Scribd
Upload
23 views6 pages

C4 - Biological Molecules

The document summarizes key biological molecules including carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water, DNA, and nucleotides. It provides details on their structure, functions, and examples. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They provide energy and help maintain blood sugar levels. Fats are made of glycerol and fatty acids, provide stored energy, and insulation. Proteins are made of amino acids and are used for growth, repair, and enzymes. DNA contains genetic instructions and is made of nucleotides with paired bases.

Uploaded by

Thet Htar Zaw
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
23 views6 pages

C4 - Biological Molecules

The document summarizes key biological molecules including carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water, DNA, and nucleotides. It provides details on their structure, functions, and examples. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They provide energy and help maintain blood sugar levels. Fats are made of glycerol and fatty acids, provide stored energy, and insulation. Proteins are made of amino acids and are used for growth, repair, and enzymes. DNA contains genetic instructions and is made of nucleotides with paired bases.

Uploaded by

Thet Htar Zaw
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

Biological Molecules

Carbohydrates:
● Include sugars and starches.
● Made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
● Has about twice as many hydrogen atoms as compared to carbon and oxygen atoms.

Simplest Kinds:
● The simplest kind are called simple sugars
● The simplest kinds are monosaccharides
● They are soluble in water and taste sweet.
● Eg - Glucose (C6H2O6)
● 6 carbon atoms joined in a ring with H2 and O2 atoms pointing out from & into the ring

Disaccharides :
● When 2 monomers join together.
● They are soluble in water and taste sweet.
E.g. Fructose, Maltose, Sucrose
Polysaccharides:
● When more than 2 monomers join together
● Most are insoluble in water and don't taste sweet
E.g. starch, cellulose, glycogen.

Functions of carbohydrates:
● Needed for energy.
● 17kJ of energy released by respiration per gram of carbohydrate
● Human blood plasma contains dissolved glucose so it can be transported to cells
which can use the glucose to release energy and carry on with their functions
● Plants transport sucrose instead of glucose, is converted into glucose when energy
is needed.
● Plants store carbs as starch, stored in seeds or tubes which man uses as food.
Animals store carbs in the form of glycogen, stored in liver cells and muscles.
● Helps maintain blood sugar levels along with the hormones insulin and glucagon.
● Cellulose is used to make criss crossing fibres which construct cell walls of plant
cells.
Fats:
● Known as lipids.
● Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms.
● 1 fat molecule is made up of small glycerol molecules attached to 3 long
molecules called fatty acids.
● All are insoluble in water.
● Fats that are liquid at room temperature are called oils

Functions of fats:
● Provides the body with instant energy.
● 1 gram releases 39 kJ of energy
● Cells only use fats to release energy if carbohydrates are not available.
● The extra energy fats contain make them very useful for storing energy.
● Large drops of fats and oils fill cells underneath the skin to form the adipose
tissue. Helps keep heat inside the body and provides insulation.
● Many plants store is in their seeds which provides a good store of energy for
germination

Difference between saturated and unsaturated fats:


● Unsaturated fats contain a double bond in their fatty acids (plant based)
● Saturated fats contain only single bonds (animal based)
Proteins:
● Molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur
atoms.
● Made up of smaller amino acids.
● There are around 20 different kinds of amino acids which make different proteins
if strung together precisely.
● Some proteins are soluble. eg.Haemoglobin and some are not. eg.keratin.

Functions of proteins:
● Proteins are used to make new cells.
● They are needed for growing, and for repairing damaged tissues in the
body.
● Cell membranes and cytoplasm contain a lot of protein >
● Needed to make antibodies which help to kill viruses and bacteria inside the body
> Enzymes are proteins.
● The long chains of amino acids from which protein molecules are formed can curl
into different shapes.
● The way in which the chain curls into and therefore the 3D shape of the protein
molecule is determined by the sequence of amino acids in the chain

Food Tests:
TYPE OF FOOD REAGENT OBSERVATION

Starch Iodine solution Brown to blue-black

Reducing sugars Benedict's Solution Blue to orange/brick red


(glucose, maltose, precipitate
fructose)

Fats Ethanol and Water Clear solution to cloudy white


emulsion

Proteins Biuret reagent


Blue to lilac/purple/violet
(Sodium/Potassium
Hydroxide and Copper
(2) Sulphate)

Vitamin C DCPIP Solution Solution decolorizes


Water:
● About 70% of our body weight is the water we intake or consume.
● The functions of water
1) It is an important solvent for all organic compounds and mineral salts.
2) It acts as a lubricant between joints
3) It serves as a medium of transport of dissolved substances
4) It involves in certain chemical reactions such as hydrolysis

DNA:
● DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the molecule that contains the instructions for
growth and development of all organisms
● It consists of two strands of DNA that wind around each other. This is what gives our
DNA a double helix structure.
● A chromosome is a long strand of DNA wrapped around proteins which is generally
found in the nucleus, and is therefore part of the protoplasm of the cell.

Nucleotides:
● The individual units of DNA are called nucleotides

● Nucleotides always contain the same phosphate and deoxyribose sugar. However, the
bases attached to each nucleotide can be different.

● There are 4 different bases:


○ Adenine (A)
○ Guanine (G)
○ Thymine (T)
○ Cytosine (C)
● Any nucleotide can have any of these 4 bases, however corresponding bases on
each strand of DNA cannot be in a random order.
● The bases always pair up in the same way. Adenine pairs with Thymine. Guanine
pairs with Cytosine.
● The pairing of the bases are non-interchangeable.
● The sequence of bases differ in each individual.
● It is this sequence which holds the code for protein synthesis and this is why there is
variation amongst organisms of the same species.
● These corresponding bases are held together by hydrogen bonds.
● A gene is a sequence of bases

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy