Al-Mansour University College

‫قسم الهندسة المدنية‬ Civil Eng. Dept.

‫المرحلة الرابعة‬ 4th. Stage

2022 - 2023

Lec.1

Lec. Hayder Qais

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2
 Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction of Steel Structure

Chapter 2: Analy xural member (moment)

Chapter 7: Analysis and Design of flexural member (shear and deflection)

Chapter 8: Analysis and Design Beam-column

Chapter 9: Connections (bolts and welding)

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 Chapter 1
Introduction of Steel Structure

STRUCTURAL DESIGN:

Structural design of buildings

• Structural concrete Design shall conform to ACI code.

• Structural steel design and fabrication shall conform to AISC manual

 Types of steel structures:

1- Buildings - public buildings

- industrial buildings
- residential buildings

2- Bridges - rail roads

- mono rail (overground)
- highwys & pedestrins

3- Other structures
- power trnsmision towers, for
- radars & t.v installiations
- water supply tanks.
- ships & air planes.

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 Steel material types:

- Carbon steel [0.2% to 1.5% carbon] + Fe (A36, A53, A500, A501, A529,
A570), ideal type for structural applications because of cheap production

cost and high ductility

- Low carbon steel [~ 0.2% carbon] uses: sheets, wires, pipes, rebar

- Mild carbon steel [0.3% to 0.7% carbon] uses: rails, boilers, plates, axles,

structures.

- High Carbon Steel [0.7% to 1.5% carbon] Uses: Surgical instruments, razor
blades, cutlery, spring, construction.

Advantages of steel as structural material:

1. High strength:
- The high strength of steel per unit of weight means that the weight of
structures will be small warning before failure take place.
2. Toughness

- Steel has both strength and ductility.

- A steel member loaded until it has larger deformations will still be
able to withstand large forces. For example, steel member can be

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 subjected to larger deformation during fabrication without fracture
(steel member can be bend, hammered, sheared, and holes punched)

Disadvantages of steel as a structural material:

1. Maintenance cost

- Steel structures are disposed to corrosion when exposed to air, water,

and humidity. They must be painted periodically.

2. Fireproof cost

- The strength of steel members is reduced at high temperatures.

3. Buckling

- For most structures the use of steel column bjected to cyclic

loading.

Some types of steel structures:

Steel structures can be divided into three general categories:

1. Framed structures: for example ( multistory buildings and bridges) Framed

structures usually consist of beams, columns, and diagonal

bracing to provide stability.

2. Shell structures: for example water tanks

3. Suspension structures: for example (suspension bridges, and cable state

bridges

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 Column
Bracing
Beam

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 Steel sections:

Notes:

W27x117: is a W section approximately 27 in deep weighing 117 Ib/ft.

L6x6x1/2: is an equal leg angle, each leg is 6 in long and ½ in thick.

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 Stress – strain relationship in structural steel:

Fu: Ultimate Stress, Fy: Yield Stress

Stress = P / A, Strain = ⧍L / L

- If a piece of ductile structural steel is subjected to a tensile force, it

will begin to elongate. If the tensile force i te rate without a
corresponding increase in the stress

- Structural steel is usually grouped into several major ASTM

classifications. As shown in the table (2-3 and 2-4) in the AISC
Manual.

Loads:
-

- The most important and most difficult task forced by the structural
engineer is the accurate estimation of the loads that may be applied to
a structure during its life.

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- The next important task is to determine the worst possible
 combinations of these loads that might occur at one time.

- The objective of a structural engineer is to design a structure that will

be able to withstand all the loads to which it is subjected while serving
its purpose throughout its intended life span.

- Loads can be classified into three categories: dead loads, live loads,
and environmental loads (e.g. Snow loads, Rain loads, Wind loads,
and Earthquake loads)

TYPES OF LOADS:
- Dead loads.
- Live Loads.
- Wind Loads.
- Impact Loads.
- Fatigue.
- Earthquake Loads.
- Snow Loads.
- Other Loads.

Dead Loads: are loads of constant magnitude that remain in one position. The
weight of the structure (beams, columns, slabs, wall, finishing, plastering etc)
is considered dead load as well as attachments to the structure such as:
pipes, air-conditioning, heating ducts, roof and floor covering, etc.

- Weight of people.
- Furniture.
- Machinery & goods.
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- Dynamic forces resulting from moving loads.
 - Wind loads.
- Forces resulting from temperature change.
- Pressure of liquids.
- Earthquakes.

Wind load: are horizontal loads on the building which are exerted on
the surface area of the building on windward side. This load is calculated
based on the wind zone which provides the maximum wind speed in the
given zone. This can be obtained from the wind map of the location. This
wind

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 speed is converted into force based on the surface area and orientation of
building. wind direction. Shape of the building is or structural member is
also considered for calculation.

- For building with sloping roofs; aero dynamic effect must be consider
as follow

ROOF PRESSURE = 1.25 x WIND PRESSURE

- Wind pressure can be approximately calculated as

q = 0.00256 V²

Where; (v) is speed of air in mile / hour. (q) is pressure per unit area

Impact load: The term impact refers to the dynamic effect of a suddenly
applied load (e.g. trucks, vehicles)

Acceptable methods for designing structural steel member:

- The AISC specification two acceptable methods

for designing steel structural members and their connections, which

are Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) and Allowable

Strength Design (ASD).

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 - Both procedures are based on limit state design principles. The term

limit state is used to describe a condition at which a structure or part

of a structure ceases to perform its gth of a member is its calculated

theoretical strength with no resistance factor (Ø Phi) or safety factor

(Ω Omega) applied. A resistance factor usually less than 1.0 is

multiplied by the nominal strength of a member to account for

variation in material strength, member dimensions and workmanship.

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 - With both the LRFD and ASD procedures values of the individual

loads (dead, live, wind, snow, etc.) are first estimated. These loads are

referred to as service or working loads.

- With the LRFD method, possible service load groups are formed and

each service load is multiplied by a load factor, normally larger than

- 1.0. The result linear combination of service loads in a group, each

multiplied by its respective load factor, is called factored load.

Load calculations (Computing combined loads)

LRFD

Ru or U = 1.4D
Ru or U = 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5 (Lr or S or R)
Ru or U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (0.5L or 0.8W)
Ru or U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 0.5L + 0.5 (Lr or S or R)
Ru or U = 1.2D ± 1.0E+ 0.5 L + 0.2S
Ru or U = 0.9D ± (1.6W or 1.0E)
Ru or U ≤ n * Rn

ASD

Ru or U = D
Ru or U = D + L
Ru or U = D + (Lr or S or R)
Ru or U = D + 0.75L + 0.75 (Lr or S or R)
Ru or U = D ± (W or 0.7E)
Ru or U = D ± 0.75(W or 0.7E) + 0.75 L + 0.75 (Lr or S or R)
Ru or U = 0.6D ± (W or 0.7E)

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 Ru or U ≤* Rn/ Ω

Where:
U = the design or ultimate load
D = dead load
L = live load due to occupancy
Lr = roof live load
S = snow load
R = nominal load due to initial rainwater or ice
W = wind load
E = Earthquake load

Specifications for design of steel structures:

Many available standards for properties & specifications of steel sections may
be followed in design & constructions are published by some institutes &
associations such as:

• AISC: American institute of steel construction.

• AASHTO: American associat erican Society for Testing& Material.
• NBC: National Building Code.
• UBC: Uniform Building Code.
• BS: British Standard.
• DIN: Dutch International Norma.
• FIP: French International
• EURO: Euro Code.

15 AISC Steel Construction Manual

 American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), Inc. publishes the AISC
Manual of Steel Construction (Steel construction manual, or SCM), which is
currently in its 13th edition. Structural engineers use this manual in analyzing,
and designing various steel structures. Some of the chapters of the book are as
follows:
Part1- Dimensions and properties of various types of steel sections available on
the market (W, S, C, WT, HSS, etc.).
Part 2- General design considerations.
Part 3- Design of flexural members.
Part 4- Design of compression members.
Part 5- Design of tension members.
Part 6- Design of members subject to combined loading.
Part 7- Design consideration for bolts.
Part 8- Design considerations for welds.
Part 9- Design of connecting elements.
Part 10- Design of simple shear connections.
Part 11- Design of flexure moment connections.
Part 12- Design of fully restrained (FR) m Design of beam bearing plates,
column base plates, anchor rods, and column splices.
Part 15- Design of hanger connections, bracket plates, and crane-rail
connections.
Part 16- General nomenclature.
Part 17- Specifications and codes.

-Commentary on specifications and codes.

-Miscellaneous data and mathematical information.

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 Types of structural steel elements:
According to product method, we have two types as follow:

1- Standard hot rolled steel shapes:

They are formed from hot billet steel by passing through rolls numerous
times to obtain the shape required. The steel manual refer to the hot rolled
steel shapes as follow:
• Wide flange steel shape referred by WF as W 27x117. This steel shape is
the most common structural steel section.
• Standard steel shape referred by S as S 12x30. This has a thick web &
narrow flange compared to W steel shapes.
• Standard channels referred by C as C 10x30 or MC 18x58.The second
type referee to miscellaneous channels shapes whic is T-shape cut from
W shape & ST is T-shape cut from S shape.
• Angles refereed by L as L 4x4x1/2 & they are categorized as equal & non
equals legs angles.

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 2- Cold formed steel shapes:

They are obtained from plates & some of bars having a steel shapes is used

for furniture & some of nonstructural works as cladding of gable frames &

roof trusses (purlins & side rail, etc.).

