Lecture 1: Zoology Anima Classification and Evolutionary

Relationships
Zoology- Scientific study of animals.
(1895) Charles Darwin
- Published convincing evidence of
Specialization in Zoology evolution with mechanism that could be
utilized to explain evolutionary changes.
A. Anatomy- structure and parts of
entire organism - “On the Origin of Species” – books
B. Cytology- Structure and fuction of containing explanations that earth has
cell diverse forms of life.
C. Comparative genomics/
bioinformatics- genetic composition
of animals using computer-based Biological Diversity according to Darwin
methods
D. Ecology-interaction of organisms - species vary globally
with their environment
E. Embryology- development of an - species vary locally
animal from egg to birth or hatching. -species vary over time
F. Genetics – mechanism of
transmission of traits from parents to
offspring
Artificial Selection
G. Histology- tissues
H. Molecular biology- subcellular - with human intervention.
details of structure and function
I. Parasitology- parasites - choosing species with desired traits and
J. Physiology – Function of organisms intentionally mating them together
or their parts

Natural Selection
Examples of Specializations in Zoology by - occur naturally/without human intervention
Taxonomic Categories
- evolution of population to become better to
A. Entomology- insects their local environment over many
B. Herpetology – amphibians/reptiles generations.
C. Ichthyology- fishes
D. Mammalogy- mammals
E. Ornithology- birds
Binomial nomenclature
F. Protozoology- protozoa/ single-
celled - Proposed by Carolous Linnaeus (karl
Von Linné) (1707-1778)
Zoology: an evolutionary perspective • Uniform system of naming
a. Evolutionary process organisms
b. Animal classification • Genus and species names.
c. Evolutionary relationships

Rules of Binomial Nomenclature

Organic evolutions - International Code of Zoological
- Describes the changes in the genetic Nomenclature (ICZN)
makeup of populations of organisms over - Deals with nomenclature of animals
time.
- Codes that make sure organism gets a
- source or cause of animal diversity specific name that is globally identified.
- explains family relationships within animal - Each scientific name has two parts:
groups
• Generic name
(Note: small branches of animal kingdom • Specific epithet
have hundreds of variations in color pattern,
body form and behavior illustrating its The rest of binomial nomenclature Rules:
remarkable diversity)
1. All scientific names should be Latin
and written in italics
2. Consist of 2 words:
• 1st is Genus
• 2nd is Species
 3. When names are handwritten they Monosaccharides- Smallest type of
are underlined/ italicized if typed. carbohydrates (building blocks)
4. Genus starts with capital letter and
species starts with small letter • Glucose- blood
• Galactose- milk
Why is it important to know binomial • Fructose – Fruits
nomenclature?
Disaccharides- “Di” means two
- it provides scientific names for specific
organism which scientists ensure that it • Sucrose
won’t be used on other species. • Lactose
• Maltose
Polysaccharides – Made of hundreds to
Evolutionary perspective thousands of monosaccharides bonded
- knowledge on evolutionary processes together.
helps to understand the diversity of • Starch
structure and function present in animals - Formed by plants
- it also helps to understand relationship - animals could break it down into
among animals. individual glucose molecules.
- important food source
hierarchical nature of the naming system is
reflected in groups becoming more inclusive • Cellulose
as one moves from species to domain. - Source of Dietary fiber that
regulates digestion.
Ecological Perspective - Made up of Glucose
- serves as primary structure
• Oikos, house + logos, to study components of plants
• study of the relationships between
organisms and their environment • Glycogen
• Population - Animlas and fungi use to store
excess glucose molecules from their
Ecological problems
food.
1. deforestation - serves as an energy reserve that
2. global warming can be broken down into individual
3. climate change glucose molecules when needed.
• Chitin
Solutions - has amino groups (NH2) bonded to
1. understand basic ecological glucose
principles - exoskeleton of arthropods
2. understand how matter is cycled and -cannot be digested by animals on
recycled in nature their own
3. understand how population grows.

LIPIDS
- Fat molecules
ZOOLOGY LECTURE 2 - Subunits are Glycerol and fatty acids.

Chemistry of Life - Hydrophobic due to structure(non-polar)

Biology Macromolecules - Long term energy storage

Monomers- Subunit/ building blocks - Form cell membranes and insulating

material to reduce excessive heat loss from
Polymers- large molecules composed of the skin of mammals
identical or similar monomers
• Fats
- made up of glycerol and 3 fatty
Carbohydrates (C6 H12 O6) acids (triglycerrides)
- provides insulation for mammals
- Energy source, energy stored in C-H - serves as protection and cushion
bonds for organs
- 1 gram of fat can provide 38
- Subunit us monosaccharide(sugar). kilojoules of energy, carbs and
-Names ends with – ose protein have 17.
 • Phospholipids Contractile Proteins
-Made up of 2 fatty acid and 1
phosphate group bonded to glycerol - Responsible for muscle movements.
molecule -examples are actin, myosin
- phosphate group provides
hydrophilic (water-loving) and Hormonal Proteins
hydrophobic (water-fearing) end
- Messengers that help coordinate bodily
activities.
• Steroids
- hormones that control a number of - examples include insulin, oxytocin
the body’s metabolic processes.
Transport proteins
- carriers that moves molecules from one
PROTEINS place to another.
- Subunit is Amino acid - examples include cytochromes,
hemoglobin

- Greek word “proteios” means first place

Structural Proteins
- make up more than 50% of the dry weight
of cells -Fibrous and stringy proteins ( hair,
feathers, horns)
- important for almost every function of a
cell • Collagen
• Elastin
- Synthesis new protoplasm, for growth and
repair of body cells - Specialized protein speeds up
reactions(catalyst)
Types of Protein
• Lactase
• Insulin
- hormones for sugar metabolism • Pepsin
- has 51 amino
• Cytochrome c
- enzyme for cell respiration NUCLEIC ACID
- has 104 amino - Carry Genetic information
• Growth hormone - subunit is Nucleotides
- anti aging treatment
- has 191 amino Two types
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid
• Hemoglobin • RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
- oxygen transport in blood
- has 574 amino Nucleotide -made up of a nitrogenous
base, sugar, phosphate group
• Hexokinase
DNA ( Deoxy ribonucleic acid)
- enzyme for glycolysis
- has 730 amino o Made up of two nucleotide chains that
spiral around an imaginary axis
• Gamma globulin
- immune system in blood o Shape is called a double helix, made up of
- has 1320 amino hundreds of thousands of genes.
o Encoded into the DNA’s structure are
• Myosin instructions for constructing a cell and
- Muscle Action directing all of the cell’s act
- has 6100 amino
Amino Acid Example
- amino acids bond together to form large
protein molecules.
Antibodies
- specialized proteins that helps defend
organism from foreign invaders