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Contemporary Science, Technology,&Society

The document discusses contemporary science, technology, and society. It covers: 1) The distinctive features of science, technology, and society exhibited in the contemporary era. 2) Analyzing particular activities and trends in STS in the present era. 3) Various health and environmental issues affecting the country and explaining their rationale.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
164 views50 pages

Contemporary Science, Technology,&Society

The document discusses contemporary science, technology, and society. It covers: 1) The distinctive features of science, technology, and society exhibited in the contemporary era. 2) Analyzing particular activities and trends in STS in the present era. 3) Various health and environmental issues affecting the country and explaining their rationale.

Uploaded by

Ash Fell
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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CONTEMPORARY

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,
& SOCIETY

Presented by Gerodiaz, Gonzalez, & Gorres


GERODIAZ, GORRES,
GONZALEZ,
WAYNE MICHELLE
KENNETH
ASHLEY

MEMBERS
LESSON OBJECTIVES

Explain the distinctive features of


01 exhibited in the contemporary era

Analyze the particular activities and


02 trends in STS in the present era

Awareness of the various health and


03 environmental related issues affecting the country.

Explain the rationale of the various


04 aforementioned issues
TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 CONTEMPORARY IN THE CONTEXT OF


SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY 04 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM &
INTERCONNECTEDNESS

THE CONTEMPORARY ERA AND THE


MICRO AND MACRO IN THE CONTEXT
02 OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND 05 ACTIVITIES AND TRENDS SHOWN IN
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
SOCIETY
DURING THE PRESENT

03 CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTAL
SYSTEM 06 VARIOUS HEALTH &
ENVIRONMENTAL-RELATED ISSUES

07 ALAN TURNING: THE ENIGMA


ALAN TURNING: THE ENIGMA
IN THE CONTEXT
WHAT DOES OF STS:

CONTEMPORARY Contemporary
science is an organic
MEAN? unity of these three
comes from the Medieval Latin word contemporārius; con- “with,
things: science as
together” and temporārius (“of time”).
knowledge, science
as an activity,
belonging to the same age; living or science as a social
occurring in the same period of time.
institution.
existing or occurring at the present time.

To be presented Wayne Gerodiaz


To be presented Wayne Gerodiaz
Related closely geographically or
logically to the implementation and
evaluation of such activities. The

MICRO
micro context of a scientific
investigation might be considered to
consist of the sociotechnical setting
(INTERNAL of the place or laboratory in which it
is being undertaken.
CONTEXT)
comes from the Greek word “mikrós”
which means “small”. An example would be the micro context
of an experiment may consist of the
socio-technical setting of the laboratory.
More comprehensive, usually
reaching beyond the geographical
locus or place of the activity. His
MACRO reference colleagues and associates
could cover national or worldwide in
(EXTERNAL scope.

CONTEXT)

comes from the Greek word “makro”


which means “long or large”.
A few examples would be Chernobyl,
1965 Blackout, Three Mile Island,
Acid Rain
Both Micro and Macro Contexts
are important when determining
the Cause-and-Effect
relationships of science and
technology.

Why are Micro and Macro contexts


important?
WHAT IS THE CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM?

Cultural environment is a concept in business which helps to


understand the customs and collective beliefs of a set of
people or society based on their culture, religion, region,
nationality, language etc. The study of social hierarchy, social
norms and customs, regional / religion based groups and
their behavior helps us to understand the cultural
environment of a place.
COMPONENTS OF THE CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT

There are many elements which need to be evaluated to understand the socio-cultural environment. The key
factors which define the culture, customs and beliefs of a group of people or society are as follows:

NATIONALITY - The values, history and beliefs of every country defines the cultural environment amongst the
citizens of a country.

RELIGION - Religious practices and beliefs defines various factors on how a business should operate and
communicate as it must be accurate about religion as well as be careful of handling sensitive issues.

LANGUAGE - The preferred language or mother tongue of a region, town, city, state or country can define the
cultural environment.

REGION - Regional factors like geography, terrain, climate etc. also creates a collective group or segment of
people which marketing firms can address to.

