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Number System
Number System

NATURAL NUMBERS: Counting numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ..... are known as

natural numbers. The set of all natural numbers can be represented by
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ....}
WHOLE NUMBERS : If we include 0 among the natural numbers, then the
numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ..... are called whole numbers. The set of whole
numbers can be represented by
W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ....}

NOTE: Every natural number is a whole number but 0 is a whole number

which is not a natural number.
Number System

INTEGERS: All counting numbers and their negatives including zero are
known as integers. The set of integers can be represented by
Z or I = {..... –4, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, .....}
POSITIVE INTEGERS: The set I+ = {1, 2, 3, 4, ....} is the set of all positive
integers. Positive integers and natural numbers are synonyms.
NEGATIVE INTEGERS: The set I– = {–1, –2, –3, .....} is the set of all negative
integers.

NOTE: 0 is neither positive nor negative.

Number System

NON-NEGATIVE INTEGERS: The set {0, 1, 2, 3, ......} is the set of all non-
negative integers.
NON-POSITIVE INTEGERS: The set {......., –3, –2, –1, 0} is the set of all non-
positive integers.
Number System

PERFECT NUMBERS: If sum of proper divisors of a number is the number

itself then the number is known as perfect number.
E.g., 6, 28 ..... etc.
Number System

PRIME NUMBERS: Except 1 each natural number which is divisible by 1

and itself only is called as prime number. E.g., 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23,
29, 31, ..... etc.
• 2 is the only even prime number and the least prime number.
• 1 is neither prime nor composite number.
• There are infinite prime numbers.

COMPOSITE NUMBERS: All natural numbers, which are not prime are
composite numbers. If C is the set of composite number then
C = {4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12 .....}
Prime Numbers
Test to find whether a given number is a prime
Eg: Investigate whether 571 is a prime number.
Number System
EVEN NUMBERS: All those numbers which are exactly divisible by 2 are
called even numbers,
E.g. 2, 6, 8, 10 etc.
ODD NUMBERS:All those numbers which are not exactly divisible by 2 are
called odd numbers,
E.g. 1, 3, 5, 7 etc.
Number System
CO-PRIME NUMBERS: If the H.C.F. of the given numbers (not necessarily
prime) is 1 then they are known as co-prime numbers.
E.g. 4, 9 are co-prime as H.C.F. of (4, 9) = 1.
E.g. 3, 5 are co-prime as H.C.F. of (3, 5) = 1.
E.g. 4, 5 are co-prime as H.C.F. of (4, 5) = 1.

TWIN PRIME NUMBERS: Prime numbers differing by two are called twin
primes.
E.g. (3, 5), (5, 7), (11, 13) etc.

PRIME TRIPLET: A set of three consecutive primes differing by 2, such as

(3, 5, 7) is called a prime triplet
Imaginary Numbers
All the numbers whose square is negative are called imaginary numbers.
E.g. 3i, –4i, ....; where i = .
Complex Numbers
The combined form of real and imaginary numbers is known as complex
number.
It is denote by Z = A + iB, where A is real and B is imaginary part of Z and
A, B  R.
E.g. 4 + 2i, 4 – 2i, –4 – 3i etc.
Number System
RATIONAL NUMBERS: The rational numbers are all the numbers that can
𝒑
be expressed in the form of , where p and q are integers and coprime and
𝒒
q ≠ 0.
𝟐
E.g., , – 3, 0, 4.33, etc.
𝟑
Rational numbers between two numbers
One way to find a rational number between two rational numbers is to
find their average, called mean.
Example

Find 4 rational numbers between 4 and 5.

Example
𝟔 𝟕
Find three rational numbers between and ·
𝟓 𝟓
Rational Numbers
Decimal expansion of rational numbers
Every rational number can be expressed as terminating decimal or non-
terminating but repeating decimals.