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 Grade of steel:
Refer to AISC-SM Table 2-3 (page 2-39) for a list of appropriate structural
steel ASTM designations for various structural shap designations are
commonly used:

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 Chapter 2
Analysis of Tension Members
Tension members are structural elements that subjected to axial tensile forces,
such as:
 Members in trusses
 Cables in cable-stayed and suspension bridges
 Bracing in frames to resist lateral forces from blast, wind, and earthquake.

In the early days of steel structures, tension members consisted of rods, bars,
and perhaps cables. Today tension members usually consist of single angles,
double angles, tees, channels, W sections, or suctions built up from plates or
rolled shapes. Another type of tension section often us , which is very
satisfactory for use in transmission towers, signs, foot bridges.

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 Nominal strength of tension member:

• A ductile steel member without holes and subjected to a tensile load can
resist without fracture a load larger than its gross-sectional area times its
yielding stress.
• If, on the other hand, we have a tension member with sive elongation
of the member)
Pn = Fy * Ag (AISC equation D2-1)

ntPn = nt * Fy * Ag (nt=0.9 for the LRFD and Ωt = 1.67 for ASD)

2. For tensile rupture in the net section, as where bolt or rivet holes are
present
Pn = Fu * Ae (AISC equation D2-2)
ntPn = nt * Fu * Ae (nt=0.75 for the LRFD and Ωt = 2 for ASD)
Where:

o Ag = gross area of member, in2 (mm2)

o Ae = effective net area, in2 (mm2)
 For Bolted connections: Ae = U x An
 For welded connection: Ae = U x Ag
o Fy = specified minimum yield stress, ksi (MPa)
o Fu = specified minimum tensile strength, ksi (MPa)

 Values of Fy and Fu are provided in table 2-3 and 2-4 in the AISC
manual for the ASTM structural steels on the market today

Gross and Net area determination:

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 Gross area: the gross area of a member is the total cross-sectional area.

Net area: the net area of a member is the products of the thickness and the net
width of each element computed as follows:

1. In computing net area for tension and shear, the wid ing, for each gage
space in the chain, the quantity

S2 /4g
o S = longitudinal center to center spacing (pitch) of any two
consecutive holes, in.
o g = transverse center to center spacing (gage) between fastener gage
lines, in.

3. In determining the net area across plug or slot welds, the weld metal shall
not be considered as adding to the net area.
4. Section J4.1 (b) limits An to a maximum of 0.85 Ag for splice plates

OR wn = wg – Σ (D+1/8) + n s² / 4g.
 Example 1:

Determine the net area of the (3/8 x 8- in) plate shown in the figure below.
The plate is connected at its end with two lines of (3/4 - in) standard bolts.

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 Solution
3
Ag= ∗ 8 = 3 in2
8

13 1 3
An = 3-2*( + ) ∗ =2.34375
16 16 8

= 2.34 in2

 Example 2:
Determine the critical net area of the (1/2 in) thick plate shown in the figure
below. The standard holes are punched for (3/4 in) bolts.

Solution

Ag =1/2 * 11 = 5.5in2
13 1 1
An (ABCD) = 5.5-2*( + ) ∗ =4.625 in2
16 16 2

13 1 1 32 1
An (ABEF) = 5.5-2*( + )∗ + ∗ =4.8125 in2
16 16 2 4∗6 2

13 1 1 32 1
An (ABCEF) = 5.5-3*( + )∗ + ∗ =4.5625in2 (controls)
16 16 2 4∗3 2
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  Example 3:
Determine the net area of the W12x16 shown in the figure below. Assume
that the standard holes are for 1 in bolts.

Solution

1 1
An (ABDE) = 4.71-2*(1 + ) ∗ 0.22=4.215 in2
16 16

1 1 22
An (ABCDE) = 4.71-2*(1 16 + 16) ∗ 0.22 + 2 ∗ 4∗3 ∗ 0.22 =4.1142 in2 (controls)

 Example 4:
Determine the net area along route ABCDEF for the C 15x33.9 shown in the
figure below. Assume that the standard holes are for 3/4 in bolts.

Solution

From AISC manual For C 15x33.9: Ag = 10 in2, tw = 0.4 in, tf = 0.65 in

13 1 13 1 32
An (ABCDEF) = 10-2*( + ) ∗ 0.65 + 2 ∗ ( + ) ∗ 0.4 + 2 ∗ ∗
16 16 16 16 4∗9
32 10.65+0.4
0.4 + 2 ∗ ∗ =8.77 in2
4∗4.6 2

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 Effective net area:
1. When a member other than a flat plate or bar is loaded in axial tension
until failure occurs across its net section, its actual tensile failure stress
will probably be less that the tensile strength of the steel, unless all of the
various elements which make up the section are connected so that stress
is transferred uniformly across the section
2.

To account for the non-uniformity, the effective net area of tension member
shall be determined as follows:
Ae = An U (AISC equation D3-1)

U = the shear leg factor, is determined as shown in table D3.1

3. The above equation logically applies for both fastener connections having
holes and for welded connections.
4. For welded connections, the net area equal the gross area since there are
no hole
5. Whenever the tensile load is transmitted by bolts, rivets, or welds

through some but not all of the cross-sectional elements of the members,

the load carrying efficiency is reduced and U will be less than (1)

- For bolted member: the following equation can be used to estimate the
shear leg factor or reduction coefficient U

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 = Distance from the plain of the connection to the centroid of the area

of the whole section

- In order to calculate U for W section connected by its flange only, we

will assume that the section is split into two structural tees. Then the
will be the distance from the outside edge of the flange to the C.G of
the structure Tee
- For welded members: when tension loads are transferred by welds, the
rules from AISC table D3.1 that are to be used to determine values of A
and U are as follows
1. Should the load be transmitted only by longitudinal welds to other
than a plate member, or by longitudinal welds in combination with
transverse welds, A is to equal the gross area of the member Ag.
2. Should a tension load be transmitted only by transverse welds, A is to
equal the area of the directly connected elements U is to equal 1.0 (case
3 in Table D3.1)
3. Test has shown that when flat plates or bars connected by longitudinal
fillet welds are used as tensio n members, they may fail prematurely by
shear lag at the corners if the welds are too far apart. Therefore, the AISC
specification states that when such situations are e ective net area. For
such situations the value of U to be used (case 4 in Table D3.1) are as
follows:

When l ≥ 2w (U = 1.0)
When 2w≥ l ≥ 1.5w (U = 0.87)
When 1.5w≥ l ≥ w (U = 0.75)

Where

l = weld length, in
26 w = plat width (distance between weld), in
 Connecting elements for tension members: when splice or gusset
plates are used as statically loaded tensile connecting elements, their
strength shall be determined as follows

 Example 5:
Determine the LRFD tensile design strength for a W 10x45 with two lines of
(3/4in diameter) bolts in each flange using A572 Grade 50 steel and the AISC
specification. There are assumed to be at least three bolts in each line (4in on
center), and the bolts are not staggered with respect to each other.

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 Solution

From table 2-6 of AISC manual Fy = 50 ksi, Fu = 65 ksi for A572 Grade 50 steel.
From table 1-1 (W shapes Dimensions): for W 10x45 (Ag = 13.3 in2, d =
10.1 in, bf = 8.02 in, tf = 0.62 in)

- Cross sectional yielding

Pn = FyAg
Pn = 50 * 13.3 = 665k
ntPn = nt * Fy * Ag
0.9*665 = 598.5k

- Tensile rupture strength

13 1
An = 13.3 – 4* ( + ) ∗ 0.062 = 11.13 in2
16 16

From table 1-8 (WT shapes Dimensions): for WT 5x22.5 (which is half of a
W10x45) = 0.907
L = 4 + 4 = 8in
U = 1- /L
= 1-0.907/8 = 0.8866
bf = 8.02in > (2/3)d =(2/3)10.1 = 6.7333in
U = 0.9 from table (D3-1 case 7) ….. control
Ae=UAn
= 0.9 * 11.13 = 10.017in2

Pn = Fu Ae
= 65 * 10.017 = 651.105k
ntPn = nt * Fu * Ae
= 0.75 * 651.105 = 488.3588k ….. (Control)

connected at its ends with one line of four (7/8in) diameter bolts in standard
holes (3in) on center in one leg of the angle.

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 Solution

From table 2-6: Fy =36 ksi, Fu = 58 ksi for A36 steel.

From table 1-7 (L shapes dimensions): Ag = 4.38in2, = = 1.62in

- Cross sectional yielding

Pn = FyAg
Pn = 36 * 4.38 = 157.68k
ntPn = nt * Fy * Ag
0.9*157.68 = 141.912k ….. (control)

- Tensile rupture strength

15 1 3
An = 4.38 – ( + ) ∗ = 4.005 in2
16 16 8

L 3+3+3 = 9in

U = 1- /L
= 1- 1.62/9 = 0.82 (control)

𝑈 = 0.8 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐷3 − 1 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 8)

Ae=UAn
= 0.82 * 4.005 = 3.2841in2
Pn = Fu Ae
= 58 * 3.2841= 190.4778 k
ntPn = nt * Fu * Ae
29 = 0.75 * 190.4778 = 142.8584
  Example 7
The 1x6 in plate shown in the figure below is connected to a 1x10 in plate with
longitudinal fillet welds to transfer a tensile load. Determine the LRFD tensile
design strength of the member if Fy = 50 ksi and Fu = 65 ksi.

Solution

- Cross sectional yielding

Pn = FyAg
Pn = 50 * 1 * 6 = 300 k
ntPn = nt * Fy * Ag
0.9*300 = 270 k

- Tensile rupture strength

An = Ag = 1 * 6 = 6 in2
1.5w = 1.5 * 6 = 9in
1.5w > L > w
9>8>6

U = 0.75 (from table D 3-1 case 4)

Ae = UAn = 0.75 *6 = 4.5 in2

Pn = Fu Ae
= 65 * 4.5= 292.5 k
ntPn = nt * Fu * Ae
= 0.75 * 292.5 = 219.375….. (Control)

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  Example 8

Compute the LRFD design strength of the angle (8x6x3/4 in) shown in the
figure below. It is welded on the ends and sides of the 8 in leg only. Fy = 50 ksi
and Fu = 70 ksi.