DEMOGRAPHICS - Age, gender, marital status etc. also define cultures, beliefs and attitude of people.

EDUCATION - Cultural environment is also classified and segmented based on education, social status, income
levels etc.
CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM

CS
As presented by Robert
E. Ginn in his book,
Science, technology
and Society, combining
the cultural system and
environmental system
contexts will result or
CS represent the society’s
total
cultural-environmenta
l system (CES).
CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM

The Cultural System (CS) of a society is represented by the area


inside the rectangle CS.
● The various elements of the cultural system are represented
by points inside the rectangle.
● The natural environment (E) of a society is represented by
the interior of the curvilinear figure E encircling the
rectangle
● Each subsystem is represented by one of the four smaller
rectangles making up the larger one. The arrows pointing
from one realm to another represent possible influence
relations between phenomena in the respective subsystems.
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM

To understand the people of a particular region, studying


their social and cultural environment is very important. The
environment shapes the values, behaviors, attitudes and
aspirations of people. Cultural environment is the behavior
or beliefs of a certain group of people based on factors
influencing their culture. Studying cultural environment is
very important for any business to thrive as it helps them
make the right product for the right people at the right
place at the right time & right price.
THE CULTURAL SYSTEM COMPRISES OF FIVE MAJOR SUBSYSTEMS:

IDEATIONAL (I) - The characteristics and SOCIETAL (S) - Societal Subsystem Consists
mental phenomena of the ideational realm of a of characteristic non-mental forms and structures
society’s cultural system are the following: that it has evolved to regulate or facilitate social
interaction, survival, and evolution including its:
● Core Ideas ● Institutions (family, school, work,church,
● World views etc.)
● Recognized body of knowledge ● Groups (families, communities, political
● Core beliefs parties, labor unions)
● Central values ● Organizations (universities, corporations,
sects)
● Behavioral norms and its characteristics,
● Classes
tastes, styles, attitudes, expectations and ● Social Structure
aspirations. ● Roles
● Statuses
● Rituals
THE CULTURAL SYSTEM COMPRISES OF FIVE MAJOR SUBSYSTEMS:

PERSONAL AND BEHAVIOR (P/D) - This


MATERIAL (M) - The characteristics and is the subsystem that focuses on the Personality
mental phenomena of the ideational realm of a Traits and Behavior Patterns.
society’s cultural system are the following:
● PERSONALITY TRAITS - reflect
● Material Artifacts (technics) people's characteristic patterns of thoughts,
● Technologies feelings, and behaviours. Personality traits
● Ways of making things, and imply consistency and stability—someone
● Human made or Built environments who scores high on a specific trait like
Extraversion is expected to be sociable in
different situations and over time.
● BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS - are
ENVIRONMENTAL SUBSYSTEM (E) - concerned with the assignment of
The natural environmental realm includes the responsibilities between objects, or,
physical features of the area in which the encapsulating behavior in an object and
society is located. delegating requests to it.
A schematic diagram is simply an electrical
map. Schematic diagrams are used by electrical
engineers to describe the electron source,
BASIC
electron path, and components of a circuit.
SCHEMATIC
DIAGRAM
In a schematic diagram, components with
specific functions are shown as symbols, values,
and lines instead of each components physical
appearance to demonstrate the flow direction.
The visual structure of a circuit that displays
components used in the circuit to show flow of
power and signals between components.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM &


INTERCONNECTEDNESS
THE CONTEMPORARY ERA

To be presented by Kenneth Gonzalez


THE CONTEMPORARY ERA

The contemporary world or contemporary


history is widely considered to have begun
in 1945 with the conclusion of World War II.
1945 Contemporary history is demarcated as
such because historians consider the events
from 1945 to present to have the greatest
impact on the present dynamics of the
social and political landscape.
THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM (1946-1970)

The Americans returned in 1945. Filipinos rejoiced and guerillas who fled to the
mountain joined the liberating American Army. On July 4, 1946, the Philippines
regained is freedom and the Filipino flag waved joyously alone.

