
from 2013 and there were changes – big and the new controls package drives this
changes, and for the better. very positively.
Previously, areas have been described The consultation actually outlined two
as ‘desk-based’, ‘display’ and, well, options for lighting compliance: aside
‘everything else’, and other than desk- from the luminaire efficacy (with or
based activities, the metric has been without controls), there is also a proposal
lamp-lumen efficacy. This meant that to adopt LENI (Lighting Energy Numeric
it did not matter how inefficient a Indicator) as the metric of energy use for
luminaire was – as long as the lamp was the future.
efficient then it complied. The lighting industry has campaigned
This has been removed and we now hard and loud to introduce LENI into the
have luminaire efficacy for everything. This Building Regulations. In itself it is just
in itself is real progress and should not be a measure, but the philosophy behind it
overlooked. Away with those ubiquitous makes it different. It measures predicted
‘black box’ luminaires with their efficient energy in use – not how efficient a
lamps – now manufacturers must deliver luminaire is, hopefully with its new
efficient luminaires. set of controls – actual, real, predicted

www.cibsejournal.com December 2012 CIBSE Journal 17

CIBSEdec12_Lightingsupp pp17-18 Part L.indd 17 15/11/2012 17:21

 LIGHTING SPECIAL BUILDING REGULATIONS

energy use. This is all about I know there are those who will argue
the system, not just the that it shouldn’t be necessary for smaller
luminaire. projects, where there isn’t the budget to
LENI embraces daylight, invest in a specialist lighting designer
occupancy, operating hours – that the whole process is too complex
and activity, and uses the and unnecessary. But a specialist lighting
controls package to predict designer will typically use 30% less
lighting energy load for the energy on a project than a non-lighting
building. It knows that the expert. So can we really afford not to be
same building in Scotland using specialists in this area now?
will have to use a little more For a long time, I have been outspoken
lighting energy than an about how poor Part L is in terms of
identikit building in Brighton delivering its goal of ‘conserving the
because the daylight availability use of fuel and power’. However, I can
differs. honestly say that the changes being
There are those who proposed – particularly introducing that
champion it and those who measure of energy in use – are a massive
think it too cumbersome. improvement and should be embraced
Admittedly it is the single-most by the whole industry.
complicated equation ever Which brings me to my final point:
written (and I did maths A-level) six months on from the closure of the
but for that we can blame the consultation, things are eerily quiet. Most
European Commission for of us expected the Approved Documents
letting two of our cleverest boffins to be released in September/October for
(Lou Bedocs and Peter Raynham) loose adoption in spring 2013, but the DCLG
together in a room. The good news is website remains in lockdown. There
that not only does all lighting calculation is some talk now of release in April for
software (free to download) already adoption in September but the DCLG
include a LENI calculation, but also there cannot confirm this.
are a number of equally free-to-download The 2013 Part L has the potential to
software calculation programmes be the greatest change in delivering
available. sustainable buildings of the future.
The table of targets also seems It could be – and should be – a bright
more complex than we might have Six months on from the new dawn for the industry. I sincerely
wished for, but we are working hope the consultation doesn’t prove
closure of the consultation,
towards harmonisation with the SBEM to be a false dawn due to cold feet in
calculation and this will lead us to
things are eerily quiet. Most Westminster. As someone who’s
it; it is a first step along the journey of us expected the Approved recently moved to Leeds from Brighton,
and, although at this stage it is an Documents to be released I can recommend some thick socks if
optional metric, we should embrace in September/October for required. CJ
the move made by the Department for adoption in spring 2013, but ● LIZ PECK is a fellow and vice president of
Communities and Local Government
the DCLG website remains the Society of Light and Lighting and principal of
(DCLG) in introducing it. LPA Lighting
in lockdown

18 CIBSE Journal December 2012 www.cibsejournal.com

CIBSEdec12_Lightingsupp pp17-18 Part L.indd 18 15/11/2012 17:21

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www.cibsejournal.com November 2012 CIBSE Journal 19

p19_CIBSELIGDec12.indd 19 14/11/2012 12:03

 Your light in a world of change.

SALEWA Headquarters, Bolzano / IT

Cino Zucchi Architetti / Park Associati

“The new SALEWA Headquarters features an integral energy and lighting concept. In collaboration with
Zumtobel, we have developed a sustainable lighting solution that significantly contributes to obtaining
certification as a ClimateHouse.”

Gabriele Frasnelli
Energytech, electrical consultancy

View the project:

www.zumtobel.com/salewa Zumtobel. The Light.

20 CIBSE Journal November 2012 www.cibsejournal.com

p20_CIBSELIGDec12.indd 20 14/11/2012 12:07