Terminating decimal (The remainder becomes zero)

A terminating decimal will have finite number of digits after the decimal
point.
𝟑 𝟖 𝟓 𝟐𝟓
= 0.75, = 0.8, = 1.25, = 1.5625
𝟒 𝟏𝟎 𝟒 𝟏𝟔
Method to convert non-terminating decimal to the form p/q.
In a non-terminating decimal we have two types of decimal
representations
(i) Pure recurring decimal (ii) Mixed recurring decimal
Method to convert non-terminating decimal to the form p/q.
(i) Pure recurring decimal
It is a decimal representation in which all the digits after the decimal
point are repeated.
Method to convert non-terminating decimal to the form p/q.
(ii) Mixed recurring decimal
It is a decimal representation in which there are one or more digits present
before the repeating digits after decimal point.
Example

Express the following mixed recurring decimals in the form p/q .

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
Irrational Numbers
A number is called an irrational number, if it cannot be written in the form
p/q, where p & q are integers and q ≠ 0. All Non-terminating & Non-
repeating decimal numbers are Irrational numbers.
E.g. , etc ....

Decimal expansion of irrational numbers

Every irrational number can be expressed as non-terminating and non-
repeating decimal.
e.g. = 1.4142135 ........
Remark: To find an irrational number between two numbers a and b is
.
Example

(i) Find two irrational numbers between 2 and 2.5

(ii) Find one rational and one irrational number between
0.101001000100001 ....... and 0.1001000100001......
(iii) Find two rational numbers between and .
(iv) Find two irrational numbers between and .
Real Numbers
The rational and irrational numbers combined together are called real
numbers.
𝟏𝟑 𝟐 𝟑
E.g. etc. The set of real numbers is denoted by R.
𝟐𝟏 𝟓 𝟕
Operations on real Numbers
Important Results
(i) Negative of an irrational number is an irrational number.
(ii) The sum or difference of a rational number and an irrational number
is an irrational number.
(iii) The product of a non-zero rational number and an irrational number
is an irrational number.
(iv) The sum, difference, product and quotient of two irrational numbers
need not be an irrational number.
E.g.
Euclid’s Division Lemma
Statement of Euclid’s Division Lemma
Let ‘a’ and ‘b’ be any two positive integers. Then, there exists unique
integers ‘q’ and ‘r’ such that
a = bq + r, where 0  r < b. If b|a, then r = 0.
This can easily be remembered as follows q
b a
r
Euclid’s Division Lemma
Euclid’s Division Lemma can be restated as:

Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder.

E.g. Consider positive integer 47 and 4.

47 = 4 × 11 + 3
a = 47, b = 4, q = 11, r = 3
E.g. Consider positive integer 91 and 11.
91 = 11 × 8 + 3
a = 91, b = 11, q = 8, r = 3

Remark: In Division Lemma, q or r may be 0 but r is always less than b.

Example

Prove that any positive odd integer can be written in the form 4q + 1 or
4q + 3 where q is an integer.
Example

Prove that the square of any positive integer of the form 5q + 1 is of the
same form.
Example

Show that one and only one out of n, n + 2 or n + 4 is divisible by 3, where

n is any positive integer.
Example

Use Euclid’s Division Lemma to show that the cube of any positive integer
is of the form 9 m, 9 m + 1 or 9 m + 8, for some integer m.
Example

Prove that every odd integer is of the form 2q + 1, where q is an integer.

Example

“The product of two consecutive positive integers is divisible by 2”. Is this

statement true or false? Give reasons.
Example

A positive integer is of the form 3q + 1, q being a natural number. Can you

write its square in any form other than 3m + 1, i. e., 3m or 3m + 2 for some
integer m? Justify your answer.
Example

Show that the square of any positive integer cannot be of the form 5q + 2
or 5q + 3 for any integer q.
Example

Prove that if x and y are both odd positive integers, then x2 + y2 is even but
not divisible by 4.
Euclid’s Division Algorithm
Euclid’s Division Algorithm
If ‘a’ and ‘b’ are positive integers such that a = bq + r, then every common
divisor of ‘a’ and ‘b’ is a common divisor of ‘b’ and ‘r’, and vice-versa.
Example

Explain the principle behind Euclid's division algorithm.