THE STATE OF LITERATURE DURING THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM


In this period, the early post-liberation period was marked by a kind of “ struggle
of mind and spirit” posed by the sudden emancipation from the enemy, and the
wild desire to see print. There was a proliferation of newspapers like the Free
Press, Morning Sun of Sergio Osmeña Sr., Daily Mirror of Joaquin Roces, Evening
News of Ramon Lopez, and the Bulletin of Menzi.
THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM (1946-1970)

A FEW EXAMPLES OF LITERATURE DURING THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM

PHILIPPINE WRITING (1953) PROSE AND POEMS (1952) PHILIPPINE HARVEST by


–by T.D. Agcaoili –by Nick Joaquin Amador Daguio
THE NEW FILIPINO LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD

Philippines literature in Tagalog was revived during this period.


Most themes in the writings dealt with Japanese brutalities, of the
poverty of life under the Japanese government and the brave
guerilla exploits.
PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (1970-1972)

Many young people became activists to ask for changes in the


government. In the expression of this desire for change, keen were
the writings of some youth who were fired with nationalism in
order to emphasize the importance of their petitions.
THE LITERARY REVOLUTION

The youth became completely rebellious during this period. This was
proven not only in the bloody demonstrations and in the sidewalk
expressions but also in literature. Campus newspapers showed
rebellious emotions. The once aristocratic writers developed
awareness for society. They held pens and wrote on placards in red paint
the equivalent of the word MAKIBAKA (To dare!).
WRITING DURING THE PERIOD OF ACTIVISM

The irreverence for the poor reached its peak during this period of the
mass revolution. It was also during this period that Bomba films that
discredit our ways as Filipinos started to come out.
PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY (1972-1980)

The period of the New Society started on September 21, 1972. The Carlos
Palanca Awards continued to give annual awards. Almost all themes in most
writings dealt with the development or progress of the country –like the
Green Revolution, family planning, proper nutrition, environment, drug
addiction and pollution. The New Society tried to stop pornography or those
writings giving bad influences on the morals of the people. All school
newspapers were temporarily stopped and so with school organizations.

FILIPINO POETRY DURING THE


PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY

Themes of most poems dealt with patience, regard for native culture,
customs and the beauties of nature and surroundings.
THEATRICAL PLAYS UNDER THE NEW SOCIETY

The government led in reviving old plays and dramas, like the Tagalog Zarzuela,
Cenaculo and the Embayoka of the Muslims which were presented in the rebuilt
Metropolitan Theater, the Folk Arts Theater and the Cultural Center of the
Philippines.
RADIO AND TELEVISION
Radio continued to be patronized during this period. The play series like SI MATAR,
DAHLIA, ITO AND PALAD KO, and MR. LONELY were the forms of recreation of those
without television.
FILIPINO FILMS
A yearly Pista ng mga Pelikulng Pilipino (Yearly Filipino Film Festival) was held during
this time. During the festival which lasted usually for a month, only Filipino films were
shown in all theaters in Metro Manila.
COMICS, MAGAZINES AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS

During this period of the New Society, newspapers donned new forms. News on
economic progress, discipline, culture, tourism and the like were favored more
than the sensationalized reporting of killings, rape and robberies.

OVERVIEW OF THE LITERATURE DURING THE NEW SOCIETY

Bilingual education which was initiated by the Board of National Education as early
as 1958 and continued up to the period of Martial Rule in September 21, 1972,
resulted in the deterioration of English in the different levels of education. The
focus of education and culture was on problems of national identity, on
re-orientation, renewed vigor and a firm resolves to carry out plans and programs.
PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC (1981-1985)

After ten years of military rule and some changes in the life of the Filipino which
started under the New Society, Martial Rule was at last lifted on January 2, 1981.

FILIPINO POETRY
Poems during this period of the Third Republic were romantic and revolutionary.
Writers wrote openly of their criticism against the government. The
supplications of the people were coached in fiery, colorful, violent, profane and
insulting language.

