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This document discusses types of bolted joints used in steel structures. It describes black bolts, turned bolts, and high strength friction grip bolts. High strength friction grip bolts have tighter joints without slippage between elements due to friction created by tightening the bolts. The document also discusses bolt sizes, grades, force transfer mechanisms, and Indian standard specifications for bolted joint design.

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Gopal Uttupurath
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55 views4 pages

Mod 1-2

This document discusses types of bolted joints used in steel structures. It describes black bolts, turned bolts, and high strength friction grip bolts. High strength friction grip bolts have tighter joints without slippage between elements due to friction created by tightening the bolts. The document also discusses bolt sizes, grades, force transfer mechanisms, and Indian standard specifications for bolted joint design.

Uploaded by

Gopal Uttupurath
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CE401 Design of Steel Structures Module 1

5.5 Types of Bolted Joints

6. BOLTS
6.1 Types of bolts
a) Black Bolts/ Unfinished bolts
Unfinished bolts – also called ordinary, common, rough or black bolts. It is made from mild
steel rods. It is used for light structures subjected to static loads such as small like purlins,
bracing etc. Generally, class 4.6 bolts are used.
b) Finished bolts/ Turned bolts
These are similar to unfinished bolts, with difference that these shanks of these bolts are
formed from a hexagonal rod.
c) High Strength Friction Grip Bolt

It is made from bars of medium carbon heat treated steel and alloy steel. These bolts may
be tightened until they have very high tensile stresses, two or more times that of ordinary

MEA ENGINEERING COLLEGE 12


CE401 Design of Steel Structures Module 1

bolts, so that the connected parts are clamped tightly together between the bolts and nut
heads. This permits loads to be transferred primarily by friction and not by shear. The
surfaces in contact must be free of mill scale, rust, paint, grease etc., which would prevent
solid contact between the surfaces and lower slip factor.
Due to friction, the slip in the joint, which is there in joints with ordinary bolts is eliminated.
This friction is developed by applying a load normal to the joint by tightening the bolts to
proof load. That is why these bolts are known as Friction-Type Bolt. 8.8nand 10.9 are
generally used grade.

Advantages of HSFG
a) Doesn’t allow slip between connected elements (rigid connections).
b) Load transferred only by friction. So the bolts are not subjected to shear and bearing.

6.2 Force Transfer Mechanism

Fig: Shear transfer by bearing type of bolt

Fig: Shear Transfer by HSFG Bolt (Friction Connection)

6.3 Bolt size & Bolt Grade


• Bolt size
Available from M5 to M36
Used - M16, M20, M24, M30

MEA ENGINEERING COLLEGE 13


CE401 Design of Steel Structures Module 1

• Bolt Grade

Grade Yield Stress Ultimate Stress


3.6 180 330
4.6 240 400
4.8 320 420
5.6 300 520
5.8 400 520
6.8 480 600
8.8 640 800
9.8 720 900
10.9 940 1040

Grade 4.6 →fu = 400 N/mm2


→fy = 0.6 x 400 = 240 N/mm2

6.4 Terminologies of Bolted Joints


• Pitch — The centre-to-centre distance between individual fasteners in a line, in
the direction of load/ stress.

• Gauge — The spacing between adjacent parallel lines of fasteners, transverse to


the direction of load/ stress.
• End Distance — Distance from the centre of a fastener hole to the edge of an
element measured parallel to the direction of load transfer.

• Edge Distance — Distance from the centre of a fastener hole to the nearest edge of
an element measured perpendicular to the direction of load transfer.

Fig: Bolted Joints

MEA ENGINEERING COLLEGE 14


CE401 Design of Steel Structures Module 1

6.5 I.S Specification of Bolted Joints


1) Size of bolt hole = Nominal size d + Clearance as per Table 19 of IS 800:2007
2) Pitch
Minimum spacing p ≥ 2.5 d (as per Cl. 10.2.2 of IS 800:2007)

Maximum spacing ≯ 32 t or 300mm,

t= thickness of thinner plate (as per Cl. 10.2.2 of IS 800:2007)

o For uniform stress in bolts

Maximum spacing ≯ 16 t or 200mm for tension members

≯ 12 t or 200mm for compression members

≯ (100 +4) t or 200mm in both cases

3) Edge and End Distance (as per Cl. 10.2.4 of IS 800:2007)

Minimum spacing= 1.7 d0 –for hand flame cut edges

Minimum spacing = 1.5 d0 –for machine flame cut edges

MEA ENGINEERING COLLEGE 15

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