Example

Use Euclid's division algorithm to find the HCF of 441, 567, 693.
Example

If d is the HCF of 30 and 72, find the values of x and y satisfying d = 30x +
72y. Also, show that x and y are not unique.
Example

Use Euclid’s division algorithm to find the H.C.F. of 196 and 38318.
Example

Use Euclid’s division algorithm to find the HCF of (i) 56 and 814 (ii) 6265
and 76254
Example

If the H.C.F of 657 and 963 is expressible in the form 657x + 963 × (– 15),
find x.
Example

If d is the HCF of 468 and 222, find x, y satisfying d = 468x + 222y. Also,
show that x and y are not unique.
Example

144 cartons of coke cans and 90 cartons of pepsi cans are to be stacked in
a canteen. If each stack is of same height and is to contain cartons of the
same drink, what would be the greatest number of cartons each stack
would have?
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
(a) Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
Every composite number can be expressed as a product of primes,
and this factorisation is unique, except for the order in which the
prime factors occurs.

(b) HCF and LCM of numbers

HCF and LCM of numbers can be determined by prime factorization.
This is nothing but an application of the fundamental theorem of
arithmetic.
HCF = Product of the smallest power of each common factor.
LCM = Product of the biggest power of each prime factor
Let a and b be natural numbers. Then their
HCF × LCM = a × b
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
Remark : LCM is always divisible by HCF.

(i) A number on being divided by d1 and d2 successively leaves the

remainders r1 and r2, respectively. If the number is divided by
d1 × d2, then the remainder is (d1 × r3 + r1).
e.g. A number on being divided by 10 and 11 successively leaves the
remainder 5 and 7, respectively. Find the remainder when the same
number of divided by 110.
Sol. The required remainder
= d1 × r2 + r1 = 10 × 7 + 5 = 75.
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
(ii) To find the number of numbers divisible by a certain integer.
e.g. (i) How many numbers up to 532 are divisible by 15?
Sol. We divide 532 by 15.
532 = 35 × 15 + 7
The quotient obtained is the required number of numbers. Thus
there are 35 such numbers.
e.g. (ii) How many numbers up to 300 are divisible by 5 and 7 together?
Sol. LCM of 5 and 7 = 35
We divide 300 by 35
300 = 8 × 35 + 20
Thus there are 8 such numbers.
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
(iii) Two numbers when divided by a certain divisor give remainders r1
and r2. When their sum is divided by the same divisor, the
remainder is r3. The divisor is given by r1 + r2 – r3.
e.g. Two numbers when divided by a certain divisor give remainders 437
and 298, respectively. When their sum is divided by the same divisor,
the remainder is 236. Find the divisor.
Sol. The required divisor
= 437 + 298 – 236 = 499.
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic

(iv) Product of two numbers = LCM of the numbers × HCF of the

numbers.
e.g. The HCF and the LCM of any two numbers are 63 and 1260,
respectively. If one of the two numbers is 315, find the other number.
𝑳𝑪𝑴×𝑯𝑪𝑭 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟎×𝟔𝟑
Sol. The required number = = 252
𝑭𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝟑𝟏𝟓
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
(v) To find the greatest number that will exactly divide x, y and z.
Required number = HCF of x, y, and z.
e.g. Find the greatest number that will exactly divide 200 and 320.
Sol. The required greatest number
= HCF of 200 and 320 = 40.
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
(vi) To find the greatest number that will divide x, y, and z leaving
remainders a, b, and c, respectively.
Required number = HCF of (x – a), (y – b) and (z – c).
e.g. Find the greatest number that will divide 148, 246 and 623 leaving
remainders 4, 6 and 11, respectively.
Sol. The required greatest number
= HCF of (148 – 4), (246 – 6) and (623 – 11),
i.e. HCF of 144, 240 and 612 = 12.
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
(vii) To find the least number which is exactly divisible by x, y and z.
Required number = LCM of x, y and z.
e.g. What is the smallest number which is exactly divisible by 36, 45, 63
and 80?
Sol. The required smallest number
= LCM of 36, 45, 63 and 80 = 5040.
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
(viii) To find the least number which when divided by x, y and z leaves
the remainders a, b and c respectively, such that (x – a) = (y – b) =
(z – c) = k (say).
\ Required number = (LCM of x, y and z) – k.
e.g. Find the least number which when divided by 36, 48 and 64 leaves
the remainders 25, 37 and 53, respectively.
Sol. Since (36 – 25) – (48 – 37) = (64 – 53) = 11, therefore the required
smallest number
(LCM of 36, 48 and 64) –11
= 576 – 11 = 565.
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
(ix) To find the least number which when divided by x, y and z leaves
the same remainder r in each case.
Required number = (LCM of x, y, and z) + r.
e.g. Find the least number which when divided by 12, 16 and 18, will
leave a remainder 5 in each case.
Sol. The required smallest number
= (LCM of 12, 16 and 18) + 5 = 144 + 5 = 149.
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
(x) To find the greatest number that will divide x, y and z leaving the same remainder in
each case.
(a) When the value of remainder r is given:
Required number = HCF of (x – r), (y – r) and (z – r).
(b) When the value of reminder is not given:
Required number = HCF of |x – y|, |y – z| and |z – x|.
e.g. Find the greatest number which will divide 772 and 2778 so as to leave the remainder
5 in each case.
Sol. The required greatest number
= HCF of (772 – 5) and (2778 – 5)
= HCF of 767 and 2773 = 59.
e.g. Find the greatest number which on dividing 152, 277 and 427 leaves same remainder.
Sol. The required greatest number.
= HCF of |x – y|, |y – z| and |z – x|
= HCF of |152 – 277|, |277 – 427| and |427 – 152|
= HCF of 125, 150 and 275 = 25.
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
(xi) To find the n-digit greatest number which, when divided by x, y and z
(a) leaves no remainder (i.e., exactly divisible)
Step-1 : LCM of x, y and z = L
Step-2 :
Step-3 : Required number =n-digit greatest number – R
(b) leaves reminder K in each case
Required number = (n-digit greatest number – R) + K.
e.g. Find the greatest number of 4 digits which, when divided by 12, 18, 21
and 28, leaves 3 as a remainder in each case.
Sol. LCM of 12, 18. 21 and 28 = 252.

\ The required number = (9999 – 171) + 3 = 9931.

Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
(xii) To find the n-digit smallest number which when divided by x, y and z
(a) leaves no remainder (i.e. exactly divisible)
Step-1 : LCM of x, y and z = L
Step-2 :
Step-3 : Required number = n-digit smallest number + (L – R).
(b) leaves remainder K in each case.
Required number = n-digit smallest number + (L – R) + K.
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
e.g. (a) Find the least number of four digits which is divisible by 4, 6. 8
and 10.
Sol. LCM of 4, 6, 8, and 10 = 120.

\ The required number = 1000 + (120 – 40) = 1080.

e.g. (b) Find the smallest 4-digit number, such that when divided by 12,
18, 21 and 28, it leaves remainder 3 in each case.
Sol. LCM of 12. 18, 21 and 28 = 252.

\ The required number = 1000 + (252 – 244) + 3 = 1011.

Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
(xiii) HCF and LCM of fractions
( , , )
denomi ( , , )
( , , )
denomi ( , , )
Example

The numbers 525 and 3000 are both divisible only by 3, 5, 15, 25 and 75.
What is HCF (525, 3000)? Justify your answer.
Example

Find the LCM and HCF of 1296 and 2520 by applying the fundamental
theorem of arithmetic method i.e. using the prime factorisation method.
Example

Given that HCF (306, 657) = 9. Find LCM (306, 657).

Example

Find the largest number that divides 1251, 9377 and 15628 leaving
remainders 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
Example

Determine the prime factors of 45470971.

Example

Check whether 6n can end with the digit 0 for any natural number.
Example

Find the LCM and HCF of 84, 90 and 120 by applying the prime
factorisation method.
Example

In a morning walk three persons step off together, their steps measure 80
cm, 85 cm and 90 cm respectively.
What is the minimum distance each should walk so that they can cover the
distance in complete steps?
Example

