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Term Report 2k17ele72

Electronics is the branch of science dealing with circuits and active/passive elements like transistors. It has become essential to engineering and an important part of daily life as technologies grow rapidly. Electronic devices are integrated circuits made of semiconductor materials like silicon that function through current flow. Historically, electronics began with inventions like the vacuum diode, transistor, and integrated circuit. Today, electronics permeates consumer devices, industrial automation, smart grids, medical equipment, communication technologies, and the food industry through automated production.

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M Yasir Anjum
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95 views12 pages

Term Report 2k17ele72

Electronics is the branch of science dealing with circuits and active/passive elements like transistors. It has become essential to engineering and an important part of daily life as technologies grow rapidly. Electronic devices are integrated circuits made of semiconductor materials like silicon that function through current flow. Historically, electronics began with inventions like the vacuum diode, transistor, and integrated circuit. Today, electronics permeates consumer devices, industrial automation, smart grids, medical equipment, communication technologies, and the food industry through automated production.

Uploaded by

M Yasir Anjum
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Assignment

Submitted by: Uzair Yamin

Subject: Digital Electronics

Roll no: 2k17-ele 72

1
Digital Electronics:
is an applied form of science that deals with electrons. It
handles electric circuits containing active elements, passive
elements and other underlying techniques making it as an
important part of engineering.
The world is growing at a fast rate and it is relevant for the
technology enthusiast to upgrade with latest changes
happening in the society. Moreover, it is difficult to spend
few hours without electronics gadgets and they had become
an important part of our everyday routine.
Need of Electronics

We are living in an electronic era where machine robots are


capable to do human work with more ease and high
efficiency. Capsules and tablets contain wireless sensors that
collect information from the body to diagnose. Transparent
smartphones will exist in the coming days, we can see
through them and they may lead to the use of windows or
mirrors in our home to be used as PC screens and TV
monitors. Sensors are placed on the plants to detect the
shortage of water and alert the farmers.

Not only above applications, there are numerous electronic


applications that change our daily lives in the nearby future.
2
Electronic devices are made up of active and passive
elements and smaller IC memories. The ICs, diodes, and
transistor are made of semiconductor materials and their
working is dependent on current flow through them.

Vacuum Diode – Invented by John Ambrose Fleming


Electronics era came into existence with the invention of
vacuum diode in the year 1897. Vacuum tube essentially
consists two electrode plates i.e. anode and cathode. This
allows current direction in one direction. But this diode is not
able to control the current flow. In 1906 Lee De
Forest modified and named it as Vacuum Triode. The Triode
has 3 terminals. Anode, Cathode and Grid terminal. Grid
electrode controls the current flow from anode to cathode.
This feature could boost the power of electrical signals.
Likewise, Tetrode and Pentode had evolved.

Transistor:

Invented by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William


Shockley
The real development started with the invention of the
transistor in 1948 in Bell Laboratories. Large Bulky Vacuum
diodes are replaced with junction transistor.

Transistors are initially made with germanium material, later


on, silicon BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor) are grown up.

3
Most of the devices developed today are made up of silicon
only due to its low cost.

IC (Integrated Circuit):

Jack Kilby
To reduce the size and cost of the entire circuit Jack Kilby
introduced a new concept. This idea entirely changed the
world. The complete interconnected circuit is placed on a
single chip commonly called VLSI (Very Large Scale
Integrated). Computer processors used today are made up of
billions of transistors integrated on a single IC.

Role in Daily Life:

Electronics is the branch of physics and technology


that deals with circuits, transistors, microchips, and the
behavior and movement of electrons. It handles
electric circuits containing active and passive elements
and uses underlying techniques. It is an important part
of engineering.

Technologies are growing at a very fast rate in the world,


and it is important for
technology enthusiasts to pace up with the latest changes
in the society.

4
Electronic devices have become an important part of our
day-to-day life. It has
become difficult for us to do work without using the
electronic device.

We live in a generation that uses electronics and


technologies where robots and artificial intelligence is
capable of doing human work with more ease and
efficiency.