Solution

From table 1-7 (L shapes Dimensions): for L 8x6x3/4 (Ag = 9.99 in2 1.56in)

- Cross sectional yielding

Pn = FyAg
Pn = 50 * 9.99 = 499.5 k
ntPn = nt * Fy * Ag
0.9*499.5 = 449.5 k
- Tensile rupture strength
An = Ag = 9.99 in2 , L = 6in
U= 1- /L = (1-1.56/6) = 0.74
P n = F u Ae

= 70 * 7.3926= 517.48 k
ntPn = nt * Fu * Ae

= 0.75 * 517.48 = 388.11….. (Control)

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  Example 9:

The tension member shown in the figure below is assumed to be connected

at its ends with two 3/8x12 in plates. If two lines of (3/4 in) bolts are used in

each plate determine the LRFD design tensile force that the two plate can

transfer.

PL 3/8x12
Pu/2

W10x45
Pu

Pu/2
PL 3/8x12

1. Tensile yielding of elements:

𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑅𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔

3
𝑅𝑛 = 50 ∗ ( ∗ 12 ∗ 2) = 450 𝑘
8

Ø𝑡 𝑅𝑛 = Ø𝑡 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔

Ø𝑡 𝑅𝑛 = 0.9 ∗ 450 = 405 𝑘

2. Tensile rupture of connecting elements:

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 3 13 1 3
𝐴𝑛 𝑜𝑓 2 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 = 2 ∗ 12 ∗ − 4 ∗ ( + ) ∗ = 7.6875 𝑖𝑛2 ≤ 0.85𝐴𝑔
8 16 16 8

3
0.85𝐴𝑔 = 0.85 ∗ 2 ∗ 12 ∗ = 7.65 𝑖𝑛2
8

∴ 𝐴𝑛 7 5 𝑖𝑛2 = 𝐴𝑒

𝑅𝑛 = 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒

𝑃𝑛 = 65 ∗ 7.65 = 497.25 𝑘

Ø𝑡 𝑅𝑛 = Ø𝑡 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒

Ø𝑡 𝑅𝑛 = 0.75 ∗ 497.25 = 372.9375 𝑘 = 𝑃𝑢 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠)

33
  Block shear:

 The LRFD design strength of tension members is not always

controlled by Øt Pn or by the strength of the bolts or weld with which

they are connected. They may instead be controlled by block shear

strength.

 The failure of a member may occur along a path involving tension on

one plane and shear on a perpendicular plane.

 The AISC specification (J4.3) states that the block shear design

strength of particular member is to be determined by:

1. Computing the tensile fracture strength on the net section in one

direction and adding to that value the shear yield strength on the gross

area on the perpendicular segment

2. Computing the shear fracture strength on the gross area subject to

tension and adding it to the tensile yield strength on the net area

subject to shear on the perpendicular segment

3. The expression to apply is the one with larger rupture term.

 The AISC specification (J4.3)states that the available strength R n for

the block shear rupture design strength is as follows:

𝑅𝑛 = 0.6 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑣 + 𝑈𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑡

≤ 0.6 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔𝑣 + 𝑈𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑡 (𝐴𝐼𝑆𝐶 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐽4 − 5)

34
 (∅ = 0.75)

𝐴𝑔𝑣 = Gross area subjected to shear, in2

𝐴𝑛𝑣 = Net area subjected to shear, in2

𝐴𝑛𝑡 = Net area subjected to tension, in2

 The reduction factor 𝑈𝑏𝑠 , is used to account for the fact that stress

distribution may not be uniform on the tensile plane for some

connections.

1. Should the tensile stress distribution be uniform, 𝑈𝑏𝑠 will be taken

equal to 1.0. The tensile stress is generally considered to be uniform

for angles, gusset or connection plates and for coped beam with one

line of bolts.

2. Should the tensile stress be nonuniform 𝑈𝑏𝑠 is to be equal to 0.5, such

a situation occurs in coped beams with two lines of bolts. Should the

bolts for coped beams be placed at nonstandard distances from beam

ends, the same situation of nonuniform tensile stress can occur, and

𝑈𝑏𝑠 is to be equal to 0.5.

35
  Example 10:

The A572 grade 50 tensile member shown in the figure below is connected

with three (3/4 in) bolts. Determine the LRFD block shear rupture strength

of the member. Also calculate the LRFD design tensile strength of the

member.

2 ½ in
3 ½ in
2 in
4 in
Shear plane 4 in

L6x4x1/2 Tensile plane

From table 2-4: Fy = 50 ksi, Fu = 65 ksi for A572 Grade 50 steel.

From table 1-7 (L shapes Dimensions): for L 6x6x3/8 (Ag = 4.75 in2,

𝑥̅ =0.981 in)

1. Block shear strength

1
𝐴𝑔𝑣 = 10 ∗ = 5 𝑖𝑛2
2

13 1 1
𝐴𝑛𝑣 = 5 − 2.5 ∗ ( + ) ∗ = 3.9063 𝑖𝑛2
16 16 2

1 13 1 1
𝐴𝑛𝑡 = 2.5 ∗ − 0.5 ∗ ( + ) ∗ = 1.0313 𝑖𝑛2
2 16 16 2

36
 𝑈𝑏𝑠 = 1.0

𝑅𝑛 = 0.6 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑣 + 𝑈𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑡 ≤ 0.6 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔𝑣 + 𝑈𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑡

𝑅𝑛 = 0.6 ∗ 65 ∗ 3.9063 + 1 ∗ 65 ∗ 1.0313

≤ 0.6 ∗ 50 ∗ 5 + 1 ∗ 65 ∗ 1.0313

219.3802 > 217.0345

∴ 𝑅𝑛 = 217.0345 𝑘

∅𝑅𝑛 = 0.75 ∗ 217.0345 = 162.7759 𝑘 = 𝑃𝑢 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠)

2. Gross section yielding (nominal or available tensile strength of angle):

𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔

𝑃𝑛 = 50 ∗ 4.75 = 237.5 𝑘

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = Ø𝑡 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = 0.9 ∗ 237.5 = 213.75 𝑘

3. Tensile rupture strength:

13 1 1
𝐴𝑛 = 4.75 − ( + ) ∗ = 4.3125 𝑖𝑛2
16 16 2

𝐿 = 4 + 4 = 8 𝑖𝑛

𝑥̅
𝑈 =1−
𝐿

37
 0.981
𝑈 =1− = 0.8774 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠)
8

𝑈 = 0.6 ( 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐷3 − 1 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 8)

𝐴𝑒 = 𝑈𝐴𝑛

𝐴𝑒 = 0.8774 ∗ 4.3125 = 3.7838 𝑖𝑛2

𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒

𝑃𝑛 = 65 ∗ 3.7838 = 245.947 𝑘

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = Ø𝑡 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = 0.75 ∗ 245.947 = 184.4603 𝑘

 Example 11:

Determine the LRFD design strength of the A36 (Fy=36 ksi, Fu=58 ksi)

plates shown in the figure below. Include block shear strength in the

calculations.

PL 1/2x10 in

Pu Pu
10 in

Shear plane
Tension plane
4 in

1. Gross section yielding:

38
 𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔

𝑃𝑛 = 36 ∗ 10 ∗ 1/2 = 180 𝑘

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = Ø𝑡 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = 0.9 ∗ 180 = 162 𝑘 = 𝑃𝑢 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠)

2. Tensile rupture strength:

1
𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 = 10 ∗ = 5 𝑖𝑛2
2

𝑈 = 1 (𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐷3.1 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 1)

𝐴𝑒 = 𝑈𝐴𝑛

𝐴𝑒 = 1 ∗ 5 = 5 𝑖𝑛2

𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒

𝑃𝑛 = 58 ∗ 5 = 290 𝑘

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = Ø𝑡 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = 0.75 ∗ 290 = 217.5 𝑘

3. Block shear strength

1
𝐴𝑔𝑣 = ∗ 4 ∗ 2 = 4 𝑖𝑛2
2

𝐴𝑛𝑣 = 4 𝑖𝑛2

1
𝐴𝑛𝑡 = ∗ 10 = 5 𝑖𝑛2
2

39
 𝑈𝑏𝑠 = 1.0

𝑅𝑛 = 0.6 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑣 + 𝑈𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑡 ≤ 0.6 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔𝑣 + 𝑈𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑡

𝑅𝑛 = 0.6 ∗ 58 ∗ 4 + 1 ∗ 58 ∗ 5 ≤ 0.6 ∗ 36 ∗ 4 + 1 ∗ 58 ∗ 5

429.2 > 376.4

∴ 𝑅𝑛 = 376.4 𝑘

∅𝑅𝑛 = 0.75 ∗ 376.4 = 282.3 𝑘

 Example 12:

Determine the LRFD tensile design strength of the W12x30 (Fy=50 ksi,

Fu=65 ksi) shown in the figure below if 7/8 in bolts are used in the

connection. Include block shear calculation for the flanges.