FILIPINO SONGS
Many Filipino songs dealt with themes that were really true-to-life like those of
grief, poverty, aspirations for freedom, love of God, of country and of fellowmen.
THE AFTERMATH OF THE MARTIAL LAW DURING
THE YEARS 1986-1999

● History took another twist. Once more, the Filipino people regained
their independence which they lost twenty years ago. In the span of
four days from February 21-25, 1986, the so-called People Power (Lakas
ng Bayan) prevailed. Together, the people barricaded the streets
petitioning the government for changes and reforms.
● Newspapers which were once branded crony newspapers became
instant opposition papers overnight. This was true of BULLETIN TODAY
which became the opposition paper.
● The Philippine revolution of 1986 and the fire of its spirit that will
carry the Filipinos through another epoch in Philippine history is still
being documented just as they have been in the countless millions who
participated in body and spirit in its realization.
1986 EDSA REVOLUTION
The year 1986 demarcates the beginning of new scene in the unfolding narrative of
contemporary Philippine Literature. – It saw the fall of the dictatorship that President
Marcos set up on September 21, 1972, when he placed the Philippines under martial rule,
initiating a regime that did not only suppress the writers’ right to free expression but
also created conditions that made collaboration and cooptation convenient choices for
artists struggling for recognition and survival.
Writing under the Martial Law Regime was characterized by militancy and
belligerence, even when it showed up in the legal press. Especially after the
assassination of Ninoy Aquino in 1983, the temper of poetry and theatre derived much
of its heat and direction from the political culture of the underground national
democratic movement. 1986 EDSA Revolution
However, when the enemies were overthrown in 1986, the literary activity showed a
certain disorientation manifesting itself in a proliferation of concerns taken up by
individual writers and groups. 1986 EDSA Revolution
POST-EDSA

WRITERS’ ORGANIZATIONS
CREATIVE WRITING CENTERS
● UMPIL (Unyon ng mga Manunulat ng
● Academic institutions where Pilipino)
Creative Writing is a part of the ● PANULAT (Pambansang Unyon ng mga
curricular offerings. Manunulat)
● Writers’ organizations that ● Panday Lipi
periodically sponsor symposia on ● GAT (Galian sa Arte)
writer and/or set up workshops for ● Katha
its members and other interested ● LIRA (Linangan sa Imahe, Retorika at
parties Anyo)
● Through these centers that writers ● GUMIL (Gunglo Dagiti Manunurat nga
get to hear about new developments Ilokano)
● LUDABI (Lubas sa Dagang Bisaya)
in writing, and derive enthusiasm for
● PEN ( Pen, Essay and Novel)
their crafts. 1986 EDSA Revolution.
POST-EDSA
● La Tondeña, sponsors of the venerable Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards in Literature, has made the name
“Palanca” a synonym for quality literary works in both English and Filipino.

● The National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCAA) was created by law in 1992. It has a Committee on
Literary Arts which funds workshops, conferences, publications and a variety of projects geared towards
the production of a “national literature”. The committee has the aim of developing writing that is
multi-lingual, multi-cultural, and truly national.

● Non-governmental organizations have helped hand in hand with some institutions in giving recognition to
writers from specific sectors in the society. These NGO’s includes the Amado V. Hernandez Foundation; the
GAPAS foundation, and the KAIBIGAN.

● Campus publications are another group of outlet that is of importance as a source of non-traditional,
experimental writing. These campus publications could either be a weekly student newspapers, quarterly
magazines, or annual literary journals.

● Overall, the character of the Philippine literary scene after “EDSA” maybe pinpointed be referring to the
theories that inform literary production, to the products issuing from the publishers, to the dominant
concerns demonstrated by the writers’ output, and to the direction towards which literary studies are
tending.
CHARACTERISTICS OF POST EDSA LITERATURE

● There is in the academe an emerging critical orientation that draws


its concerns and insights from literary theorizing current in
England and the United States
● Post-EDSA publishing has been marked by adventurousness, a
willingness to gamble on “non-traditional” projects.
● The declining prestige of the New Criticism, whose rigorous
aesthetic norms has previously functioned as a Procrustean bed on
which Filipino authors and their works were measured, has opened a
gap in the critical evaluation of literary works.
● The fourth and final characteristic of post-EDSA writing is the
development thrust towards the retrieval and the recuperation of
writing in Philippine languages other than Tagalog.
CONTEMPORARY LITERARY TYPES

