Contemporary Science, Technology,&Society
Contemporary Science, Technology,&Society
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,
& SOCIETY
MEMBERS
LESSON OBJECTIVES
03 CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTAL
SYSTEM 06 VARIOUS HEALTH &
ENVIRONMENTAL-RELATED ISSUES
CONTEMPORARY Contemporary
science is an organic
MEAN? unity of these three
comes from the Medieval Latin word contemporārius; con- “with,
things: science as
together” and temporārius (“of time”).
knowledge, science
as an activity,
belonging to the same age; living or science as a social
occurring in the same period of time.
institution.
existing or occurring at the present time.
MICRO
micro context of a scientific
investigation might be considered to
consist of the sociotechnical setting
(INTERNAL of the place or laboratory in which it
is being undertaken.
CONTEXT)
comes from the Greek word “mikrós”
which means “small”. An example would be the micro context
of an experiment may consist of the
socio-technical setting of the laboratory.
More comprehensive, usually
reaching beyond the geographical
locus or place of the activity. His
MACRO reference colleagues and associates
could cover national or worldwide in
(EXTERNAL scope.
CONTEXT)
There are many elements which need to be evaluated to understand the socio-cultural environment. The key
factors which define the culture, customs and beliefs of a group of people or society are as follows:
NATIONALITY - The values, history and beliefs of every country defines the cultural environment amongst the
citizens of a country.
RELIGION - Religious practices and beliefs defines various factors on how a business should operate and
communicate as it must be accurate about religion as well as be careful of handling sensitive issues.
LANGUAGE - The preferred language or mother tongue of a region, town, city, state or country can define the
cultural environment.
REGION - Regional factors like geography, terrain, climate etc. also creates a collective group or segment of
people which marketing firms can address to.
DEMOGRAPHICS - Age, gender, marital status etc. also define cultures, beliefs and attitude of people.
EDUCATION - Cultural environment is also classified and segmented based on education, social status, income
levels etc.
CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM
CS
As presented by Robert
E. Ginn in his book,
Science, technology
and Society, combining
the cultural system and
environmental system
contexts will result or
CS represent the society’s
total
cultural-environmenta
l system (CES).
CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM
IDEATIONAL (I) - The characteristics and SOCIETAL (S) - Societal Subsystem Consists
mental phenomena of the ideational realm of a of characteristic non-mental forms and structures
society’s cultural system are the following: that it has evolved to regulate or facilitate social
interaction, survival, and evolution including its:
● Core Ideas ● Institutions (family, school, work,church,
● World views etc.)
● Recognized body of knowledge ● Groups (families, communities, political
● Core beliefs parties, labor unions)
● Central values ● Organizations (universities, corporations,
sects)
● Behavioral norms and its characteristics,
● Classes
tastes, styles, attitudes, expectations and ● Social Structure
aspirations. ● Roles
● Statuses
● Rituals
THE CULTURAL SYSTEM COMPRISES OF FIVE MAJOR SUBSYSTEMS:
The Americans returned in 1945. Filipinos rejoiced and guerillas who fled to the
mountain joined the liberating American Army. On July 4, 1946, the Philippines
regained is freedom and the Filipino flag waved joyously alone.
The youth became completely rebellious during this period. This was
proven not only in the bloody demonstrations and in the sidewalk
expressions but also in literature. Campus newspapers showed
rebellious emotions. The once aristocratic writers developed
awareness for society. They held pens and wrote on placards in red paint
the equivalent of the word MAKIBAKA (To dare!).
WRITING DURING THE PERIOD OF ACTIVISM
The irreverence for the poor reached its peak during this period of the
mass revolution. It was also during this period that Bomba films that
discredit our ways as Filipinos started to come out.
PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY (1972-1980)
The period of the New Society started on September 21, 1972. The Carlos
Palanca Awards continued to give annual awards. Almost all themes in most
writings dealt with the development or progress of the country –like the
Green Revolution, family planning, proper nutrition, environment, drug
addiction and pollution. The New Society tried to stop pornography or those
writings giving bad influences on the morals of the people. All school
newspapers were temporarily stopped and so with school organizations.
Themes of most poems dealt with patience, regard for native culture,
customs and the beauties of nature and surroundings.
THEATRICAL PLAYS UNDER THE NEW SOCIETY
The government led in reviving old plays and dramas, like the Tagalog Zarzuela,
Cenaculo and the Embayoka of the Muslims which were presented in the rebuilt
Metropolitan Theater, the Folk Arts Theater and the Cultural Center of the
Philippines.
RADIO AND TELEVISION
Radio continued to be patronized during this period. The play series like SI MATAR,
DAHLIA, ITO AND PALAD KO, and MR. LONELY were the forms of recreation of those
without television.