1.51 in 1.51 in
3.5 in
2 in
4 in
4 in

40
 From table 1-1 (W shapes Dimensions): for W 12x30 (Ag = 8.79 in2, d =

12.3 in, bf = 6.52 in, tf = 0.44 in, tw = 0.26 in)

1. Gross section yielding:

𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔

𝑃𝑛 = 50 ∗ 8.79 = 439.5 𝑘

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = Ø𝑡 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = 0.9 ∗ 439.5 = 395.55 𝑘

2. Tensile rupture strength:

15 1
𝐴𝑛 = 8.79 − 4 ∗ ( + ) ∗ 0.44 = 7.03 𝑖𝑛2
16 16

From table 1-8 (WT shapes Dimensions): for WT 6x15(which is half of a

W12x30) 𝑥̅ = 1.27

𝐿 = 4 + 4 = 8 𝑖𝑛

𝑥̅
𝑈 =1−
𝐿

1.27
𝑈 =1− = 0.8413
8

2 2
𝑏𝑓 = 6.52 𝑖𝑛 < 𝑑 = ∗ 12.3 = 8.2 𝑖𝑛
3 3

∴ 𝑈 = 0.85 ( 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐷3 − 1 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 7)(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠)

41
 𝐴𝑒 = 𝑈𝐴𝑛 = 0.85 ∗ 7.03 = 5.9755 𝑖𝑛2

𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒

𝑃𝑛 = 65 ∗ 5.9755 = 388.4075 𝑘

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = Ø𝑡 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = 0.75 ∗ 388.4075 = 291.3056 𝑘 = 𝑃𝑢 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠)

3. Block shear strength

𝐴𝑔𝑣 = 10 ∗ 0.44 ∗ 4 = 17.6 𝑖𝑛2

15 1
𝐴𝑛𝑣 = 17.6 − 4 ∗ (2.5 ∗ ( + ) ∗ 0.44) = 13.20 𝑖𝑛2
16 16

15 1
𝐴𝑛𝑡 = 4 ∗ 1.51 ∗ 0.44 − 4 ∗ 0.5 ∗ ( + ) ∗ 0.44 = 1.7776 𝑖𝑛2
16 16

𝑈𝑏𝑠 = 1.0

𝑅𝑛 = 0.6 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑣 + 𝑈𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑡 ≤ 0.6 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔𝑣 + 𝑈𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑡

𝑅𝑛 = 0.6 ∗ 65 ∗ 13.2 + 1 ∗ 65 ∗ 1.7776

≤ 0.6 ∗ 50 ∗ 17.6 + 1 ∗ 65 ∗ 1.7776

630.344 < 643.544

∴ 𝑅𝑛 = 630.344 𝑘

∅𝑅𝑛 = 0.75 ∗ 630.344 = 472.758 𝑘

42
  Example 13
Find the maximum allowable tensile load T for a single channel section
C15x50 connected to a 1"gusset plate to the web as by 10 bolts of 1"
diameter as shown below. Use A572G50 steel material.

Solution

From table of AISC manual Fy = 50ksi, Fu 65kis, Ag =14.7in2, Tw =0.716"

For standard-size holes (STD), the size of hole should be 1/8 in. greater than the
diameter of the fastener.

Size of hole for 1" bolt = 1+1/8=9/8"

Reduction factor: U = 0.85 (J 4.1)

At section ABC: An1 = Ag – n tw (D+1/8) = 13.89 in2

1 s2
At section DEBGH: An2 = Ag − n tw (D + ) + n tw =13.36 in2 .
8 4g

At section DEFGH: An3 = Ag – n tw (D+ 1/8) = 12.28 in2

The controlled net area is the minimum value = 12.28 in2

Maximum allowable tensile load based on the yield criterion:

T = 0.60 Fy Ag = 0.60(50)(14.7) = 441 kips

Maximum allowable tensile load based on the fracture criterion:

T = 0.50 Fu Ae = 0.50(65)(0.85)(12.28) = 339.26 kips

Therefore, the maximum allowable tensile load is controlled by T = 339.26 kips

43
 Al-Mansour University College

‫قسم الهندسة المدنية‬ Civil Eng. Dept.

‫المرحلة الرابعة‬ 4th. Stage

2022 - 2023

Lec.2

Lec. Hayder Qais

1
 Chapter 3
Design of Tension Members
Selection of Members:

• This chapter deals with the design of tension members for external

loads.

• In general the design of tension members have the following

properties:

1. Compactness

2. Dimensions that fit into the structure with reasonable relation to other

member dimensions.

3. Connection to as many part of the section nd leg

 The choice of member type is often affected by the type of

connections used for the structure. Some steel section are not very

convenient to bolt together with the required gusset or connection

plates, while the same section may be welded together with little

difficulty.

1. Tension members consisting of angles, channels, and W or S sections

will probably be used when the connections are made with bolts

2. Plates, channels and structural tees might be used for welded

structures.

2
 The slenderness ratio of a member is the ratio of its unsupported

42
 length to its least radius of gyration. For tension members other

than rods, the maximum value of slenderness ratio is suggested le

deflections or vibrations.

 The area needed for a particular tension member can be estimated

with the LRFD or the ASD equations. If the LRFD equations are used,

the design strength of a tension member is the least of Øt Fy Ag, Øt Fu Ae,

or its block shear strength Øt Rn. in addition, the slenderness ratio should

not exceed 300.

1. To satisfy the first of these expressions, the minimum gross area must
be at least equal to

Pu
Min Ag =
∅t Fy

2. To satisfy the second of these expressions, the minimum value of

Ae must be at least equal to:

Pu
Min Ae =
∅t Fu
And since Ae = UAn for bolted,

Min Ae Pu
Min An = =
U ∅t FuU
And since Ag = Min An + estimated area of holes,

Pu
Min Ag = + estimated area of holes
∅t FuU

3
3. The third expression can be evaluated, once a trial shape has been
43
 selected and other parameters related to the block shear strength
are known.
• The designer can substitute into equations 1 and 2, taking
the larger value of Ag so obtained for an i

L
Min r =
300

44
  Example 1:

Select a 30 ft long W12 section of A992 steel to support a tensile service

dead load PD = 130 k and a tensile service live load PL = 110 k. the member

is to have two lines of bolts in each flange for 7/8 in bolts (at least three in a

line 4 in on center).

1.51 in

2 in 4 in 4 in

From table 2-4: Fy = 50 ksi, Fu = 65 ksi for A992 steel.

a) Considering the necessary load combinations:

𝑃𝑢 = 1.4 𝐷 = 1.4 ∗ 130 = 182 𝑘

𝑃𝑢 = 1.2 𝐷 + 1.6𝐿 = 1.2 ∗ 130 + 1.6 ∗ 110 = 332 𝑘 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠)

b) Computing the minimum Ag required using LRFD equations:

𝑃𝑢
min 𝐴𝑔 =
𝜑𝑡 𝐹𝑦

332
min 𝐴𝑔 = = 7.3778 𝑖𝑛2
0.9 ∗ 50

46
 𝑃𝑢
min 𝐴𝑔 = + 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝜑𝑡 𝐹𝑢 𝑈

85( 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐷3 − 1 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 7)

𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑈 = 0.9

𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑓 = 0.38 𝑖𝑛

After looking at W12 sections in the AISC manu or more.

332 15 1
min 𝐴𝑔 = + 4 ∗ ( + ) ∗ 0.38 = 9.087 𝑖𝑛2
85
0.75 ∗ 65 ∗ 0.9 16 16

c) Preferable minimum r:

𝐿
min 𝑟 =
300
30 ∗ 12
min 𝑟 = = 1.2 𝑖𝑛
300

Try W12x35 (Ag = 10.3 in2, d = 12.5 in, bf = 6.56 in, tf = 0.52 in, ry =

1.54 in, rx = 5.25 in)

d) Checking:

1. Gross section yielding:

𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔

𝑃𝑛 = 50 ∗ 10.3 = 515 𝑘

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = Ø𝑡 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = 0.9 ∗ 515 = 463.5 𝑘 > 332 𝑘 ∴ 𝑜𝑘

2. Tensile rupture strength:

47
 15 1
𝐴𝑛 = 10.3 − 4 ∗ ( + ) 0 = 8.22 𝑖𝑛2
16 16

From table 1-8 (WT shapes Dimensions): for WT 6x17.5 (which is half of a

W12x35) 𝑥̅ = 1.3

𝐿 = 4 + 4 = 8 𝑖𝑛

𝑥̅
𝑈 =1−
𝐿

1.3
𝑈 =1− = 0.8375
8

2 2
𝑏𝑓 = 6.56 𝑖𝑛 < 𝑑 = ∗ 12.5 = 8.3333 𝑖𝑛
3 3

∴ 𝑈 = 0.85 ( 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐷3 − 1 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 7)(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠)

𝐴𝑒 = 𝑈𝐴𝑛 = 0.85 ∗ 8.22 = 6.987 𝑖𝑛2

𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒

𝑃𝑛 = 65 ∗ 6.987 = 454.1 Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = Ø𝑡 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = 0.75 ∗ 454.155 = 340.6163 𝑘 > 332 𝑘 ∴ 𝑜𝑘

3. Block shear strength

𝐴𝑔𝑣 = 10 ∗ 0.52 ∗ 4 = 20.8 𝑖𝑛2

48
 15 1
𝐴𝑛𝑣 = 20.8 − 4 ∗ (2.5 ∗ ( + ) ∗ 0.52) = 15.6 𝑖𝑛2
16 16

15 1
𝐴𝑛𝑡 = 4 ∗ 1.51 ∗ 0.52 − 4 ∗ 0.5 ∗ ( + ) ∗ 0.52 = 2.1008 𝑖𝑛2
16 16

𝑈𝑏𝑠 = 1.0

𝑅𝑛 = 0.6 ∗ 65 ∗ 15.6 + 1 ∗ 65 ∗ 2.1008

≤ 0.6 ∗ 50 ∗ 20.8 + 1 ∗ 65 ∗ 2.1008

744.952 < 760.552

∴ 𝑅𝑛 = 744.952 𝑘

4. Slenderness ration

𝐿
< 300
𝑟
30 ∗ 12
= 233.7662 𝑖𝑛 < 300 ∴ 𝑜𝑘
1.54

e) Checking for lighter section:

