CONTENTS

Contributors xv
Preface xvii

Section 1. Properties of Structural Steels and Effects of Steelmaking and

Fabrication Roger L. Brockenbrough, P.E. 1.1

1.1. Structural Steel Shapes and Plates / 1.1

1.2. Steel-Quality Designations / 1.6
1.3. Relative Cost of Structural Steels / 1.8
1.4. Steel Sheet and Strip for Structural Applications / 1.10
1.5. Tubing for Structural Applications / 1.13
1.6. Steel Cable for Structural Applications / 1.13
1.7. Tensile Properties / 1.14
1.8. Properties in Shear / 1.16
1.9. Hardness Tests / 1.17
1.10. Effect of Cold Work on Tensile Properties / 1.18
1.11. Effect of Strain Rate on Tensile Properties / 1.19
1.12. Effect of Elevated Temperatures on Tensile Properties / 1.20
1.13. Fatigue / 1.22
1.14. Brittle Fracture / 1.23
1.15. Residual Stresses / 1.26
1.16. Lamellar Tearing / 1.28
1.17. Welded Splices in Heavy Sections / 1.28
1.18. k-Area Cracking / 1.29
1.19. Variations in Mechanical Properties / 1.29
1.20. Changes in Carbon Steels on Heating and Cooling / 1.30
1.21. Effects of Grain Size / 1.32
1.22. Annealing and Normalizing / 1.32
1.23. Effects of Chemistry on Steel Properties / 1.33
1.24. Steelmaking Methods / 1.35
1.25. Casting and Hot Rolling / 1.36
1.26. Effects of Punching Holes and Shearing / 1.39
1.27. Effects of Welding / 1.39
1.28. Effects of Thermal Cutting / 1.40

Section 2. Fabrication and Erection Thomas Schflaly 2.1

2.1. Shop Detail Drawings / 2.1

2.2. Cutting, Shearing, and Sawing / 2.3
2.3. Punching and Drilling / 2.4
2.4. CNC Machines / 2.4

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2.5. Bolting / 2.5

2.6. Welding / 2.5
2.7. Camber / 2.8
2.8. Shop Preassembly / 2.9
2.9. Rolled Sections / 2.11
2.10. Built-Up Sections / 2.12
2.11. Cleaning and Painting / 2.15
2.12. Fabrication Tolerances / 2.16
2.13. Erection Equipment / 2.17
2.14. Erection Methods for Buildings / 2.20
2.15. Erection Procedure for Bridges / 2.23
2.16. Field Tolerances / 2.25
2.17. Safety Concerns / 2.27

Section 3. General Structural Theory Ronald D. Ziemian, Ph.D. 3.1

3.1. Fundamentals of Structural Theory / 3.1

STRUCTURAL MECHANICS—STATICS
3.2. Principles of Forces / 3.2
3.3. Moments of Forces / 3.5
3.4. Equations of Equilibrium / 3.6
3.5. Frictional Forces / 3.8
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS—DYNAMICS
3.6. Kinematics / 3.10
3.7. Kinetics / 3.11
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
3.8. Stress-Strain Diagrams / 3.13
3.9. Components of Stress and Strain / 3.14
3.10. Stress-Strain Relationships / 3.17
3.11. Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stress / 3.18
3.12. Mohr’s Circle / 3.20
BASIC BEHAVIOR OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
3.13. Types of Structural Members and Supports / 3.21
3.14. Axial-Force Members / 3.22
3.15. Members Subjected to Torsion / 3.24
3.16. Bending Stresses and Strains in Beams / 3.25
3.17. Shear Stresses in Beams / 3.29
3.18. Shear, Moment, and Deformation Relationships in Beams / 3.34
3.19. Shear Deflections in Beams / 3.45
3.20. Members Subjected to Combined Forces / 3.46
3.21. Unsymmetrical Bending / 3.48
CONCEPTS OF WORK AND ENERGY
3.22. Work of External Forces / 3.50
3.23. Virtual Work and Strain Energy / 3.51
3.24. Castigliano’s Theorems / 3.56
3.25. Reciprocal Theorems / 3.57
ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
3.26. Types of Loads / 3.59
3.27. Commonly Used Structural Systems / 3.60
3.28. Determinancy and Geometric Stability / 3.62
3.29. Calculation of Reactions in Statically Determinate Systems / 3.63
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3.30. Forces in Statically Determinate Trusses / 3.64

