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NUMERICAL Analysis

Lect. 2-1Numerical Solution of Nonlinear Equations part1

INSTRUCTOR
Lect. Yousra Abd Mohammed
 1- BISECTION METHOD
The bisection method is a bracketing method for finding a numerical solution of an
equation of the form f(x) = 0 when it is known that within a given interval [a, b], f(x) is
continuous and the equation has a solution. f(x) will have opposite signs at the endpoints of
the interval. As shown in Fig. 1, if f(x) is continuous and has a solution between the points x
= a and x = b , then either f(a) > 0 and f(b) < 0 or f(a) < 0 and f(b) > 0. In other words, if
there is a solution between x=a and x = b, then f(a)f(b)< 0.

Figure (1) Solution of f(x) = 0 between x =a and x = b.

Example 1 Show that f (x) = x3 + 4x2 − 10
= 0 has a root in [1, 2], and use the
Bisection method to determine an
approximation to the root that is accurate
to at least within10−4.
Solution Because f (1) = −5 and f (2) = 14,
the Intermediate Value Theorem ensures
that this continuous function has a root in
[1, 2].
For the first iteration of the Bisection
method we use the fact that at the midpoint
of [1,2] we have f (1.5) = 2.375 > 0. This
indicates that we should select the interval
[1,1.5] for our second iteration. Then we
find that f (1.25) = −1.796875 so our new
interval becomes [1.25, 1.5], whose
midpoint is 1.375. Continuing in this
manner gives the values in the following
table. After 13 iterations, p13 =
1.365112305
Example 2: Find the largest root of f (x) = X6 − X − 1 = 0 accurate to within [1,2].

Solution: With a graph, it is easy to check that 1 < α < 2. We choose a = 1, b =2; then f(a) =
−1, f (b) = 61, and the requirement f (a) f (b) < 0 is satisfied. The results from Bisection are
shown in the table. The entry n indicates the iteration number n.
2- METHOD OF FALSE POSITION

The method of False Position (also called the Regular False method, and the
linear interpolation method) is another well-known bracketing method. It is very
similar to Bisection method with the exception that it uses a different strategy to end
up with its new root estimate. Rather than bisecting the interval (a, b), it locates the
root by joining f (a1) and f (b1) with a straight line. The intersection of this line with
the x-axis represents an improved estimate of the root.
Here again, we assume that within a given interval (a, b), f (x)
is continuous and the equation has a solution. As shown in the
Figure(2), the method starts by finding an initial interval (a1,
b1) that brackets the solution. f (a1) and f (b1) are the values of
the function at the end points a1 and b1. These end points are
connected by a straight line, and the first estimate of the
numerical solution, 𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠1 , is the point where the straight line
crosses the axis. For the second iteration, a new interval (a2,
b2) is defined. The new interval is either (a1,𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠1 ) where a1 is
assigned to a2 and 𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠1 to b2 or (𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠1 , b1) where 𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠1 is assigned to
a2 and b1 to b2. The end points of the second interval are
connected with a straight line, and the point where this new
line crosses the x-axis is the second estimate of the solution,
𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠1 . A new subinterval (a3, b3) is selected for the third iteration
and the iterations will be continued until the numerical solution
is accurate enough.
The equation of a straight line that connects points (b, f (b)) to
point (a, f (a)) is given by:

(1)
Figure 2: False position method
The points xs where the line intersects the x-axis is determined by substituting y = 0 in Eq.( 1) and solving the
equation for x. Hence:

(2)
Example 3
Using the False Position method, find a root of the function f (x) = ex – 3x2 to an accuracy of 5 digits. The root is
known to lie between 0.5 and 1.0.
Solution
We apply the method of False Position with a = 0.5 and b = 1.0. Equation (2) is
The calculations based on the method of False Position are shown in the Table:

The relative error after the fifth step is

The root is 0.91 accurate to five digits.
Homework:
Q1) Using the method of False Position, find a real root of the equation x4 – 11x + 8 = 0
accurate to four decimal places. Apply the method of False Position with a = 1 and b = 2.

Q2) Use the Bisection method to find a root of the equation x3 – 4x – 8.95 = 0 accurate to three
decimal places using the Bisection Method. Note: a = 2 and b = 3