Try W12x30 (Ag = 8.79 in2, d = 12.3 in, bf = 6.52 in, tf = 0.44 in, ry = 1.52 in,

rx = 5.21 in)

49
  Example 2:

Design a 9 ft long 1/2 in thick single angle tension member to support

a dead tensile working load of 30 k and a live tensile working load of

40 K. The member is to be conne

3 in
3 in
3 in

a) Considering the necessary load combinations:

𝑃𝑢 = 1.4 𝐷 = 1.4 ∗ 30 = 42 𝑘

𝑃𝑢 = 1.2 𝐷 + 1.6𝐿 = 1.2 ∗ 30 + 1.6 ∗ 40 = 100 𝑘 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠)

b) Computing the minimum Ag required using LRFD equations:

𝑃𝑢
min 𝐴𝑔 =
𝜑𝑡 𝐹𝑦

52
 100
min 𝐴𝑔 = = 3.0864 𝑖𝑛2
0.9 ∗ 36
𝑃𝑢
min 𝐴𝑔 = + 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝜑𝑡 𝐹𝑢 𝑈

𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑈 = 0.8 ( 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐷3 − 1 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 8)

𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 (𝑡) = 1/2 𝑖𝑛

100 15 1 1
min 𝐴𝑔 = + 1 ∗ ( + ) ∗ = 3.3736 𝑖𝑛2
0.75 ∗ 58 ∗ 0.8 16 16 2

c) Preferable minimum r:

𝐿
min 𝑟 =
300
9 ∗ 12
min 𝑟 = = 0.36 𝑖𝑛
300

Try L 4x31/2 x1/2 (Ag = 3.5 in2, ry = 1.04 in, rx = 1.23 in, rz = 0.716

in, 𝑥̅ = 0.994 𝑖𝑛)

d) Checking:

1. Gross section yielding:

𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔

𝑃𝑛 = 36 ∗ 3.5 = 126 𝑘

3.4 𝑘 > 100 𝑘 ∴ 𝑜𝑘

2. Tensile rupture strength:

10

53
 15 1
𝐴𝑛 = 3.5 − 1 ∗ ( + ) ∗ 1/2 = 3 𝑖𝑛2
16 16

𝐿 = 3 + 3 + 3 = 9 𝑖𝑛

𝑥̅
𝑈 =1−
𝐿

0.994
𝑈 =1− = 0.8951 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠 )
9

𝑈 = 0.8 ( 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐷3 − 1 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 8)

𝐴𝑒 = 𝑈𝐴𝑛 = 0.8951 ∗ 3 = 2.6853 𝑖𝑛2

𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒

𝑃𝑛 = 58 ∗ 2.6853 = 155.7493 𝑘

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = Ø𝑡 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = 0.75 ∗ 155.7493 = 116.812 𝑘 > 100 𝑘 ∴ 𝑜𝑘

3. Slenderness ration

𝐿
< 300
𝑟
9 ∗ 12
= 150.837 𝑖𝑛 < 300 ∴ 𝑜𝑘
0.716

e) Checking for lighter section:

Try L 4x3x1/2 (Ag = 3.25 in2, ry = 0.873 in, rx = 1.24 in, rz = 0.633 in,

𝑥̅ = 0.822 𝑖𝑛)

11

54
  Example 3:

A welded tension member is to support the service load PD = 150 k and PL =

300 k and is to consist of two channels placed 12 in out to out, with the

flanges turned in. select the lightest standard channels available. Assume

that U=0.87. The member is to be 30 ft long. Use A36 steel.

6 in 6 in
a) Considering the necessary load combinations:

𝑃𝑢 = 1.4 𝐷 = 1.4 ∗ 150 = 210 𝑘

𝑃𝑢 = 1.2 𝐷 + 1.6𝐿 = 1.2 ∗ 150 + 1.6 ∗ 300 = 660 𝑘 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠)

b) Computing the minimum Ag required using LRFD equations:

𝑃𝑢
min 𝐴𝑔 =
𝜑𝑡 𝐹𝑦

660
min 𝐴𝑔 = = 20.3704 𝑖𝑛2 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠)
0.9 ∗ 36
𝑃𝑢
min 𝐴𝑔 = + 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝜑𝑡 𝐹𝑢 𝑈

12

57
 660
min 𝐴𝑔 = + 0 = 17.4396 𝑖𝑛2
0.75 ∗ 58 ∗ 0.87

c) Preferable minimum r:

𝐿
min 𝑟 =
300
30 ∗ 12
min 𝑟 = = 1.2 𝑖𝑛
300

Try C 15x40 (Ag = 11.8 in2, Iy = 9.17 in4, Ix = 348 in4, 𝑥̅ = 0.778 𝑖𝑛)

𝐴𝑔 = 2 ∗ n4

𝐼𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑡 − 𝑢𝑝 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (𝐼̅̅̅ 2

𝑦 + 𝐴𝑑 ) ∗ 2

𝐼𝑦 = (9.17 + 11.8 ∗ (6 − 0.778)2 ) ∗ 2 = 661.9 in4 (controls)

𝐼𝑦
𝑟𝑦 = √
𝐴𝑔

661.9
𝑟𝑦 = √ = 5.2959 𝑖𝑛 > min 𝑟 = 1.2 𝑖𝑛 ∴ 𝑜𝑘
23.6

d) Checking:

1. Gross section yielding:

𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔

𝑃𝑛 = 36 ∗ 23.6 = 849.6 𝑘

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = Ø𝑡 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔

13

58
 Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = 0.9 ∗ 849.6 = 764.64 𝑘 > 660 𝑘 ∴ 𝑜𝑘

2. Tensile rupture strength:

𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 = 23.6 𝑖𝑛2

𝐴𝑒 = 𝑈𝐴𝑛 = 0.87 ∗ 23.6 = 20.532 𝑖𝑛2

𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒

𝑃𝑛 = 58 ∗ 20.532 = 1190.856 𝑘

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = 0.75 ∗ 1190.856 = 893.142 𝑘 > 660 𝑘 ∴ 𝑜𝑘

3. Slenderness ration

𝐿
< 300
𝑟
30 ∗ 12
= 67.977 𝑖𝑛 < 300 ∴ 𝑜𝑘
5.2959

e) Checking for lighter section:

Try C 15x33.9 (Ag = 10 in2, Iy = 8.07 in4, Ix = 315 in4, 𝑥̅ = 0.788 𝑖𝑛)

𝐴𝑔 = 2 ∗ 10 = 20 in2 < min 𝐴𝑔 = 20.3704 ∴ not ok

1. Gross section yielding:

𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔

𝑃𝑛 = 36 ∗ 20 = 720 𝑘

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = Ø𝑡 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔

14

59
 Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = 0.9 ∗ 720 = 648 𝑘 < 660 𝑘 ∴ 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑘

∴ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 2 C 15x40

15

60
 BUILT UP TENSION MEMBERS

• They are tension members consist of 2 or more single members in separate or

continuous contact with each other.

• Components of a built-up tension member should be connected at frequent intervals

to ensure that they act together, that faying surfaces intended to be in contact stay in
contact, that excessive vibration of relatively thin parts does not occur, and that
moisture will not penetrate between faying surfaces and cause corrosion.

• So in continuous contact, S is the spacing between those elements ≤ 24 t of thinner

thickness. Or 12” if the member is painted or not subjected to corrosion causes.

• And in continuous contact, S should be ≤ 14 t of the thinner thickness or 7” when the

member is not painted or subjected to corrosion causes.

• For tension member built of separate elements, the elements should be connected
by plates or other steel shapes in interval that the slenderness ratio of individual
shape not exceed 300.

• Provisions for lacing and tie plates, perforated cover plates, and fasteners, except
those provisions intended specifically for compression members, are the same as for
built-up compression members.

• The design strength and allowable stresses for prismatic built-up members subjected
to axial tension by static forces are the same as for tension members, so the
strength should be computed as the sum of strength of members ( Tn = Σ Tni ).

• The elements of built up section in tension should be connected @ ends & middle by
tie plates with dimensions as follow:

- The length of tie plate (Ltp) should be ≥ (2/3) distance between connectors & it is

preferable to be same as width of built up members.

- The thickness of tie plate should be ≥ (1/ 50) Ltp.

16

70
  Example 4:

Select a pair of C8 for the condition shown. Use A572 grade 50 steel and

assume transverse welds at the ends along the web only. L = 24 ft. The

service load PD = 100 k and PL = 110 k.