Find the greatest number of six digits exactly divisible by 15, 24 and 36.
Proof of Irrationality and Decimal Representation
Irrational Number :
An irrational number is a real number that cannot be expressed as the
ratio of two integer.
Eg. - etc.
Decimal representation of irrational number is non terminating and non-
repeating.
Proof of Irrationality and Decimal Representation
(a) Some important results
(i) Let ‘p’ be a prime number and ‘a’ be a positive integer. If ‘p’ divides
a2, then ‘p’ divides ‘a’.
(ii) Let x be a rational number whose decimal expansion terminates.
𝒑
Then, x can be expressed in the form , where p and q are co-primes,
𝒒
and prime factorization of q is of the form 2m × 5n, where m, n are
non-negative integers.
Proof of Irrationality and Decimal Representation
𝒑
(iii) Let x = 𝒒 be a rational number, such that the prime factorisation of q is
not of the form 2m × 5n, where m, n are non-negative integers.
Then, x has a decimal expansion which is non -terminating repeating.
In earlier classes you have studied different types of numbers such as
natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational and irrational
numbers. All these together are called Real numbers. In this chapter,
we shall study some properties of numbers, especially valid for
integers
𝟏𝟖𝟗 𝟏𝟖𝟗 𝟏𝟖𝟗
E.g. (i) 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝟓𝟑 𝟐𝟎 ×𝟓𝟑
we observe that the prime factorisation of the denominator of this
rational number is of the form 2m × 5n, where m, n are non-negative
𝟏𝟖𝟗
integers. Hence, 𝟏𝟐𝟓 has terminating decimal expansion.
Proof of Irrationality and Decimal Representation
𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕
(ii) 𝟔 𝟐×𝟑
we observe that the prime factorisation of the denominator of this
rational number is not of the form 2m × 5n, where m. n are non-negative
𝟏𝟕
integers. Hence has non-terminating and repeating decimal expansion.
𝟔
𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕
(iii) 𝟖 𝟐𝟑 ×𝟓𝟎
𝟏𝟕
So, the denominator 8 of is of the form 2m × 5n, where m, n are non-
𝟖
negative integers.
𝟏𝟕
Hence 𝟖 has terminating decimal expansion.
𝟔𝟒 𝟔𝟒
(iv) 𝟒𝟓𝟓 𝟓×𝟕×𝟏𝟑
𝟔𝟒
Clearly, 455 is not of the form 2m × 5n. So, the decimal expansion of
𝟒𝟓𝟓
is non-terminating repeating.
Example

Prove that is an irrational number.

Example

Prove that is not rational

Example

Prove that 3 – is an irrational number.

Example

Prove that + is irrational.

Example

Prove that 2 + is irrational.

Example

Prove that is irrational, where p, q are primes.

Example
𝟗𝟖𝟕
Without actually performing the long division, find if will have
𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟎
terminating or non-terminating (repeating) decimal expansion. Give
reason for your answer.
Example
𝟒𝟑
The decimal expansion of the rational number will terminate after
(𝟐𝟒 )(𝟓𝟑 )
how many places of decimals?
Example

Why is it so that the denominator of the rational number must be in the

form 2m.5n (where m and n are non-negative integers) so as to have the
decimal expansion of that rational number as terminating?
Example
𝟏𝟑
Without actually performing the long division, state whether has
𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟓
terminating decimal expansion or not.
Example

What can you say about the prime factorization of the denominators of
the following rationals :
(i) 43.123456789 (ii)
Surds and Their Application
(a) Surds
An irrational number of the form is given a special name Surd, where
‘a’ is called radicand and it should always be a rational number. Also the
symbol is called the radical sign and the index n is called order of the
surd. is read as ‘nth root of a’ and can also be written as .
Surds and Their Application
(b) Law of Surds
(i) (ii)
(iii) (iv)
× ×
(v) or ×
Surds and Their Application
(c) Operation on Surds
(i) Addition and Subtraction of Surds :
Addition and subtraction of surds are possible only when order and
radicand are same i.e. only for like surds. The addition of surds follow
the following rules. Summation of same degree surds is distributive.