MODERN POETRY – This is a SHORT STORIES


new style of poetry writing in
Tagalog, a deviation from the highly ● Ang Pinakahuling Kwento ni
rimed, declamatory tradition known Huli (The Very Last Story of
for many centuries. Huli) – Lilia Quindoza
Santiago
● Modern Short Story – These are
stories set in the Philippines in ● The Execution – Charlson Ong
the English language
● Kabilang sa mga Nawawala
● The Novel (Among the Disappeared) –
● Essay Ricardo Lee

● Drama ● Geyluv – Honorio De Dios


ACTIVITIES AND TRENDS OF STS IN THE PRESENT ERA

Science and technology


AI (ARTIFICIAL are the great drivers of
INTELLIGENCE) innovation in the world
around us.
Artificial intelligence is at the forefront of Technological
technological development in many areas. and scientific
breakthroughs help
Almost every company that has anything to do
people every day,
with technology is using it as a buzzword to sell
bringing clean water,
their product: "New dog collar with built-in AI access to information
to detect when your dog is in distress! Install through the internet,
our simple computer plug-in and we'll optimize cures for rare diseases.
your workday."
CRISPR (CLUSTERED REGULARLY INTERSPACED SHORT
PALINDROMIC REPEATS)

● Through CRISPR, scientists are able to quickly and cheaply edit the
human genome. That means researchers can alter DNA sequences and
how our genes function. That means the potential to correct genetic
defects, preventing the spread of disease – or for making designer
babies.
● CRISPR is short for 'Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic
Repeats', a gene-editing tool whose best-known form utilizes the Cas9
enzyme to cut strands of DNA. It's basically like molecular
scrapbooking.
● The development of the CRISPR technology emerged from discoveries
of how bacteria defend themselves, by creating a 'library' of virus DNA
that the bacteria can draw on to destroy the DNA of foreign invaders
before they are able to take hold of the organism.
GENE EDITING (GMO)
● Moving on from human gene editing in CRISPR, we can examine the ethical issues
with gene editing on other organisms, like plants. Gene editing includes any
intervention in an organism's genetics.

● This intervention creates GMOs or genetically-modified organisms. This can result


in benefits such as stronger, more drought-resistant crops, or crops that have higher
yields per acre, among other things advantages.
● Today, gene editing occurs across the world and it is conducted on both plants and
animals, mostly in the pursuit of better food production. On animals, gene editing
has been used to create pigs that are naturally very resistant to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome, or PRRS, improving animal welfare.
● The gene-editing process for all organisms is overseen by various government
agencies, depending on the country. However, the long-term effects of much gene
editing are still unknown, and the potential for edited genes to enter the 'wild' and
alter the environment in unforeseen ways may be high.
ANIMAL TESTING
● Animal testing is one of the most controversial areas of
scientific research on this list. Many people couldn't care less,
while others vehemently oppose it. For years, animal testing has
been used to create newer and better pharmaceuticals, and test
consumer products such as makeup, shampoos, etc.
● At the end of the day, however, animal testing places the
prevention of human suffering over the prevention of animal
suffering. In certain cases, the ethical argument for animal
testing may be easier, i.e. where it may lead to advances in
preventing disease. In other cases, the argument is harder, as the
development of a better lipstick is likely not worth the suffering
of animals.
HUMAN TRIALS

● Human subject research is often necessary to get drugs to the final phase of
regulatory approval. It serves as the final check of how a given medicine or
chemical will interact with the human system.