10 in

a) Considering the necessary load combinations:

𝑃𝑢 = 1.4 𝐷 = 1.4 ∗ 100 = 140 𝑘

𝑃𝑢 = 1.2 𝐷 + 1.6𝐿 = 1.2 ∗ 100 + 1.6 ∗ 110 = 296 𝑘 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠)

b) Computing the minimum Ag required using LRFD equations:

𝑃𝑢
min 𝐴𝑔 =
𝜑𝑡 𝐹𝑦

296
min 𝐴𝑔 = = 6.5778 𝑖𝑛2
0.9 ∗ 50
𝑃𝑢
min 𝐴𝑔 = + 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝜑𝑡 𝐹𝑢 𝑈

17

61
 296
min 𝐴𝑔 = + 0 = 6.0718 𝑖𝑛2
0.75 ∗ 65 ∗ 1

c) Preferable minimum r:

𝐿
min 𝑟 =
300
24 ∗ 12
min 𝑟 = = 0.96 𝑖𝑛
300

Try C 8x11.5 (Ag = 3.37 in2, Iy = 1.31 in4, Ix = 32.5 in4, 𝑥̅ = 0.572 𝑖𝑛,

d = 8 in, tw = 0.22 in)

𝐴𝑔 = 2 ∗ 3.37 = 6.74 in2 > min 𝐴𝑔 = 6.5778 in2 ∴ ok

d) Checking:

1. Gross section yielding:

𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔

𝑃𝑛 = 50 ∗ 6.74 = 337 𝑘

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = Ø𝑡 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = 0.9 ∗ 337 = 303.3 𝑘 > 296 𝑘 ∴ 𝑜𝑘

2. Tensile rupture strength:

18

62
 Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = Ø𝑡 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = 0.75 ∗ 228.8 = 171.6 𝑘 < 296 𝑘 ∴ 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑘

e) Checking for larger section:

1. Try C 8x13.75 (Ag = 4.03 in2, d = 8 in, tw = 0.303 in)

𝐴𝑔 = 2 ∗ 4.03 = 8.06 in2 > min 𝐴𝑔 = 6.5778 in2 ∴ ok

Gross section yielding:

𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔 = 50 ∗ 8.06 = 403 𝑘

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = Ø𝑡 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = 0.9 ∗ 403 = 362.7 𝑘 > 296 𝑘 ∴ 𝑜𝑘

Tensile rupture strength:

2. Try C 8x18.75 (Ag = 5.51 in2, Iy = 1.97 in4, Ix = 43.9 in4, 𝑥̅ =

0.565 𝑖𝑛, d = 8 in, tw = 0.487 in)

𝐴𝑔 = 2 ∗ 5.51 = 11.02 in2 > min 𝐴𝑔 = 6.5778 in2 ∴ ok

Gross section yielding:

19

63
 𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔 = 50 ∗ 11.02 = 551 𝑘

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = Ø𝑡 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = 0.9 ∗ 551 = 495.9 𝑘 > 296 𝑘 ∴ 𝑜𝑘

Tensile rupture strength:

𝐴𝑛 = 𝑑 ∗ 𝑡𝑤 ∗ 2 = 8 ∗ 0.487 ∗ 2 = 7.792 𝑖𝑛2

𝐴𝑒 = 𝑈𝐴𝑛 = 1.0 ∗ 7.792 = 7.792 𝑖𝑛2

𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒

𝑃𝑛 = 65 ∗ 7.792 = 506.48 𝑘

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = Ø𝑡 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = 0.75 ∗ 506.48 = 379.86 𝑘 < 296 𝑘 ∴ 𝑜𝑘

𝐼𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑡 − 𝑢𝑝 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 2 ∗ 43.9 = 87.8 in4

𝐼𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑡 − 𝑢𝑝 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (𝐼̅̅̅ 2

𝑦 + 𝐴𝑑 ) ∗ 2

𝐼𝑦 = (1.97 + 5.51 ∗ (5 + 0.565)2 ) ∗ 2 = 345.221 in4 (controls)

𝐼𝑦
𝑟𝑦 = √
𝐴𝑔

87.8
𝑟𝑦 = √ = 2.823 𝑖𝑛 > min 𝑟 = 0.96 𝑖𝑛 ∴ 𝑜𝑘
11.02

Slenderness ration

𝐿 24 ∗ 12
< 300 → = 102.019 𝑖𝑛 < 300 ∴ 𝑜𝑘
𝑟 2.823

20

64
  Example 5:

43.2 k
43.2 k 43.2 k
43.2 k 43.2 k

12 ft

L2 L3
6 at 12 ft = 72 ft

43.2 k
43.2 k
L1

L3
L2

108 k
assume that U=0.85.

a) Considering the necessary load combinations:

𝑃𝑢 = 1.4 𝐷 = 1.4 ∗ 20 = 28 𝑘

21

65
 𝑃𝑢 = 1.2 𝐷 + 1.6(𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑆 𝑜𝑟 𝑅) + (0.5𝐿 𝑜𝑟 0.8𝑊)

= 1.2 ∗ 20 + 1.6 ∗ 12 = 43.2 𝑘 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠)

43.2 ∗ 5
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 → 𝑅𝐴 = 𝑅𝐵 = = 108 𝑘
2

∑ 𝑀𝐿1 = 0

𝐹𝐿2𝐿3 ∗ 8 + 43.2 ∗ 12 − 108 ∗ 24 = 0

∴ 𝐹𝐿2𝐿3 = 259.2 𝑘 (𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)

b) Computing the minimum Ag required using LRFD equations:

𝑃𝑢
min 𝐴𝑔 =
𝜑𝑡 𝐹𝑦

259.2
min 𝐴𝑔 = = 8 𝑖𝑛2
0.9 ∗ 36
𝑃𝑢
min 𝐴𝑔 = + 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝜑𝑡 𝐹𝑢 𝑈

𝑈 = 0.85

259.2 13 1
min 𝐴𝑔 = +4∗( + )∗𝑡
0.75 ∗ 58 ∗ 0.85 16 16

= 7.0101 + 3.5𝑡 𝑖𝑛2

t in E.H.A. in2 Ag min Lightest pair available

2L6x6x3/8, Ag=8.76 in2,
3/8 1.3125 8.3226
Wt.=14.9 Ib/ft
2L6x6x7/16, Ag=10.2 in2,
7/16 1.5313 8.5414
Wt.=17.2 Ib/ft
2L5x5x1/2, Ag=9.58 in2,
1/2 1.75 8.7601
Wt.=16.2 Ib/ft

22

66
 2L4x4x5/8, Ag=9.22 in2,
5/8 2.1875 9.1976
Wt.=15.7 Ib/ft
2L4x4x3/4, Ag=10.9 in2,
3/4 2.625 9.6351
Wt.=18.5 Ib/ft
2L5x5x7/8, Ag=16 in2,
7/8 3.0625 10.0726
Wt.=27.2 Ib/ft

c) Preferable minimum r:

𝐿
min 𝑟 =
300
12 ∗ 12
min 𝑟 = = 0.48 𝑖𝑛
300

2L 6x6x3/8 (Ag = 8.76 in2, ry = 2.60 in, rx = 1.87 in, rz = 1.19 in, Iy =

15.4 in4, 𝑥̅ = 1.62 𝑖𝑛)

d) Checking:

1. Gross section yielding:

𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔

𝑃𝑛 = 36 ∗ 8.76 = 315.36 𝑘

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = Ø𝑡 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = 0.9 ∗ 315.36 = 283.824 𝑘 > 259.2 𝑘 ∴ 𝑜𝑘

2. Tensile rupture strength:

13 1
𝐴𝑛 = 8.76 − 4 ∗ ( + ) ∗ 3/8 = 7.4475 𝑖𝑛2
16 16

𝑈 = 0.85

23

67
 𝐴𝑒 = 𝑈𝐴𝑛 = 0.85 ∗ 7.4475 = 6.3304 𝑖𝑛2

𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒

𝑃𝑛 = 58 ∗ 6.3304 = 367.1618 𝑘

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = Ø𝑡 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒

Ø𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = 0.75 ∗ 347.1618 = 275.3713 𝑘 > 259.2 𝑘 ∴ 𝑜𝑘

3. Slenderness ration
2
3
𝐼𝑦 = (15.4 + 4.38 ∗ ( /2 + 1.62) ) ∗ 2 = 59.4194 in4
8

𝐼𝑦
𝑟𝑦 = √
𝐴𝑔

59.4194
𝑟𝑦 = √ = 2.60 𝑖𝑛
8.76

𝐿
< 300
𝑟
12 ∗ 12
= 121.008 𝑖𝑛 < 300 ∴ 𝑜𝑘
1.19

3
∴ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝐿6𝑥6𝑥 𝑖𝑛
8

24

68
EX/6 Given 2C12x30, D.L=120kips & L.L=240kips, height of members h=30ft, end
connection have one line of 3x7/8” bolts in a gage line of 1.75” from back edge of
channel & 3” distance in between , use A36 steel material to check the adequacy of
sections & design tie plate.

Solution:

Specification, Dim. & properties:

Ag = 8.81in2, d = 12in

Load:

LRFD ASD
Pu = 1.2 D.L + 1.6 L.L = 528kips. Pa = D.L + L.L= 360kips.

Strength:

- For yielding: Pn= Fy (2Ag)=634.3kips.

LRFD Ø=0.9 ASD Ω=1.67

ØPn=0.9x634.3=570>528kips ---- O.K Pn/Ω=634.3/1.67=379.8>360kips ---- O.K

25

71
 - For rupture: Pn=Fu Ae=Fu U An.
An = 2 [8.81 – 2 (7/8 + 1/8 )(0.501)] = 15.62 in²
U = 1 - ẋ / L = 1 – 0.674 / (2x3) = 0.89
So: Pn = 806.3kips.

LRFD Ø=0.75 ASD Ω=2

Ø Tn =604.7>528kips – O.K Tn / Ω = 403.1>360kips – O.K

Check slenderness ratio:

Ix = 2 Ix = 324 in⁴
Iy = 2 x 5.12 + 2 x 8.81 x 5.362² = 510 in⁴
rx = √(324/17.62) = 4.29 in < ry = √(510/17.62) = 5.38 in
Smaller value control….so Lx / rx = 12x30/4.29 = 83.9 < 300 O.K

Design of tie plate:

bc = 12 – 2 (1 ¾)= 8.5 in
Minimum length of tie plate = (2/3) 8.5 = 5.57” say 6”
Minimum thickness of tie plate = (1/50) 8.5 = 0.17” say 3/16”.
Minimum width of tie plate = 8.5 + 2 (1 ½) = 11.5 say 12”.
Maximum preferable spacing of tie plate: least radius of gyration is ry for one channel
= 0.762 so L/ry = 300
12 x L /0.762 = 19.05 ft
Therefore use tie plate of 3/16” x 12” x 6”

26

72
 Example 7
6: Consider the welded single angle L 6x 6 x ½ tension member made
from A36 steel shown below. Calculate the tension design strength.