The subtraction of surds follow the following rules. Subtraction of

same degree surds is distributive.
Surds and Their Application
(ii) Multiplication and Division of Surds :
For multiplication and division we have to check the order if it is not
same then first we make the order of surd same by using las of
indices. Then we follow the following rule

(iii) Comparison of Surds :

It is clear that if x > y > 0 and n > 1 is a positive integer then .
Surds and Their Application
(d) Rationalization of Surds
Rationalizing factor : Product of two surds is a rational number then
each of them is called the rationalizing factor (R.F.) of the other. The
process of converting a surd to a rational number by using an
appropriate multiplier is known as rationalization.
When the denominator of an expression contains a term with a
square root (or a number with radical sign), the process of converting
it to an equivalent expression whose denominator is a rational
number is called rationalizing the denominator.
Rationalizing factor of where is real number.
Example
Example

Simplify :
Example

Simplify :
Example

Simplify :
Example

Divide :
Example

Which is greater :
𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
(i) and (ii) and
𝟐 𝟑
Example

Arrange and in ascending order.

Example

Rationalize the denominator

Example

Rationalize the denominator

Example

Rationalize the denominator of

Example

If , where a and b are rationales in reduced form then,

find the values of a and b.
Example

If , find the value of x3 – x2 – 11x + 3.

Example

If x = 3 – , find the value of x3 + .

Example

If = 2.236 and = 1.414, then evaluate :

Exponents
(a) Exponents of Real Numbers
(i) Positive Integral Power :
For any real number a and a natural number ‘n’ we define an as :
an = a × a × a × ..........................× a (n times)
an is called the nth power of a. The real number ‘a’ is called the base
and ‘n’ is called the exponent of the nth power of a.
e.g. 23 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8

Remark : For any non-zero real number ‘a’ we define a0 = 1.

e.g.: Thus, 3° = 1, 5°, = 1 and so on.
Exponents
(ii) Negative Integral Power :
For any non-zero real number ‘a’ and positive integer ‘n’ we define
𝟏
a–n = 𝒏 .
𝒂
Thus we have defined an for all integral values of n, positive, zero or
negative. an is called the nth power of a.

(iii) Rational Exponents of a Real number

Principal of nth Root of a Positive Real Numbers :
If ‘a’ is a positive real number and ‘n’ is a positive integer, then the
principal nth root of a is the unique positive real number x such that
xn = a.
The principal nth root of a positive real number a is denoted by a1/n or
.
Exponents
Remark : If ‘a’ is negative real number and ‘n’ is an even positive integer,
then the principal nth root of a is not defined, because an even power
of a real number is always positive. Therefore (–9)1/2 is a
meaningless quantity, if we confine ourselves to the set of real
number, only.
Exponents
(b) Law of Rational Exponents
The following laws hold the rational exponents
(i) am × an = am+n (ii) am  an = am–n
(iii) (am)n = amn (iv) a–n =
(v) am/n = (am)1/n = (a1/n)m i.e. am/n =
𝒂 𝒎 𝒂𝒎
(vi) (ab)m = a mbm (vii)
𝒃 𝒃𝒎
(viii) abn = ab+b+b .....n times
where a, b are positive real numbers and m, n are rational numbers.
Example

Evaluate each of the following :

𝟑 𝟑
(i) 58 ¸ 53 (ii)
𝟒
Example

Evaluate each of the following :

(i) (ii)
Example

Simplify :
(𝟐𝟓)𝟑/𝟐 ×(𝟐𝟒𝟑)𝟑/𝟓 𝟏𝟔×𝟐𝒏 𝟏 𝟒×𝟐𝒏
(i) (ii)
(𝟏𝟔)𝟓/𝟒 ×(𝟖)𝟒/𝟑 𝟏𝟔×𝟐𝒏 𝟐 𝟐×𝟐𝒏 𝟐
Example
/ /
Simplify
Example
𝒙 𝟏 𝒙 𝟏 𝟐𝒚𝟐
Prove that :
𝒙 𝟏 𝒚 𝟏 𝒙 𝟏 𝒚 𝟏 𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐
Example

Find the value of x : .

Example

If 25x–1 = 52x–1 – 100, find the value of x.

Example

Assuming that x is a positive real number and a, b, c are rational numbers,

show that :
𝒂
𝒙𝒃 𝒙𝒄 𝒃 𝒙𝒂 𝒄
𝒙𝒄 𝒙𝒂 𝒙𝒃
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