● History may not be kind to the reputation of human trials, though scientists are
making a constant effort to create safety standards in the process. In 1947, it was
discovered that German physicians conducted deadly experiments on concentration
camp prisoners during WWII. Some were prosecuted as war criminals in the
● Nuremberg Trials, after which the Allies then established the Nuremberg Code,
being the first international document for voluntary human consent for research.
In today's human testing, all patients must consent to the study. However, as long
as human trials are conducted, there are people who are coerced to participate. For
this reason, the ethics of the entire situation are still be hotly debated.
WEAPONS AND MILITARY R&D

● Military weapons development is another major crossroad of science and


ethics. Take, for example, the development of the atomic bomb under the
Manhattan Project during WWII. In many ways, the research conducted
during these experiments furthered humanity's understanding of atoms,
molecules, and quantum theory. In other ways, this research eventually led to
the deaths of thousands of people.
● Military power and weapons technology pose an ethical dilemma largely due
to the nature of humankind. There is the potential that failure to invest in a
particular deadly weapon, such as bioweapons, could allow these weapons to
be developed and controlled only by people intent on evil. Yet, once the
weapons are developed by anyone, the genie is out of the bottle, and cannot
be put back. This could potentially lead to their use by those wanting to
commit harm anyway.
VACCINES
Vaccines have revolutionized global health with life-saving immunity from certain diseases. Polio,
smallpox, tetanus, and other infectious diseases are no longer deadly because of innovative vaccines.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), vaccines prevent thousands of
Americans from getting infected by diseases each year. Immunization is the best protection against
these diseases, especially for children with weak immune systems. They may also help bring the
COVID-19 pandemic to a speedier end.

But there has been some opposition to vaccines in recent years. The push back against vaccines comes
for different reasons, including fear, misconceptions, and mistrust of science. Anti-vaccine activists are
often referred to as anti-vaxxers.

Some of the most persistent arguments against vaccines include a widespread fear that vaccines cause
autism, that natural immunity is better than being inoculated, and that vaccines contain harmful
chemicals. Over the years, public health officials, physicians, and medical experts have debunked these
claims.

Despite that, anti-vaxxers still argue that vaccines can be dangerous and contain hazardous or
poorly-researched substances, creating risks that outweigh the benefits.
Environmental health VARIOUS
involves evaluating and HEALTH AND
examining the effects of ENVIRONMENTAL
man-made chemicals on -RELATED
human health or
ISSUES
wildlife, impacts on
ecological systems and
spread of illnesses or
diseases. To be presented by Michelle Gorres
HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL RELATED ISSUES

CLIMATE CHANGE is a shift in the region's typical weather patterns.


This could indicate a change in the typical annual rainfall for an area. Or it
might be a deviation from a location's typical temperature for a month or
season.
• The social and environmental determinants of health, such as clean air,
safe drinking water, enough food, and shelter, are impacted by climate
change.
• According to WHO(2021), Climate change is predicted to result in an
additional 250 000 deaths per year between 2030 and 2050, mostly from
starvation, malaria, diarrhea, and heat stress.
• Extreme heat waves, sea level rise, variations in precipitation that lead
to flooding and droughts, and powerful hurricanes can all directly result in
harm, illness, and even death.
HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL RELATED ISSUES

POLLUTION occurs when a large ● The long-term effects associated with


amount of any substance or form of air pollution are chronic asthma,
pulmonary insufficiency,
energy is released into the
cardiovascular diseases, and
environment at a rate faster than it can cardiovascular mortality.
be dispersed or safely stored. Pollution ● Water Pollution can cause skin rash,
nausea, Asthma, cough and throat
can refer to both artificial and natural
irritation, Nervous System Damage,
materials that are created, consumed, Birth defects etc.
and discarded in an unsustainable ● Land pollution can create breeding
grounds for rodents, flies, and
manner. The major kinds of pollution,
mosquitoes. These pollute the
usually classified by environment, are environment even more and spread
air pollution, water pollution, and land dangerous diseases such as malaria,
pollution. dengue fever, and plague.
HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL RELATED ISSUES

DEFORESTATION is the intentional clearing of forested land, Trees are taken


down for timber and are being transported and sold.

• Natural wildfires, illegal logging, agricultural practices, and the harvesting


of large amounts of timber for commercial use are rapidly reducing forests,
decreasing oxygen supply, and increasing greenhouse gas emissions.

