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Rolling Resistance

1) Rolling resistance is a longitudinal force opposite to the direction of motion that is proportional to the normal force on the tire contact patch. 2) The rolling resistance coefficient depends on factors like tire speed, inflation pressure, sideslip angle, camber angle, and road conditions. 3) An asymmetrical contact pressure distribution in the tire patch results in a forward shift of the normal force, creating a resistance moment that opposes the forward rotation of the tire.

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157 views12 pages

Rolling Resistance

1) Rolling resistance is a longitudinal force opposite to the direction of motion that is proportional to the normal force on the tire contact patch. 2) The rolling resistance coefficient depends on factors like tire speed, inflation pressure, sideslip angle, camber angle, and road conditions. 3) An asymmetrical contact pressure distribution in the tire patch results in a forward shift of the normal force, creating a resistance moment that opposes the forward rotation of the tire.

Uploaded by

mu_rajesh3415
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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A turning tire on the ground generates a longitudinal force called

rolling resistance.
The force is opposite to the direction of motion and is proportional
to the normal force on the tireprint (Contact patch).
Fr r Fz r (i)
where r is called the rolling friction coefficient.

r is not constant and mainly depends on


Tire speed, inflation pressure, sideslip and camber angles.
It also depends on mechanical properties, wear, temperature,
load, size, driving and braking forces, and road condition.
Stationary Loaded Tires

Rolled Tires
Because of higher normal stress z in the front part of the
tireprint, the resultant normal force moves forward.

The contact pressure is asymmetrically distributed towards


the front of the tire. This can be integrated to get a
resultant normal force Fz
Forward shift of the normal force makes a
resistance moment in the direction, opposing
the forward rotation.
Mr = Fz -j)
The ratio of the rolling resistance to the normal load on
the tire is defined as the coefficient of rolling resistance.
The rolling resistance is a function of many variables
the structure of the tire (construction and materials)
Operating conditions (surface conditions, inflation
pressure, speed, temperature, etc
structure of the tire

Thicker treads and sidewalls and an increased number of carcass plies tend
to increase the rolling resistance because of greater hysteresis losses.
Tires made of synthetic rubber compounds generally have higher rolling resistance
than those made of natural rubber.
Surface conditions
On hard, smooth surfaces, the rolling resistance is
considerably lower than that on a rough road.
On wet surfaces, a higher rolling resistance than on dry
surfaces
Inflation pressure
Inflation pressure affects the flexibility of the tire
Depending on the deformability of the ground the inflation
pressure affects the rolling resistance of the tire in different
manners.
Rolling resistance generally decreases with the increase in
inflation pressure.
This is because, with higher inflation pressure, the deflection
of the tire decreases, with consequent lower hysteresis
losses
Inflation pressure
The rolling friction coefficient decreases by increasing the
inflation pressure.
The effect of increasing pressure is equivalent to decreasing
normal load Fz .
Inflation pressure not only affects the rolling resistance, but also the
tread wear of a tire.
The wear rate at 165 kPa
is used as a reference for comparison.

It can be seen that the effects of inflation


pressure on tread wear are more significant for
the biasply and bias-belted tire than the radial-ply
tire.
Based on experimental results, many empirical formulas
have been proposed for calculating the rolling resistance of
tires on hard surfaces.
for passenger car tires under rated loads and inflation pressures
on a smooth road, (up to 150 km/h or 93 mph)
For radial-ply

for bias-ply passenger car tires,

where V is in km/h.
for truck tire under rated load and inflation pressure, the
relationship between the rolling resistance coefficient r
and speed V (up to 100 km/h or 62 mph)
for the radial-ply truck tire

for the bias-ply truck tire,

where V is in km/h.
For computer simulation purposes, a fourth degree
equation is presented to evaluate the rolling resistance
force Fr
Fr = C0 + C1 vx + C2 vx4
The coefficients Ci are dependent on the tire
characteristics, however, the following values can be
used for a typical raided passenger car tire:
C0 = 9.91 × 10 3

C1 = 1.95 × 10 5

C2 = 1.76 × 10 9

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