Electronics in our daily life are made up of active and


passive electric elements and smaller integrated
circuits (IC).

The ICs, transistors, and diodes are made of


semiconductor materials, which work
when current flows through them.

History of Electronics:

The first electronic device was introduced by an American


scientist, Sir Joseph Henry,
in the year 1835. He invented a remote switch which
was controlled by electricity.

5
However, the credit of this invention was given to an
English inventor Edward Davy in
his electric telegraph c. 1835.

Some other Inventions are:

·Vacuum Diode- It was invented by John Ambrose


Fleming.

·Transistor- It was invented by the combined effort


of John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and Wi lliam
Shockley.

• IC (Integrated Circuit)- Jack Kilby invented this.

Applications of Electronics in Daily Life

Consumer Electronics

Common people are highly benefited by this industry.


Consumer electronics are the electric devices meant for
everyday use. Consumer electronics are further
categorized as:

6
Office Gadgets like calculators, scanners, personal
computers, printers, fax machines,
front projectors, etc.

Home appliances such as refrigerators, ale, washing


machine, vacuum cleaner,
microwave oven, etc.

Audio and video Systems like headphones, DVD players,


VCRs, microphones, colour
TVs, loudspeakers, videogame consoles, etc.

Advanced consumer devices like setup box, dishwasher,


ATM, PDA (personal digital assistant), smartphones,
barcode scanners, POS-terminals, etc.

Storage devices like DVDs, HOD jukebox, mp3 players,


memory cards, etc.

Industrial Electronics

7
This industry basically focuses on

making real-time automation. This

includes:

Industrial automation and motion control, motor


drive control, machine learning, robotics and
mechatronics, power converting technologies,
renewable energy applications, photovoltaic
systems, power electronics, and biomechanics.

Smart Grid Systems

Smart electric systems take information from


communication technology and work
accordingly based on the desired power consumption.

It is an application of artificial intelligence,


computing, and networked electric system. Smart
meters are the best example of a smart grid system.

Features of Smart Grid

• They are based on two-way communication.


8
• They have interactive sensors.

• They are Self-monitoring and debugging.

• Electricity is distributed validly.

4.Industrial Automation and Motion Control

Machines have increased productivity and efficiency,


and hence are saving time and cost. Machines are also
safe to use in unmanageable works . That's why the
delegation of human-automation has become a
preferable choice in industries.

5.Image Processing

30 images have been evolved from multiple 20 images.


Algorithms are developed to extract 30 information
from 20 patterns.

6.Medical Applications

Advanced medical instruments are being developed for


data recording and physiological analysis. They are
mainly used to diagnose diseases and other healing
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purposes.

Daily use Electronic Devices

1. Mobile phones, iPod and Tablets

When mobile or cellular phones were introduced to the


public for the first time, with the main purpose of
immediate communication, this technology hugely
gained popularity and demand.

The iPods and Tablets also followed the same pattern for
the people.

Wi-Fi and the Internet

The Internet is one of the greatest breakthroughs in the


technology of our generation. It is the only thing by
which the transfer of data from a server to the computers
and from computers to servers possible

10
This is why you can send messages, documents, and
files on your Facebook, WhatsApp, and lnstagram
accounts.

Digital sound or Music

The traditional devices like cassette tapes used to


contain only a few numbers of songs.

Nowadays, MP3, MP4, smartphones, and iPods


are able to store thousands of songs, and they even
play the songs much smoothly.

Digital Camera

The camera is a significant device as it really


preserves the unforgettable memories in
a frame.

Smartphones, iPods, mobile phones, tablets, and


other devices are equipped with cameras to capture
photos and shoot videos.
11
Presently, all the major smartphone brands are
competing with each other to provide the best
camera and image quality of the highest
resolution.

1. Food Industry

Uses of electronic devices in daily life have seen a


major sector in the food industry.
Without food, we won lt be able to live and survive,
as it is necessary for body
function. Modern machines produce food in high
quantity every day.

12

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