• In Africa, studies have found little correlation between malaria and


deforestation, possibly because mosquito species prefer to breed in open
farmland over shady forest areas. But,

A malaria outbreak takes place and occur simultaneously with bursts of forest
clearing for palm oil and other plantations in Sabah, Malaysia.
• Diseases can also occur when new habitats draw disease-carrying species out
of the forest.
HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL RELATED ISSUES

ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASE is defined as any harmful


deviation from an organism's normal structural or functional state,
which is typically accompanied by specific signs and symptoms and
differs in nature from physical injury.
• Aflatoxicosis is a disease caused by exposure to toxins from
biological agents in the environment, such as molds that produce
aflatoxin.
• Skin cancer caused by excessive exposure to ultraviolet
radiation in sunlight.
• Lung Disease, Asthma, Bronchitis, Back Lung disease, Cancer and
kidney disease, can also be caused by Environmental Diseases.
HEALTH AND HAZARDOUS WASTE is waste that has
ENVIRONMENTAL properties that make it potentially hazardous to
RELATED ISSUES human health or the environment. The hazardous
waste universe is vast and diverse. Hazardous
waste can take the form of liquids, solids, or gases.
● Chemical exposure can cause diseases because
the release of chemical waste into the
environment causes chemical poisoning.

● Not all symptoms are chronic; it is possible to have acute


health problems as a result of hazardous waste exposure that
do not result in long-term problems.
● It can also cause Respiratory Failure, Heart disease and
cancer.
ALAN TURING: THE ENIGMA

The inspiration for a major motion picture starring Benedict


Cumberbatch and Keira Knightley, Alan Turing: The Enigma is a
gripping story of mathematics, computers, cryptography, and
homosexual persecution.
Preface by Andrew Hodges and foreword by Douglas Hofstadter
The book is All about Alan Turing’s life and woks. This Novel is a
biography of the British mathematician, codebreaker, and
early computer scientist, Alan Turing (1912–1954) by Andrew
Hodges. Alan Turing was the mathematician whose
cipher-cracking transformed the Second World War. Taken on
by British Intelligence in 1938, as a shy young Cambridge don,
he combined brilliant logic with a flair for engineering. In
1940 his machines were breaking the Enigma-enciphered
messages of Nazi Germany's air force.
ALAN TURING: THE ENIGMA SUMMARY

This New York Times–bestselling biography The book also tells how this work was
of the founder of computer science, with a directly related to Turing’s leading role
new preface by the author that addresses in breaking the German Enigma ciphers
Turing’s royal pardon in 2013, is the during World War II, a scientific
definitive account of an extraordinary mind triumph that was critical to Allied
and life. Capturing both the inner and outer victory in the Atlantic. At the same time,
drama of Turing’s life, Andrew Hodges tells this is the tragic account of a man who,
how Turing’s revolutionary idea of despite his wartime service, was
1936 — the concept of a universal eventually arrested, stripped of his
machine — laid the foundation for the security clearance, and forced to
undergo a humiliating treatment
modern computer and how Turing brought
program — all for trying to live honestly
the idea to practical realization in 1945 with
in a society that defined homosexuality
his electronic design.
as a crime.
He is a British mathematician, author, and Wadham
College, Oxford, emeritus senior research fellow.
Hodges was born on London in 1949 and received his
education at Birkbeck, University of London, where he
earned his Doctor of Philosophy in 1975 for research on
twistor theory under the supervision of Roger Penrose.
Hodges is best known as the author of Alan Turing: The
Enigma, the story of the British computer pioneer and
codebreaker Alan Turing.

ANDREW PHILIP
HODGES
Was born on February 15, 1945. He is a
cognitive science, physics, and comparative
literature scholar whose research focuses
on concepts such as the sense of self in
relation to the external world,
consciousness, analogy-making, artistic
creation, literary translation, and
mathematical and physics discovery.

His 1979 book Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal


Golden Braid won the Pulitzer Prize for
general nonfiction as well as the National
Book Award (then known as The American
Book Award) for Science. I Am a Strange
Loop, his 2007 book, won the Los Angeles
Times Book Prize for Science and
DOUGLAS
Technology.
HOFSTADTER
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