Sol. Form the AISC manual L6x6x1/2, Ag = 5 in2, ẏ = 1.68

Gross yielding design strength = Øt Fy Ag = 0.9 x 36 x 5.0 = 162 kips

Net section fracture strength = Øt Fu Ae

For welding: An = Ag = 5.0 in2 So Ae = U Ag

ẋ 1.68
U=1− =1− = 0.72 ≤ 0.9 O. K See notes in prg. 2 At table (D3-1).
L 6

Net section fracture strength = Øt Fu Ae = 0.75 x 58 x 0.72 x 5.0 = 156.6 kips

Design strength = 156.6 kips (net section fracture strength governs)

27

69
 Al-Mansour University College

‫قسم الهندسة المدنية‬ Civil Eng. Dept.

‫المرحلة الرابعة‬ 4th. Stage

2022 - 2023

Lec.3

Lec. Hayder Qais

١
 Chapter 4: Analysis of Compression Members

 Introduction:

 Mode of Failures for Columns

1. Flexural Buckling (also called Euler buckling) is the primary type of

buckling. Members are subject to flexure or bending when they

become unstable.

2. Local Buckling: This type occurs when some part or parts of the cross

section of a column are so thin that they buckle locally in compression

before the other modes of buckling can occur. The susceptibility of a

column to local buckling is measured by the width-thickness ratio of

the parts of the cross section

3. Flexural Torsional Buckling may occur in columns that have certain

cross-sectional configurations. These columns fail by twisting

(torsion) or by a combination of torsional and flexural buckling.

76
  Slenderness Ratio:

The longer the column becomes for the same cross section, the greater

becomes its tendency to buckle and the smaller becomes the load it will

carry. The tendency of a member to buckle is usually measured by its

slenderness ratio, that is

𝐿
𝑆𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑟

𝐼
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 (𝑟)𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = √
𝐴

 Column Bay:

The spacing of columns in plan establishes what is called a Bay. For

example, if the columns are 20 ft on center in one direction and 25 ft

in the other direction, the bay size is 20 ft × 25 ft. Larger bay sizes

increase the user’s flexibility in space planning.

77
  Section used for column:

 Development of Column Formulas:

 Yield Strength and Length of Column:

78
 1. Short Columns: The yield stresses of the section tested are quite

important for short columns as their failure stresses are close to those

yield stresses.

2. Columns with Intermediate L/r: The yield stresses are of lesser

importance on their effect on failure stresses.

3. Long Slender Columns: The yield stresses are of no significance, but

the column strength is very sensitive to end conditions.

 Buckling can be defined as the sudden large deformation of structure

due to a slight increase of an existing load under which the structure had

exhibited little, if any, deformation before the load was increased.

 Critical buckling load Pcr: For a column to buckle elastically, it will

have to be long and slender. Its buckling load Pcr can be computed

with the Euler formula:

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑐𝑟 = 2
𝐿

Where

E = modulus of elasticity of the material

I = moment of inertia of the cross section

L = length of column

79
 𝐼
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑟)𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = √
𝐴

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐼 = 𝐴𝑟 2

Substituting this value into the Euler formula and dividing both sides by the

cross sectional area of column the Euler Buckling stress is obtained:

𝑃𝑐𝑟 𝜋 2 𝐸
= = 𝐹𝑒
𝐴 𝐿 2
(𝑟 )

If the value of buckling stress obtained for a particular column exceeds the

steel proportional limit, the elastic Euler formula is not applicable.

 Example 1:

a.

b. Repeat part (a) if the length of the column is changed to 8 ft.

a. Using W 10x22 (Ag = 6.49 in2, rx = 4.27 in, ry = 1.33 in)

𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑦 = 1.33 𝑖𝑛

𝐿 15 ∗ 12
𝑆𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = = = 135.34
𝑟 1.33

80
 𝜋 2𝐸 𝜋 2 ∗ 29000
𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑒 = =
𝐿 2 (135.34)2
(𝑟 )

= 15.63 𝐾𝑠𝑖 < 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 36 𝐾𝑠𝑖

∴ 𝑜𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑃𝑐𝑟 = 15.63 ∗ 6.49 = 101.4 𝑘

b. Using an 8 ft W 10x22

𝐿 8 ∗ 12
𝑆𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = = = 72.18
𝑟 1.33

𝜋 2𝐸 𝜋 2 ∗ 29000
𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑒 = =
𝐿 2 (72.18)2
(𝑟 )

= 54.94 𝐾𝑠𝑖 > 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 36 𝐾𝑠𝑖

∴ 𝑜𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

81
 (a) Cross-section; (b) major-axis buckling; (c) minor-axis buckling

٨
  End Restraint and Effective Length of Columns:

 The effective length of a column is defined as the distance between

points of zero moment in the column, that is, the distance between its

inflection points. In steel specification, the effective length of a

column is referred to as KL, where K that one or both ends of a

column can move laterally with respect to each other.

82
  This discussion would seem to indicate that column effective lengths

always vary from an absolute minimum of L/2 to an absolute

maximum of L, but there are man heoretically equal 2.0

 Structural steel columns serve as parts of frames, and these frames are

sometimes braced and sometime unbraced. A braced frame is one

١٠

83
 which sidesway or joint translation is prevented by mean of bracing.

For braced frames, K value can never be greater than 1.0, but for

unbraced frames, the K values will always be greater than 1.0 because

of the sidesway.

C-C2.2

١١

84
  Stiffened and Unstiffened Elements:

 It is possible for the thin flanges or webs of a column or beam to

buckle locally in compression well before the calculated buckling

strength of the whole member is reached. Therefore, the AISC

specification (Section B4) provides limiting values for the width-

thickness ratio of the individual parts of compression members. Two

categories are listed in the AISC manual: stiffened and unstiffened

elements.

 An unstiffened element is a projecting piece with one free edge

parallel to the direction of the compression force, while, a stiffened

element is supported along the two edges in that direction

 For establishing width thickness ratio limits for the elements of

compression members the AISC specification divides members into

three classifications as follows: compact section, noncompact section,

and slender compression elements.

 Compression sections are classified as either a nonslender element or

a slender element. A nonslender element is one where the width to

thickness ratio of its compression elements does not exceed λr, from

table 4.1a, when the width to thickness ratio does exceed λr; the section

is defined as a slender element section.

١٢

85
  Column Formulas:

The design strength of compression member is determined as follows,

𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔 (𝐴𝐼𝑆𝐶 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸3 − 1)

𝜑𝑐 𝑃𝑛 = 𝜑𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔 = 𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝜑𝑐

= 0.9)

Two equations are provided by the LFRD for the critical buckling stress 𝐹𝑐𝑟 ,

𝐾𝐿 𝐸
(𝑎)𝐼𝑓 ≤ 4.71√ (𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑒 ≥ 0.44𝐹𝑦
𝑟 𝐹𝑦

𝐹𝑦
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = [0.658𝐹𝑒 ] 𝐹𝑦 (𝐴𝐼𝑆𝐶 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸3 − 2)

𝐾𝐿 𝐸
(𝑏)𝐼𝑓 > 4.71√ (𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑒 < 0.44𝐹𝑦
𝑟 𝐹𝑦

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877𝐹𝑒 (𝐴𝐼𝑆𝐶 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸3 − 3)

In these expressions, 𝐹𝑒 is the elastic critical buckling stress- that is, the

Euler stress- calculated with the effective length of the column KL.

𝜋2𝐸
𝐹𝑒 =
𝐾𝐿 2
(𝑟)

١٣

86
  To facilitate the design process, the LRFD manual provides computed

values of 𝜑𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟 values for steel with Fy = 35, 36, 42, 46, 50 ksi for

KL/r from 1 to 200 as shown in table 4-22 of the AISC manual.

 In addition to that, the AISC manual in tables 4-1 to 4-11 has further

simplified the needed calculations by computing the LRFD column

design strength 𝜑𝑐 𝑃𝑛

 For members designed on the basis of compression, the effective

slenderness ratio KL/r preferably not exceed 200:

𝐾𝐿
≤ 200
𝑟

 Example 2:

1. Using a W 12x72 (Ag = 21.1 in2, rx = 5.31 in,

ry = 3.04 in, d =12.3 in, bf = 12 in, tf = 0.670

in, k =1.27 in, tw =0.430 in)

From table B4.1a case 1 and 5:

١٤

87
 𝑏𝑓 12
𝑏 𝐸 29000
= 2 = 2 = 8.9552 < 0.56√ = 0.56√ = 13.4866
𝑡 𝑡𝑓 0.670 𝐹𝑦 50

∴ 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

ℎ 𝑑 − 2𝑘 12.3 − 2 ∗ 1.27 𝐸
= = = 22.6977 < 1.49√
𝑡𝑤 𝑡𝑤 0.430 𝐹𝑦

29000
= 1.49√ = 35.884
50

∴ 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑒𝑏 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝐾 = 0.8 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐶 − 𝐴 − 7.1

𝐾𝐿 0.8 ∗ 15 ∗ 12
= = 47.3684
𝑟 3.04

𝜋 2𝐸 𝜋 2 ∗ 29000
𝐹𝑒 = = = 127.5617 𝐾𝑠𝑖 > 𝐹𝑦 = 50 𝐾𝑠𝑖
𝐾𝐿 2 (47.3684)2
(𝑟)

∴ 𝑜𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

𝐸 29000 𝐾𝐿
4.71√ = 4.71√ = 113.4318 > = 47.3684
𝐹𝑦 50 𝑟

𝐹𝑦 50
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = [0.658𝐹𝑒 ] 𝐹𝑦 = [0.658127.5617 ] ∗ 50 = 42.4346 𝐾𝑠𝑖

١٥

88
 𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔 = 42.4346 ∗ 21.1 = 895.3709 𝑘

𝜑𝑐 𝑃𝑛 = 𝜑𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔 = 0.9 ∗ 895.3709 = 805.8338 𝑘

2. Other way to solve the problem by using table 4-22 of the AISC

manual

KL/r 𝜑𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟

47 38.3

47.3684 X

48 38

−0.3684 38.3 − 𝑋
= → 𝑋 = 38.18948 𝑘𝑠𝑖
−1 0.3

𝜑𝑐 𝑃𝑛 = 𝜑𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔 = 38.18948 ∗ 21.1 = 805.798 𝑘

3. Other way to solve the problem by using table 4-1 of the AISC

manual

𝐾𝐿 = 0.8 ∗ 15 = 12 𝑓𝑡

𝜑𝑐 𝑃𝑛 = 806 𝑘

١٦

89
  Example 3:

An HSS 16x16x1/2 with Fy = 46 ksi is used for an 18 ft long column

with simple end supports.

