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Quadratics

The document discusses key concepts related to quadratic functions including: 1) Completing the square to write quadratic expressions in standard form; 2) Determining maximum/minimum values and the nature of roots based on coefficients; 3) Sketching graphs of quadratic functions.

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100 views7 pages

Quadratics

The document discusses key concepts related to quadratic functions including: 1) Completing the square to write quadratic expressions in standard form; 2) Determining maximum/minimum values and the nature of roots based on coefficients; 3) Sketching graphs of quadratic functions.

Uploaded by

Samuel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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QUADRATICS

Completing the square


The quadratic expression ax² + bx + c may be expressed in the form
a(x + h)² + k, the completed square form.
𝑏 2
METHOD: ax² + bx + c = 𝑎 (𝑥 + ) + 𝑐
𝑎

𝑏 1 𝑏 2 1 𝑏 2
= 𝑎 [𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + ( × ) ] + 𝑐 − [𝑎 × ( × ) ]
𝑎 2 𝑎 2 𝑎

𝑏 2 𝑏²
= 𝑎 (𝑥 + ) + 𝑐 − 4𝑎
2𝑎

𝑏 𝑏²
Thus, ℎ = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = 𝑐 −
2𝑎 4𝑎

Determining maximum or minimum values and range of quadratic functions


In the completed square form, a(x + h)² + k, the maximum or minimum point
can be obtained by the values of h and k. The x-coordinate is the additive
inverse of h and the y-coordinate is k, i.e. (−h, k).
The sign of a, the coefficient of x², determines if the point is a maximum or
minimum point. If a < 0, the point is a maximum and if a > 0, the point is a
minimum.

Sketch of the quadratic function


Example: JUNE 2013 Qu. 2(a)
Solution: (i) f(x) = −2x² − 12x – 9
𝑏 −12
ℎ= = =3
2𝑎 2(−2)

𝑏2 (−12)2
𝑘=𝑐− = −9 − = −9 + 18 = 9
4𝑎 4(−2)

Hence, f(x) = −2(x + 3)²+ 9


(ii) Maximum value of f(x) is 9.
(We know it is a maximum since a < 0)
(iii) Value of x for which f(x) is maximum is x = −3.
(The additive inverse of h)

Nature of roots of a quadratic


The nature of the roots of a quadratic may be obtained by the sign of the
quantity known as the discriminant, D, where D = b² − 4ac.
If D < 0, the quadratic has no real roots.
If D = 0, the quadratic has equal roots.
If D > 0, the quadratic has two real distinct roots.
Example: JUNE 2016 Qu. 2(a)
Solution: (i) 2x² + 3x – 9 = 0
b² − 4ac = (3)² − 4(2)(−9) = 9 + 72 = 81 > 0
Hence, the equation has two real distinct roots.
(ii) To sketch the graph of f(x) = 2x² + 3x – 9, we first
need to perform some calculations. Additionally, we
know that the graph is a minimum graph since a > 0.
1. 2x² + 3x – 9 = 0
(2x² + 6x) – (3x + 9) = 0
2x(x + 3) – 3 (x + 3) = 0
(x + 3)(2x – 3) = 0
Either x + 3 = 0 or 2x – 3 = 0
x = −3 2x = 3
3
𝑥=
2
2. Work out h and k values as though completing the
square:
𝑏 3 3
ℎ= = =
2𝑎 2(2) 4
𝑏2 (3)2 9 81
𝑘=𝑐− = −9 − = −9 − = −
4𝑎 4(2) 8 8
3 81
Therefore, (− , − ) is the minimum point.
4 8

3. Where the curve cuts the y-axis, x = 0.


So, f(0) = −9.
We now have ALL the information required to sketch
our graph:
Solving equations in x reducible to a quadratic form
Example 1: x4 – 6x² + 8 = 0
Solution 1: Let y = x², then the equation becomes
y² − 6y + 8 = 0
(y – 2)(y – 4) = 0
Either y – 2 = 0 or y – 4 = 0
y=2 y=4
x² = 2 x² = 4
x = 2 x = 2

Example 2: x − 2x + 1 = 0
Solution 2: Let y = x, then the equation becomes
y² − 2y + 1 = 0
(y – 1)² = 0
y = 1 (equal roots)
x = 1
x=1
Sums and products of roots of quadratic equations
Let α and  be the roots of the quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0, then
𝑏
α+=−
𝑎
𝑐
α =
𝑎

and the equation may be written as x² − (α + )x + α = 0.

Example: The roots of the equation x² + 6x – 4 = 0 are α and .


Find a quadratic equation whose roots are α² and ².

Solution: For the quadratic equation with roots α and ,


6
α +  = − = −6
1
−4
α = = −4
1

Thus, for the quadratic equation whose roots are α² and ²,
α² + ² = (α + )² − 2α
= (−6)² − 2(−4)
= 36 + 8
= 44
α²² = (α)²
= (−4)²
= 16
Hence, the quadratic equation is given by x² − 44x + 16 = 0.
Some useful results for finding quadratic equations with other roots
ROOTS SUM PRODUCT
α² and β² (α+β)²-2αβ (αβ)²

α³ and β³ (α+β)³-3αβ(α+β) (αβ)³

1 1 𝛼+𝛽 1
𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝛼 𝛽 𝛼𝛽 𝛼𝛽
1 1 (𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛽 1
𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝛼² 𝛽² (𝛼𝛽)² (𝛼𝛽)²
1 1 𝛼+𝛽 1
𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝛼²𝛽 𝛽²𝛼 (𝛼𝛽)² (𝛼𝛽)³
𝛼 𝛽 (𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛽 1
𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝛽 𝛼 𝛼𝛽
𝛼 𝛽 3
(𝛼 + 𝛽) − 3𝛼𝛽(𝛼 + 𝛽) 1
𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝛽² 𝛼² (𝛼𝛽)² 𝛼𝛽
3
(𝛼 + 𝛽) − 3𝛼𝛽(𝛼 + 𝛽)
𝛼² 𝛽² 𝛼𝛽
𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝛽 𝛼 𝛼𝛽
α²β and β²α αβ(α+β) (αβ)³

α³β and β³α αβ[(α+β)² − 2αβ] (αβ)4

Simultaneous equations: one linear and one quadratic


To solve a pair of simultaneous equations where one is linear and one is
quadratic, we use the following algorithm:
1. Make one of the variables the subject in the linear equation.
2. Substitute for this variable into the quadratic equation.
3. Simplify and then solve the resulting quadratic equation in other
variable.
4. Find the corresponding values of the substituted variable.
Example: Solve the simultaneous equations
2x – y = 2……….(1)
x² + y² = 8……….(2)

Solution: 2x – y = 2……….(1)
x² + y² = 8……….(2)
From (1) y = 2x – 2……….(3)
Substituting (3) in (2) we get
x² + (2x – 2)² = 8
x² + (4x² − 8x + 4) = 8
x² + 4x² − 8x + 4 − 8 = 0
5x² − 8x – 4 = 0
5x² − 10x + 2x – 4 = 0
(5x² − 10x) + (2x – 4) = 0
5x(x – 2) + 2(x – 2) = 0
(x – 2)(5x + 2) = 0
Either x – 2 = 0 or 5x + 2 = 0
x=2 5x = −2
2
x=−
5

When x = 2, y = 2(2) – 2 = 4 – 2 = 2
2 2 4 14
When 𝑥 = − , 𝑦 = 2 (− ) − 2 = − − 2 = −
5 5 5 5

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