HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

S.Y. 2021-2022

ACTIVITY 4 : STRESSES IN SOIL

Dayrit, Joshua Michael Angelo

CE-402SE

GEOTECHENG-4708

Engr. Basea, Marvin D.

November 05, 2022

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HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY
HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY
 HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY

1.
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SOLUTION:

a. Calculate the variation of σ, u, σ’.

Problem A:
PROBLEM Details of Soil Layer
I II III
A H1 = 2 ft H2 = 4 ft H3 = 3 ft
γd = 115 lb/ft3 γsat = 118 lb/ft3 γsat = 130 lb/ft3
γw = 62.4 lb/ft3

@ Point A:
σA = 0
uA = 0
σ’A = 0
@ Point B:
σB = H1γd ≈ 2 ft (115 lb/ft3) = 230 lb/ft2
uB = 0
σ’B = σB – uB ≈ 230 lb/ft2 – 0 lb/ft2 =230 lb/ft2
@ Point C:
σC = H1γd + H2γsat ≈ (2 ft) (115 lb/ft3) + (4 ft) (118 lb/ft3) = 702 lb/ft2
uC = H2γw ≈ (4 ft) (62.4 lb/ft3) = 249.6 lb/ft2

σ’C = σC – uC ≈ 702 lb/ft2 – 249.6 lb/ft2 = 452.4 lb/ft2

@ Point D:
σD = H1γd + H2γsat + H3γsat ≈ (2 ft) (115 lb/ft3) + (4 ft) (118 lb/ft3) + (6 ft) (130
lb/ft3)
σD = 1482 lb/ft2 = 70.958 kPa

uD = (H2 + H3) γw ≈ (4 ft + 6 ft) (62.4 lb/ft3) = 624 lb/ft2

uD = 624 lb/ft2 = 29.877 kPa

σ’D = σD – uD ≈ 1482 lb/ft2 – 624 lb/ft2 = 858 lb/ft2

σ’D = 858 lb/ft2 = 41.081 kPa
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For Problem B:
PROBLEM Details of Soil Layer
I II III
B H1 = 4 m H2 = 1.5 m H3 = 9 m
γd = 16.2 kN/m3 γsat = 18.4 kN/m3 γsat = 18.91
kN/m3
γw = 9.81 kN/m3

@ Point A:
σA = 0
uA = 0
σ’A = 0

@ Point B:
σB = H1γd ≈ (4 m) (16.2 kN/m3) = 64.8 kN/m2

uB = 0 kN/m2
σ’B = σB – uB ≈ 64.8 kN/m2 – 0 kN/m2 = 64.8 kN/m2

@ Point C:
σC = H1γd + H2γsat ≈ (4 m) (16.2 kN/m3) + (1.5 m) (18.4 kN/m3) = 92.4 kN/m2

uC = H2γw ≈ (1.5 m) (9.81 kN/m3) = 14.715 kN/m2

σ’C = σC – uC ≈ 92.4 kN/m2 – 14.715 kN/m2 = 77.685 kN/m2

@ Point D:
σD = H1γd + H2γsat + H3γsat ≈ 4 m (16.2 kN/m3) + 1.5 m (18.4 kN/m3) + 9 m
(18.91kN/m3)
σD = 262.59 kPa

uD = (H2 + H3) γw ≈ (1.5 m + 9 m) (9.81 kN/m3) = 103.005 kN/m2

uD = 103.005 kPa

σ’D = σD – uD ≈ 262.59 kN/m2 – 103.005 kN/m2 = 159.585 kN/m2

σ’D = 159.585 kPa
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Problem C:
PROBLEM Details of Soil Layer
I II III
C H1 = 3 m H2 = 2.5 m H3 = 2 m
e = 0.52 e = 0.52 ω = 45%
Gs = 2.65 Gs = 2.65 e = 1.22
γw = 9.81 kN/m3

Dry Unit Weight of the Sand:

𝐺𝑠 2.65
γd = (1 + 𝑒) γw ≈ (1 + 0.52) 9.81 kN/m3) = 17. 10296053 kN/m3

Saturated Unit Weight of the Sand:

𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒 2.65 + 0.52
γsat = ( 1 + 𝑒 ) γw ≈ ( 1 + 0.52 ) (9.81 kN/m3) = 20.45901316 kN/m3

Saturated Unit Weight of the Clay:

e = ωGs ≈ 1.22 = (0.45) (Gs) = 2.711111111
𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒 2.711111111 + 1.22
γsat = ( 1 + 𝑒 ) γw ≈ ( ) (9.81 kN/m3) = 17.37126126 kN/m3
1 + 1.22