3.31. Deflections of Statically Determinate Trusses / 3.66
3.32. Forces in Statically Determinate Beams and Frames / 3.68
3.33. Deformations in Beams / 3.69
3.34. Methods for Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Systems / 3.73
3.35. Force Method (Method of Consistent Deflections) / 3.74
3.36. Displacement Methods / 3.76
3.37. Slope-Deflection Method / 3.78
3.38. Moment-Distribution Method / 3.81
3.39. Matrix Stiffness Method / 3.84
3.40. Influence Lines / 3.89
INSTABILITY OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
3.41. Elastic Flexural Buckling of Columns / 3.93
3.42. Elastic Lateral Buckling of Beams / 3.96
3.43. Elastic Flexural Buckling of Frames / 3.98
3.44. Local Buckling / 3.99
NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
3.45. Comparisons of Elastic and Inelastic Analyses / 3.99
3.46. General Second-Order Effects / 3.101
3.47. Approximate Amplification Factors for Second-Order Effects / 3.103
3.48. Geometric Stiffness Matrix Method for Second-Order Effects / 3.105
3.49. General Material Nonlinear Effects / 3.105
3.50. Classical Methods of Plastic Analysis / 3.109
3.51. Contemporary Methods of Inelastic Analysis / 3.114
TRANSIENT LOADING
3.52. General Concepts of Structural Dynamics / 3.114
3.53. Vibration of Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems / 3.116
3.54. Material Effects of Dynamic Loads / 3.118
3.55. Repeated Loads / 3.118

Section 4. Analysis of Special Structures Louis F. Geschwindner, P.E. 4.1

4.1. Three-Hinged Arches / 4.1

4.2. Two-Hinged Arches / 4.3
4.3. Fixed Arches / 4.5
4.4. Stresses in Arch Ribs / 4.7
4.5. Plate Domes / 4.8
4.6. Ribbed Domes / 4.11
4.7. Ribbed and Hooped Domes / 4.19
4.8. Schwedler Domes / 4.22
4.9. Simple Suspension Cables / 4.23
4.10. Cable Suspension Systems / 4.29
4.11. Plane-Grid Frameworks / 4.34
4.12. Folded Plates / 4.42
4.13. Orthotropic Plates / 4.48

Section 5. Connections William A. Thornton, P.E., and T. Kane, P.E. 5.1

5.1. Limitations on Use of Fasteners and Welds / 5.1

5.2. Bolts in Combination with Welds / 5.2
FASTENERS
5.3. High-Strength Bolts, Nuts, and Washers / 5.2
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5.4. Carbon-Steel or Unfinished (Machine) Bolts / 5.5

5.5. Welded Studs / 5.5
5.6. Pins / 5.7
GENERAL CRITERIA FOR BOLTED CONNECTIONS
5.7. Fastener Diameters / 5.10
5.8. Fastener Holes / 5.11
5.9. Minimum Number of Fasteners / 5.12
5.10. Clearances for Fasteners / 5.13
5.11. Fastener Spacing / 5.13
5.12. Edge Distance of Fasteners / 5.14
5.13. Fillers / 5.16
5.14. Installation of Fasteners / 5.17
WELDS
5.15. Welding Materials / 5.20
5.16. Types of Welds / 5.21
5.17. Standard Welding Symbols / 5.25
5.18. Welding Positions / 5.30
GENERAL CRITERIA FOR WELDED CONNECTIONS
5.19. Limitations on Fillet-Weld Dimensions / 5.31
5.20. Limitations on Plug and Slot Weld Dimensions / 5.33
5.21. Welding Procedures / 5.33
5.22. Weld Quality / 5.36
5.23. Welding Clearance and Space / 5.38
DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS
5.24. Minimum Connections / 5.39
5.25. Hanger Connections / 5.39
5.26. Tension Splices / 5.47
5.27. Compression Splices / 5.50
5.28. Column Base Plates / 5.54
5.29. Beam Bearing Plates / 5.60
5.30. Shear Splices / 5.62
5.31. Bracket Connections / 5.67
5.32. Connections for Simple Beams / 5.77
5.33. Moment Connections / 5.86
5.34. Beams Seated Atop Supports / 5.95
5.35. Truss Connections / 5.96
5.36. Connections for Bracing / 5.98
5.37. Crane-Girder Connections / 5.107