Using an HSS 16x16x1/2 (Ag = 28.3 in2, rx = ry = 6.31 in, twall =0.465

in)

From table B4.1a case 12

6:

𝑏 16 − 2 ∗ 0.465 𝐸 29000
= = 32.4086 < 1.40√ = 1.40√
𝑡 0.465 𝐹𝑦 46

= 35.1518 ∴ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

b/t also available from table 1-12 of manual

𝐾 = 1.0 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐶 − 𝐴 − 7.1

𝐾𝐿 𝐾𝐿 1 ∗ 18 ∗ 12
( )𝑥 = ( )𝑦 = = 34.2314
𝑟 𝑟 6.31

𝜋 2𝐸 𝜋 2 ∗ 29000
𝐹𝑒 = = = 244.2578 𝐾𝑠𝑖 > 𝐹𝑦 = 46 𝐾𝑠𝑖
𝐾𝐿 2 (34.2314)2
(𝑟)

∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

𝐸 29000 𝐾𝐿
4.71√ = 4.71√ = 118.2608 > = 34.2314
𝐹𝑦 46 𝑟

١٧

90
 𝐹𝑦 46
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = [0.658𝐹𝑒 ] 𝐹𝑦 = [0.658244.2578 ] ∗ 46 = 42.5133 𝐾𝑠𝑖

𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔 = 42.5133 ∗ 28.3 = 1203.1272 𝑘

𝜑𝑐 𝑃𝑛 = 𝜑𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔 = 0.9 ∗ 1203.1272 = 1082.8145 𝑘

4. Other way to solve the problem by using table 4-22 of the AISC

manual

KL/r 𝜑𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟

34 38.3

34.2314 X

35 38.1

−0.2314 38.3 − 𝑋
= → 𝑋 = 38.25375 𝑘𝑠𝑖
−1 0.2

𝜑𝑐 𝑃𝑛 = 𝜑𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔 = 38.25375 ∗ 28.3 = 1082.5803 𝑘

5. Other way to solve the problem by using table 4-4 of the AISC

manual

𝐾𝐿 = 1.0 ∗ 18 = 18 𝑓𝑡

𝜑𝑐 𝑃𝑛 = 1080 𝑘

١٨

91
  Example 4:

Determine the LRFD design strength ØcPn for the axial loaded column

shown in the figure below. KL = 19 ft and 50 ksi steel is used.

Using a MC 18x42.7 (Ag = 12.6 in2, Ix = 554 in4, Iy = 14.3 in4, d =18

in, x͞ =0.877 in)

1
𝐴𝑔 = 20 ∗ + 2 ∗ 12.6 = 35.2
2

20 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 0.25 + 12.6 ∗ 9.5 ∗ 2

𝑦̅ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 = = 6.8722 𝑖𝑛
20 ∗ 0.5 + 2 ∗ 12.6

20 ∗ 0.53
𝐼𝑥 = 2 ∗ 554 + 2 ∗ 12.6 ∗ (9.5 − 6.8722)2 + + 20 ∗ 0.5
12

∗ (6.8722 − 0.25)2 = 1720.7580 𝑖𝑛4

2
0.5 ∗ 203
𝐼𝑦 = 2 ∗ 14.3 + 2 ∗ 12.6 ∗ (6 + 0.877) + = 1553.7202 𝑖𝑛4
12

١٩

92
 𝐼𝑥 1720.7580
𝑟𝑥 = √ =√ = 6.9918
𝐴 35.2

𝐼𝑦 1553.7202
𝑟𝑦 = √ = √ = 6.6438 𝑖𝑛
𝐴 35.2

𝐾𝐿 19 ∗ 12
( ) = = 32.6096
𝑟 𝑥 6.9918

𝐾𝐿 19 ∗ 12
( ) = = 34.3177
𝑟 𝑦 6.6438

From table 4-22 of the AISC manual

KL/r 𝜑𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟

34 41.4

34.3177 X

35 41.2

−0.3177 41.4 − 𝑋
= → 𝑋 = 41.33646 𝑘𝑠𝑖
−1 0.2

𝜑𝑐 𝑃𝑛 = 𝜑𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔 = 41.33646 ∗ 35.2 = 1455.0434 𝑘

٢٠

93
  Example 5:

Determine the LRFD design strength 𝜑𝑐 𝑃𝑛 for the 50 ksi axially

loaded W 14x90m shown in the figure below. The column is braced

perpendicular to its weak, or y, axis at the point shown in the figure.

Using a W 14x 90 (Ag = 26.5 in2, rx = 6.14 in, ry = 3.70 in)

Determining effective length:

𝐾𝑥 𝐿𝑥 = 0.8 ∗ 32 = 25.6 𝑓𝑡

𝐾𝑦 𝐿𝑦 = 1 ∗ 10 = 10 𝑓𝑡 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐾𝑦 𝐿𝑦 )

𝐾𝑦 𝐿𝑦 = 0.8 ∗ 12 = 9.6 𝑓𝑡

٢١

94
 Computing the slenderness ratio:

𝐾𝐿 25.6 ∗ 12
( ) = = 50.0326
𝑟 𝑥 6.14

𝐾𝐿 10 ∗ 12
( ) = = 32.4324
𝑟 𝑦 3.70

From table 4-22 of the AISC manual

KL/r 𝜑𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟

50 37.5

50.0326 X

51 37.2

−0.0326 37.5 − 𝑋
= → 𝑋 = 37.48932 𝑘𝑠𝑖
−1 0.3

𝜑𝑐 𝑃𝑛 = 𝜑𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔 = 37.48932 ∗ 26.5 = 993.4585 𝑘

To solve the problem using tables 4.1

𝐾𝑥 𝐿𝑥 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐾𝑦 𝐿𝑦
=
𝑟𝑥 𝑟𝑦

𝐾𝑥 𝐿𝑥 𝐾𝑥 𝐿𝑥
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡𝐾𝑦 𝐿𝑦 = 𝑟𝑦 = 𝑟
𝑟𝑥 𝑥
𝑟𝑦

٢٢

95
 The controlling 𝐾𝑦 𝐿𝑦 to be used in the table 4.1is the larger of the real

𝐾𝑦 𝐿𝑦 = 10 𝑓𝑡, or the equivalent𝐾𝑦 𝐿𝑦 .

Form table 4-1 for W14x90:

𝑟𝑥
= 1.66
𝑟𝑦

25.6
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡𝐾𝑦 𝐿𝑦 = = 15.42
1.66

𝐾𝑦 𝐿𝑦 = 10 𝑓𝑡

= 10 𝑓𝑡

= 9.6 𝑓𝑡

= 15.42 𝑓𝑡 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠)

𝐾𝑦 𝐿𝑦 𝜑𝑐 𝑃𝑛

15 1000

15.42 X

16 979

−0.42 1000 − 𝑋
= → 𝑋 = 991.18 𝑘
−1 21

٢٣

96
  Example 6:

Determine the LRFD design strength ØcPn for the axial loaded column

shown in the figure below. KL = 18.5 ft and 50 ksi steel is used.

Y
MC 18x42.7

W 12x72
X

Using a MC 18x42.7 (Ag = 12.6 in2, Ix = 554 in4, Iy = 14.3 in4, d =18

in, x͞ =0.877 in, tw = 0.45 in)

Using a W 12x72 (Ag = 21.1 in2, Ix = 597 in4, Iy = 195 in4, d =12.3 in)

𝐴𝑔 = 21.1 + 2 ∗ 12.6 = 46.3 𝑖𝑛2

𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 = 12.3 + 2 ∗ 0.45 = 13.2 𝑖𝑛

𝐼𝑥 = 2 ∗ 554 + 195 = 1303 𝑖𝑛4

2
13.2
𝐼𝑦 = 2 ∗ (14.3 + 12.6 ∗ ( − 0.877) ) + 597 = 1450.1037 𝑖𝑛4
2

٢٤

97
 𝐼𝑥 1303
𝑟𝑥 = √ = √ = 5.305
𝐴 46.3

𝐼𝑦 1450.1037
𝑟𝑦 = √ = √ = 5.5964 𝑖𝑛
𝐴 46.3

𝐾𝐿 18.5 ∗ 12
( ) = = 41.8473
𝑟 𝑥 5.305

𝐾𝐿 18.5 ∗ 12
( ) = = 39.6684
𝑟 𝑦 5.5964

From table 4-22 of the AISC manual

KL/r 𝜑𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟

41 39.8

41.8473 X

42 39.5

−0.8473 39.8 − 𝑋
= → 𝑋 = 39.54581 𝑘𝑠𝑖
−1 0.3

𝜑𝑐 𝑃𝑛 = 𝜑𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔 = 39.54581 ∗ 46.3 = 1830.971 𝑘

٢٥

98