FILIPINO FILMS
A yearly Pista ng mga Pelikulng Pilipino (Yearly Filipino Film Festival) was held during
this time. During the festival which lasted usually for a month, only Filipino films were
shown in all theaters in Metro Manila.
COMICS, MAGAZINES AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS
During this period of the New Society, newspapers donned new forms. News on
economic progress, discipline, culture, tourism and the like were favored more
than the sensationalized reporting of killings, rape and robberies.
Bilingual education which was initiated by the Board of National Education as early
as 1958 and continued up to the period of Martial Rule in September 21, 1972,
resulted in the deterioration of English in the different levels of education. The
focus of education and culture was on problems of national identity, on
re-orientation, renewed vigor and a firm resolves to carry out plans and programs.
PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC (1981-1985)
After ten years of military rule and some changes in the life of the Filipino which
started under the New Society, Martial Rule was at last lifted on January 2, 1981.
FILIPINO POETRY
Poems during this period of the Third Republic were romantic and revolutionary.
Writers wrote openly of their criticism against the government. The
supplications of the people were coached in fiery, colorful, violent, profane and
insulting language.
FILIPINO SONGS
Many Filipino songs dealt with themes that were really true-to-life like those of
grief, poverty, aspirations for freedom, love of God, of country and of fellowmen.
THE AFTERMATH OF THE MARTIAL LAW DURING
THE YEARS 1986-1999
● History took another twist. Once more, the Filipino people regained
their independence which they lost twenty years ago. In the span of
four days from February 21-25, 1986, the so-called People Power (Lakas
ng Bayan) prevailed. Together, the people barricaded the streets
petitioning the government for changes and reforms.
● Newspapers which were once branded crony newspapers became
instant opposition papers overnight. This was true of BULLETIN TODAY
which became the opposition paper.
● The Philippine revolution of 1986 and the fire of its spirit that will
carry the Filipinos through another epoch in Philippine history is still
being documented just as they have been in the countless millions who
participated in body and spirit in its realization.
1986 EDSA REVOLUTION
The year 1986 demarcates the beginning of new scene in the unfolding narrative of
contemporary Philippine Literature. – It saw the fall of the dictatorship that President
Marcos set up on September 21, 1972, when he placed the Philippines under martial rule,
initiating a regime that did not only suppress the writers’ right to free expression but
also created conditions that made collaboration and cooptation convenient choices for
artists struggling for recognition and survival.
Writing under the Martial Law Regime was characterized by militancy and
belligerence, even when it showed up in the legal press. Especially after the
assassination of Ninoy Aquino in 1983, the temper of poetry and theatre derived much
of its heat and direction from the political culture of the underground national
democratic movement. 1986 EDSA Revolution
However, when the enemies were overthrown in 1986, the literary activity showed a
certain disorientation manifesting itself in a proliferation of concerns taken up by
individual writers and groups. 1986 EDSA Revolution
POST-EDSA
WRITERS’ ORGANIZATIONS
CREATIVE WRITING CENTERS
● UMPIL (Unyon ng mga Manunulat ng
● Academic institutions where Pilipino)
Creative Writing is a part of the ● PANULAT (Pambansang Unyon ng mga
curricular offerings. Manunulat)
● Writers’ organizations that ● Panday Lipi
periodically sponsor symposia on ● GAT (Galian sa Arte)
writer and/or set up workshops for ● Katha
its members and other interested ● LIRA (Linangan sa Imahe, Retorika at
parties Anyo)
● Through these centers that writers ● GUMIL (Gunglo Dagiti Manunurat nga
get to hear about new developments Ilokano)
● LUDABI (Lubas sa Dagang Bisaya)
in writing, and derive enthusiasm for
● PEN ( Pen, Essay and Novel)
their crafts. 1986 EDSA Revolution.
POST-EDSA
● La Tondeña, sponsors of the venerable Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards in Literature, has made the name
“Palanca” a synonym for quality literary works in both English and Filipino.
● The National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCAA) was created by law in 1992. It has a Committee on
Literary Arts which funds workshops, conferences, publications and a variety of projects geared towards
the production of a “national literature”. The committee has the aim of developing writing that is
multi-lingual, multi-cultural, and truly national.
● Non-governmental organizations have helped hand in hand with some institutions in giving recognition to
writers from specific sectors in the society. These NGO’s includes the Amado V. Hernandez Foundation; the
GAPAS foundation, and the KAIBIGAN.
● Campus publications are another group of outlet that is of importance as a source of non-traditional,
experimental writing. These campus publications could either be a weekly student newspapers, quarterly
magazines, or annual literary journals.