Section 6. Building Design Criteria R. A. LaBoube, P.E. 6.1

6.1. Building Codes / 6.1

6.2. Approval of Special Construction / 6.2
6.3. Standard Specifications / 6.2
6.4. Building Occupancy Loads / 6.2
6.5. Roof Loads / 6.9
6.6. Wind Loads / 6.10
6.7. Seismic Loads / 6.21
6.8. Impact Loads / 6.26
6.9. Crane-Runway Loads / 6.26
6.10. Restraint Loads / 6.28
6.11. Combined Loads / 6.28
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6.12. ASD and LRFD Specifications / 6.29

6.13. Axial Tension / 6.30
6.14. Shear / 6.34
6.15. Combined Tension and Shear / 6.40
6.16. Compression / 6.41
6.17. Bending Strength / 6.45
6.18. Bearing / 6.48
6.19. Combined Bending and Compression / 6.48
6.20. Combined Bending and Tension / 6.50
6.21. Wind and Seismic Stresses / 6.51
6.22. Fatigue Loading / 6.51
6.23. Local Plate Buckling / 6.62
6.24. Design Parameters for Tension Members / 6.64
6.25. Design Parameters for Rolled Beams and Plate Girders / 6.64
6.26. Criteria for Composite Construction / 6.67
6.27. Serviceability / 6.74
6.28. Built-Up Compression Members / 6.76
6.29. Built-Up Tension Members / 6.77
6.30. Plastic Design / 6.78
6.31. Hollow Structural Sections / 6.79
6.32. Cable Construction / 6.85
6.33. Fire Protection / 6.85

Section 7. Design of Building Members Ali A. K. Haris, P.E. 7.1

7.1. Tension Members / 7.1

7.2. Comparative Designs of Double-Angle Hanger / 7.3
7.3. Example—LRFD for Wide-Flange Truss Members / 7.4
7.4. Compression Members / 7.5
7.5. Example—LRFD for Steel Pipe in Axial Compression / 7.6
7.6. Comparative Designs of Wide-Flange Section with Axial Compression / 7.7
7.7. Example—LRFD for Double Angles with Axial Compression / 7.8
7.8. Steel Beams / 7.10
7.9. Comparative Designs of Single-Span Floorbeam / 7.11
7.10. Example—LRFD for Floorbeam with Unbraced Top Flange / 7.14
7.11. Example—LRFD for Floorbeam with Overhang / 7.16
7.12. Composite Beams / 7.18
7.13. LRFD for Composite Beam with Uniform Loads / 7.20
7.14. Example—LRFD for Composite Beam with Concentrated Loads and End
Moments / 7.28
7.15. Combined Axial Load and Biaxial Bending / 7.32
7.16. Example—LRFD for Wide-Flange Column in a Multistory Rigid Frame / 7.33
7.17. Base Plate Design / 7.37
7.18. Example—LRFD of Column Base Plate / 7.39

Section 8. Floor and Roof Systems Daniel A. Cuoco, P.E. 8.1

FLOOR DECKS
8.1. Concrete Fill on Metal Deck / 8.1
8.2. Precast-Concrete Plank / 8.8
8.3. Cast-in-Place Concrete Slabs / 8.9
ROOF DECKS
8.4. Metal Roof Deck / 8.10
8.5. Lightweight Precast-Concrete Roof Panels / 8.11