@ Point A:
σA = 0
uA = 0
σ’A = 0

@ Point B:
σB = H1γd ≈ (3 m) (17.10296053 kN/m3) = 51.30888159 kN/m2

uB = 0 kN/m2
σ’B = σB – uB ≈ 51.30888159 kN/m2 – 0 kN/m2= 51.30888159 kN/m2

@ Point C:
σC = H1γd + H2γsat ≈ (3 m) (17.10296053 kN/m3) + (2.5 m) (20.45901316
kN/m3)
σC = 102.4564145 kN/m2

uC = H2γw ≈ 2.5 m (9.81 kN/m3) = 24.525 kN/m2

σ’C = σC – uC ≈ 102.4564145 kN/m2 – 24.525 kN/m2 = 77.9314145 kN/m2

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@ Point D:
σD = H1γd + H2γsat + H3γsat ≈ (3 m) (17.10296053 kN/m3) + (2.5 m)
(20.45901316 kN/m3) + (2 m) (17.3712 kN/m3) =137.198937 kN/m2
σD = 137.199 kPa
uD = (H2 + H3) γw ≈ (2.5 m + 2 m) (9.81 kN/m3) = 44.145 kN/m2
uD = 44.145 kPa

σ’D1 = σD – uD ≈ 137.198937 kN/m2 – 44.145 kN/m2 = 93.053937 kN/m2

σ’D1= 93.054 kPa

b. If the water table rises to the top of the ground surface, what is the
change in the effective stress at the bottom of the clay layer? Refer to
problem C.
Saturated Unit Weight of the Sand:
𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒 2.65 + 0.52
γsat = ( 1 + 𝑒 ) γw ≈ ( 1 + 0.52 ) (9.81 kN/m3) = 20.45901316 kN/m3

σD2 = H1γd + H2γsat + H3γsat ≈ (3 m) (20.45901316 kN/m3 - 9.81) + (2.5 m)

(20.45901316 kN/m3 - 9.81) + (2 m) (17.3712 kN/m3 - 9.81)
σD = 73.6920949 kN/m2

∆σ’D = σD1 – σD2 ≈ 93.053937 kN/m2 – 73.692 kN/m2= 19.3618424 kN/m2

∆σ’D =19.362 kPa

c. How many meters must the ground water table rise to decrease the
effective stress by 100 kPa at the bottom of the clay layer? Refer to
problem C.
Dry Unit Weight of the Sand:
𝐺𝑠 2.65
γd = (1 + 𝑒) γw ≈ (1 + 0.52) 9.81 kN/m3) = 17. 10296053 kN/m3

Saturated Unit Weight of the Sand:

𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒 2.65 + 0.52
γsat = ( 1 + 𝑒 ) γw ≈ ( 1 + 0.52 ) (9.81 kN/m3) = 20.45901316 kN/m3

Saturated Unit Weight of the Clay:

e = ωGs ≈ 1.22 = (0.45) (Gs) = 2.711111111
𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒 2.711111111 + 1.22
γsat = ( 1 + 𝑒 ) γw ≈ ( ) (9.81 kN/m3) = 17.37126126 kN/m3
1 + 1.22

Stress @ C:
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σ =Σ(yh) ≈ (5.5-h) (17.10296053 kN/m3) + (2 m) (17.37126126 kN/m3)

σC = 3.356053h + 128.808805

μ= Σ(ywhw) ≈ 9.81(h+2)= 9.81h + 19.62

σ’=σ- μ = (3.356053h + 128.808805) – (9.81h + 19.62)
σ’=109.188805-6.453947h

Let σ’ = 100Kpa
σ’=σ- μ
100=109.188805-6.453947h
h = 1.424m
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2.
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a. What is the unit weight of the soil in layer 1 kN/m3?

GIVEN:
Gs = 2.70
S = 40%
γw = 9.81 kN/m3
ω = 5%

SOLUTION:
𝜔𝐺𝑠 (0.05) (2.70)
Se = ω𝐺𝑠 ≈ e = ( 𝑆 ) ≈ e = ( 0.40 ) = 0.3375

𝐺𝑠 + 𝑆𝑒 2.70 + (0.40) (0.3375)

γ= ( ) γw ≈ ( ) (9.81 kN/m3) = 20.79353271 kN/m3
1+𝑒 1 + 0.3375

γ = 20.794 kN/m3

b. What is the effective stress at a depth of 2m below the ground surface, in

kPa?

GIVEN:
γ = 20.79353271 kN/m3
γw = 9.81 kN/m3
H1 = 2m

SOLUTION:
@ Point B:
σB = Hγd ≈ (2m) (20.79353271 kN/m3) = 41.588706542 kN/m2
uB = -1(9.81kN/m2) = -9.81kN/m2
σ’ = σ – u ≈ 41.588706542 kN/m2 –( -9.81kN/m2) = 51.39706542056 kN/m2
σ’ = 51.397kPa

c. What is the effective stress at a depth of 20.6m below the ground surface,
in kPa?
GIVEN:
Gs = 2.70
ωFS = 5%
ωC = 28%
H1 = 2 m
γ = 20.79353271 kN/m3
S = 100%
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SOLUTION:
Unit Weight of Saturated Fine Sand:
𝜔𝐺𝑠 (0.12)(2.70)
Se = ω𝐺𝑠 ≈ e = ( 𝑆 ) ≈ e = ( ) = 0.324
1

𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒 2.70 + 0.324
γsat = ( 1 + 𝑒 ) γw ≈ ( ) (9.81 kN/m3) = 22.40592145 kN/m3
1 + 0.324

Unit Weight of Clay:

(0.28)(2.70)
Se = ω𝐺𝑠 ≈ e = ( ) = 0.756
1

𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒 2.70 + 0.756
γsat = ( 1 + 𝑒 ) γw ≈ ( ) (9.81 kN/m3 ) = 19.30715262 kN/m3
1 + 0.756

@ Point C:
σC = H1γ + H2γsat ≈ (2 m) (20.79353271 kN/m3) + (1 m) (22.40592145 kN/m3)
σC = 63.99298687 kN/m2

uC = 0 kN/m2
σ’C = σC – uC ≈ 63.99298687 kN/m2 – 0 kN/m2 = 63.99298687 kN/m2

@ Point D:
σD = H1γ + H2γsat + H3γsat ≈ (2 m) (20.79353271 kN/m3) + (1 m) (22.40592145
kN/m3) + (2.4 m) (22.4059 kN/m3)
σD = 117.7671984 kN/m2

uD = (H3) γw ≈ (2.4 m) (9.81 kN/m3) = 23.544 kN/m2

σ’D = σD – uD ≈ 117.7671984 kN/m2 – 23.544 kN/m2 = 94.2231984 kN/m2

@ Point E:
σE = H1γ + H2γsat + H3γsat + H4 γsat ≈ (2 m) (20.79353271 kN/m3) + (1 m)
(22.40592145 kN/m3) + (2.4 m) (22.4059 kN/m3) + (15.2 m) (19.30715262
kN/m3)
σE = 411.2359182 kN/m2

uE = (H3 + H4) γw ≈ (2.4 m + 15.2 m) (9.81 kN/m3) = 172.656 kN/m2

σ’E = σD – uD ≈ 411.2359182 kN/m2 – 172.656 kN/m2 = 238.5799182 kN/m2

σ’E = 238.580 kPa
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3.

a. What is the effective unit weight of sand in kN/m3?

GIVEN:
e = 0.50
Gs = 2.70
h1 = 1.5 m
h2 = 3
γw = 9.81 kN/m3

SOLUTION:
Saturated Unit Weight of Sand:
𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒 2.70+ 0.50
γsat = ( 1 + 𝑒 ) γw ≈ ( 1 + 0.50 ) 9.81 kN/m3 = 20.928 kN/m3

Effective Unit Weight of Sand:

γ’ = γsat - γw ≈ 20.928 kN/m3 - 9.81 kN/m3 = 11.118 kN/m3
γ’ = 11.118 kN/m3

b. What is the effective stress at a point A in kPa?

GIVEN:
h1 = 1.5 m
h2 = 3 m
γw = 9.81 kN/m3
γsat = 20.928 kN/m3
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SOLUTION:
@ Point A:
σC = h1γw + h2γsat ≈ (1.5 m) (9.81 kN/m3) + (3 m) (20.928 kN/m3)
σC = 77.499 kN/m2

uD = (h1 + h2) γw ≈ (1.5 m + 3 m) (9.81 kN/m3) = 44.145 kN/m2

σ’D = σD – uD ≈ 77.499 kN/m2 – 44.145 kN/m2 = 33.354 kN/m2

σ’D = 33.354 kN/m2

c. What is the critical hydraulic gradient of sand (for quick condition)?

GIVEN:
γ’ = 11.118 kN/m3
γw = 9.81 kN/m3

SOLUTION:
𝑘𝑁
γ’ 11.118
icr = (γω) ≈ ( 𝑚³
𝑘𝑁 ) = 1.133333333
9.81
𝑚³
icr = 1.133