● Overall, the character of the Philippine literary scene after “EDSA” maybe pinpointed be referring to the
theories that inform literary production, to the products issuing from the publishers, to the dominant
concerns demonstrated by the writers’ output, and to the direction towards which literary studies are
tending.
CHARACTERISTICS OF POST EDSA LITERATURE
● Through CRISPR, scientists are able to quickly and cheaply edit the
human genome. That means researchers can alter DNA sequences and
how our genes function. That means the potential to correct genetic
defects, preventing the spread of disease – or for making designer
babies.
● CRISPR is short for 'Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic
Repeats', a gene-editing tool whose best-known form utilizes the Cas9
enzyme to cut strands of DNA. It's basically like molecular
scrapbooking.
● The development of the CRISPR technology emerged from discoveries
of how bacteria defend themselves, by creating a 'library' of virus DNA
that the bacteria can draw on to destroy the DNA of foreign invaders
before they are able to take hold of the organism.
GENE EDITING (GMO)
● Moving on from human gene editing in CRISPR, we can examine the ethical issues
with gene editing on other organisms, like plants. Gene editing includes any
intervention in an organism's genetics.
● Human subject research is often necessary to get drugs to the final phase of
regulatory approval. It serves as the final check of how a given medicine or
chemical will interact with the human system.
● History may not be kind to the reputation of human trials, though scientists are
making a constant effort to create safety standards in the process. In 1947, it was
discovered that German physicians conducted deadly experiments on concentration
camp prisoners during WWII. Some were prosecuted as war criminals in the
● Nuremberg Trials, after which the Allies then established the Nuremberg Code,
being the first international document for voluntary human consent for research.
In today's human testing, all patients must consent to the study. However, as long
as human trials are conducted, there are people who are coerced to participate. For
this reason, the ethics of the entire situation are still be hotly debated.
WEAPONS AND MILITARY R&D
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), vaccines prevent thousands of
Americans from getting infected by diseases each year. Immunization is the best protection against
these diseases, especially for children with weak immune systems. They may also help bring the
COVID-19 pandemic to a speedier end.
But there has been some opposition to vaccines in recent years. The push back against vaccines comes
for different reasons, including fear, misconceptions, and mistrust of science. Anti-vaccine activists are
often referred to as anti-vaxxers.
Some of the most persistent arguments against vaccines include a widespread fear that vaccines cause
autism, that natural immunity is better than being inoculated, and that vaccines contain harmful
chemicals. Over the years, public health officials, physicians, and medical experts have debunked these
claims.
Despite that, anti-vaxxers still argue that vaccines can be dangerous and contain hazardous or
poorly-researched substances, creating risks that outweigh the benefits.
Environmental health VARIOUS
involves evaluating and HEALTH AND
examining the effects of ENVIRONMENTAL
man-made chemicals on -RELATED
human health or
ISSUES
wildlife, impacts on
ecological systems and
spread of illnesses or
diseases. To be presented by Michelle Gorres
HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL RELATED ISSUES
A malaria outbreak takes place and occur simultaneously with bursts of forest
clearing for palm oil and other plantations in Sabah, Malaysia.
• Diseases can also occur when new habitats draw disease-carrying species out
of the forest.
HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL RELATED ISSUES
This New York Times–bestselling biography The book also tells how this work was
of the founder of computer science, with a directly related to Turing’s leading role
new preface by the author that addresses in breaking the German Enigma ciphers
Turing’s royal pardon in 2013, is the during World War II, a scientific
definitive account of an extraordinary mind triumph that was critical to Allied
and life. Capturing both the inner and outer victory in the Atlantic. At the same time,
drama of Turing’s life, Andrew Hodges tells this is the tragic account of a man who,
how Turing’s revolutionary idea of despite his wartime service, was
1936 — the concept of a universal eventually arrested, stripped of his
machine — laid the foundation for the security clearance, and forced to
undergo a humiliating treatment
modern computer and how Turing brought
program — all for trying to live honestly
the idea to practical realization in 1945 with
in a society that defined homosexuality
his electronic design.
as a crime.
He is a British mathematician, author, and Wadham
College, Oxford, emeritus senior research fellow.
Hodges was born on London in 1949 and received his
education at Birkbeck, University of London, where he
earned his Doctor of Philosophy in 1975 for research on
twistor theory under the supervision of Roger Penrose.
Hodges is best known as the author of Alan Turing: The
Enigma, the story of the British computer pioneer and
codebreaker Alan Turing.
ANDREW PHILIP
HODGES
Was born on February 15, 1945. He is a
cognitive science, physics, and comparative
literature scholar whose research focuses
on concepts such as the sense of self in
relation to the external world,
consciousness, analogy-making, artistic
creation, literary translation, and
mathematical and physics discovery.