Particular Integral

• Particular Integral :
• It is the Solution of nth order non-homogeneous LDE of the type
𝜙 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) (where 𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0).
• It is denoted by 𝑃𝐼 = 𝑦𝑃𝐼
1
• Formula of Particular Integral 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑓 𝑥 .
𝜙 𝐷

• There are following methods to find Particular Integral

1. General methods
2. Short cut methods
3. Variation of parameter method.

Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 1

 1. General Method
• Particular Integral is given by formula
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑓 𝑥 .
𝜙 𝐷
• Since 𝜙 𝐷 is polynomial in D and it has linear factors of the
type 𝐷, 𝐷 − 𝑚 , 𝐷 + 𝑚 then the general formula for the
Particular Integral is

1
• 1) 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐷
1
• 2) 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐷−𝑚
1
• 3) 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐷+𝑚

Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 2

 1. General Method
1 1
• 4) 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐷−𝑏 𝐷−𝑎 𝐷−𝑏
• We can use partial fraction to find particular integral. If factors
are linear then partial fraction is given by
1 1 1 1
• = −
𝐷−𝑎 𝐷−𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 𝐷−𝑎 𝐷−𝑏
1 1 1 1
• 5) 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑓 𝑥 = − 𝑓 𝑥
𝐷−𝑎 𝐷−𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 𝐷−𝑎 𝐷−𝑏
1 1 1
• = 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥
𝑎−𝑏 𝐷−𝑎 𝐷−𝑏
• And apply formula (2) to get the answer.

Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 3

 Problem
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑒 𝑥
• Ex.1 Solve DE + 3 + 2𝑦 = 𝑒 .
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑒 𝑥
• Solution: Given DE is + 3 + 2𝑦 = 𝑒 (1)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
• Let us denote = 𝐷𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
• So we can write = 𝐷2 𝑦 .
𝑑𝑥 2
• Therefore we can write given DE (1) as
𝑥
• 𝐷2 𝑦
+ 3𝐷𝑦 + 2𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑒

• If we take y common form each term then DE equation is

2 𝑒𝑥
• 𝐷 + 3𝐷 + 2 𝑦 = 𝑒
• Compare with 𝜙 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 .
Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 4
 Problem
𝑥
• Then 𝜙 𝐷 = 𝐷2
+ 3𝐷 + 2 and 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑒

• Thus its Auxiliary equation is 𝜙 𝐷 = 0

• 𝐷2 + 3𝐷 + 2 = 0
• This is quadratic polynomial and its factor are
• 𝐷+1 𝐷+2 =0
• Roots are 𝐷 + 1 = 0 and 𝐷 + 2 = 0
• 𝐷 = −1, −2 real and distinct numbers
• By using Complementary function formula
• 𝒚𝑪𝑭 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒆𝒎𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒆𝒎𝟐 𝒙
• So Complementary function is
• 𝑦𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −1𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥
Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 5
 Problem
1
• The particular integral is given by 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝜙 𝐷
1 𝑒 𝑥
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑒
𝐷+2 𝐷+1
1
• By using formula PI = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐷+𝑚
1 𝑥
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑒
𝑒 𝑑𝑥 -------(1)
𝐷+2
• Let us first we solve integral in bracket
𝑒𝑥
• 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 -------{put 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑡 , 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 and solve}
𝑥

𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑡 𝑡 𝑒𝑥
• So 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 = 𝑒 .
• Put in equation (1)
1 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑒
𝐷+2

Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 6

 Problem
1 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑒
𝐷+2
1
• By using formula PI = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐷+𝑚
𝑥
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 −𝑥
𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑒
𝑒 𝑑𝑥 -------(2)
𝑥
• Let us solve 𝑒𝑥 𝑒
𝑒 𝑑𝑥 --{put 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑡 , 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 & solve}
𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑡 𝑡 𝑒𝑥
• So 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 = 𝑒 .
• Put in equation (2)
−2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑒 .
• The general solution is 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶𝐹 + 𝑦𝑃𝐼
𝑥
• Therefore 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒 𝑒 .
Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 7
 Problem - practice
• Ex.2 Solve DE 𝐷2 + 3𝐷 + 2 𝑦 = sin 𝑒 𝑥 .
• Solution: Given DE is 𝐷2 + 3𝐷 + 2 𝑦 = sin 𝑒 𝑥 .
• Compare with 𝜙 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 .
• Then 𝜙 𝐷 = 𝐷2 + 3𝐷 + 2 and 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑒 𝑥
• Thus its Auxiliary equation is 𝜙 𝐷 = 0 ??
• 𝐷2 + 3𝐷 + 2 = 0
• This is quadratic equation and its factor are ??
• 𝐷+1 𝐷+2 =0
• Roots are ??
• 𝐷 + 1 = 0 and 𝐷 + 2 = 0
• 𝐷 = −1, −2 real and distinct numbers

Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 8

 Problem - practice
• By using Complementary function formula ??
• 𝒚𝑪𝑭 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒆𝒎𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒆𝒎𝟐 𝒙
• So Complementary function is
• 𝑦𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −1𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥
1
• The particular integral is given by 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝜙 𝐷
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = sin 𝑒 𝑥
𝐷+2 𝐷+1
1
• By using formula PI = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐷+𝑚
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 -------(1)
𝐷+2
• Let us first we solve integral in bracket
• 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 -------{put 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑡 , 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 and solve}
• So 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = − cos 𝑡 = − cos 𝑒 𝑥 .
Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 9
 Problem - practice
• Put in equation (1)
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = −𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑒 𝑥
𝐷+2
1
• By using formula PI = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐷+𝑚
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = −𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = −𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 -------(2)
• Let us we solve integral in bracket
• 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
• Put 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑡 , 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 and solve
• So 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = sin 𝑡 = sin 𝑒 𝑥 .
• Put in equation (2)
Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 10
 Problem - practice
• Hence the particular integral is
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = −𝑒 −2𝑥 sin 𝑒 𝑥 .
• Now the general solution is given by formula
• 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶𝐹 + 𝑦𝑃𝐼
• Therefore 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 sin 𝑒 𝑥 .

• Some more problems for your practice :

Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 11

 Problem-for practice on general method
• Ex. Solve DE
• 𝐷 2 − 2𝐷 − 3 𝑦 = 3𝑒 −3𝑥 sin 𝑒 −3𝑥 + cos 𝑒 −3𝑥 .
• Solution: Given DE is
• 𝐷 2 − 2𝐷 − 3 𝑦 = 3𝑒 −3𝑥 sin 𝑒 −3𝑥 + cos 𝑒 −3𝑥 . (1)
• Compare with 𝜙 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 .
• Then 𝜙 𝐷 = 𝐷 2 − 2𝐷 − 3 and 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑒 −3𝑥 sin 𝑒 −3𝑥 + cos 𝑒 −3𝑥
• Thus its Auxiliary equation is 𝜙 𝐷 = 0
• 𝐷 2 − 2𝐷 − 3 = 0
• This is quadratic polynomial and its factor are
• 𝐷+1 𝐷−3 =0
• Roots are 𝐷 + 1 = 0 and 𝐷 − 3 = 0
• 𝐷 = −1, 3 real and distinct numbers
• By using Complementary function formula
• 𝒚𝑪𝑭 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒆𝒎𝟏𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒆𝒎𝟐 𝒙
• So Complementary function is
• 𝑦𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −1𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥
Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 12
 Problem - practice
1
• The particular integral is given by 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝜙 𝐷
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 3𝑒 −3𝑥 sin 𝑒 −3𝑥 + cos 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝐷−3 𝐷+1
• By using formula
1 1 1 1
𝑓 𝑥 = − 𝑓 𝑥
𝐷−𝑎 𝐷−𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 𝐷−𝑎 𝐷−𝑏
1 1 1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = − 3𝑒 −3𝑥 sin 𝑒 −3𝑥 + cos 𝑒 −3𝑥
3+1 𝐷−3 𝐷+1
• -------(1)
• Now separate integral and solve
1 1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 3𝑒 −3𝑥 sin 𝑒 −3𝑥 + cos 𝑒 −3𝑥
4 𝐷−3
1 1
− 3𝑒 −3𝑥 sin 𝑒 −3𝑥 + cos 𝑒 −3𝑥
4 𝐷+1

Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 13

 Problem - practice
1 1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 3𝑒 −3𝑥 sin 𝑒 −3𝑥 + cos 𝑒 −3𝑥
4 𝐷−3
1 1
− 3𝑒 −3𝑥 sin 𝑒 −3𝑥 + cos 𝑒 −3𝑥
4 𝐷+1
• By using formula
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 −3𝑥 3𝑒 −3𝑥 sin 𝑒 −3𝑥 + cos 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4
1
− 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 3𝑒 −3𝑥 sin 𝑒 −3𝑥 + cos 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4
• By using formula 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥
1 1 −3𝑥 1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 cos 𝑒 −3𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑒 −3𝑥
4 −3 4
1 1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = cos 𝑒 −3𝑥 − cos 𝑒 −3𝑥
−12 4

Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 14

 Problem - practice
−1 −1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = + cos 𝑒 −3𝑥
12 4
−1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = cos 𝑒 −3𝑥
3
• Hence the general solution is given by
• 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶𝐹 + 𝑦𝑃𝐼
1
• 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −1𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥 − cos 𝑒 −3𝑥
3

Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 15

 Problem - practice
Solve D  D  2 y  2 log x   2
2 1 1
x x
Solution is y  yc  y p
For yc , consider D 2
 D  2 y  0
A.E. is D  D  2  0
2

D  1 D  2  0
D  1,2
x
yc  c1e  c2e 2x

Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 16

 yp  2
1  1 1
 2 log x   2 
D  D  2 x x 


1  2 log x  1  1 
 2
 D  2 D  1  x x 

1 x 1 1
 e  e  2 log x   2 dx
x

 D  2  x x 

1 x 1 2 1
 e  e  2 log x    2 dx
x

 D  2  x x x 
1  1
  2 log x  
 D  2  x

Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 17

  2 log x  1 dx
e
2 x
e 2x
 
 x

2 log x dx  e  1 dx

e e
2 x 2 x
e 2x 2x
 
 x
2 x 2 x 2 x
 e  2e   2x e
 e 2 log x
2x
  dx  e  dx
  2  x  2   x
  log x

x
y  yc  y p  c1e  c2e  log x 2x

Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 18

 Problem - practice
Solve 𝐷2 + 3𝐷𝑦 + 2𝑦 = cos 𝑒 𝑥
Solution : we have given DE
𝐷2 + 3𝐷𝑦 + 2𝑦 = cos 𝑒 𝑥
General solution is y = yc + yp

For yc , consider D  3D  2y  0 2

A.E. is D  3D  2  0
2

 D  1 D  2  0
D  1,2
x 2 x
Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE
yc  c1e  c2e
MIT ADT SOE Pune 19
 1 1
yp  2 cos e 
x
cos e x
D  3D  2  D  1 D  2
1  1 1 
  cos e x  1 cos e x  1 cos e x
2  1  D  1 D  2  D 1 D2
 e  x  e x cos e x dx  e  2 x  e 2 x cos e x dx

 e  x  cos e x e x dx  e  2 x  e x cos e x e x dx

Put e t
x
then e dx  dt
x

 y p  e  x  cos t dt  e  2 x  t cos t dt

 y p  e  x sin t  e  2 x t sin t  cos t 
 y p  e  x sin e x  e  2 x e x sin e x  cos e x   e  2 x cos e x
x 2 x 2 x
 y  yc  y p  c1e  c2e e cos e x

Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 20

 Exercise
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
• 1) +3 + 2𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑒 + cos 𝑒 𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
• Answer 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒 𝑒 − cos 𝑒 𝑥 .
• 2) 𝐷 2 − 1 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 −2 .

𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 1+𝑒 −𝑥 2
• Answer 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 + 𝑐2 𝑒 +𝑒 = + log 1 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 2.
2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑒 −3𝑥 .
• 3) − 9 + 18𝑦 = 𝑒
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
• 4) 𝐷 2 + 3𝐷 + 2 𝑦 = cos 𝑒 𝑥 .
• Answer 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 cos 𝑒 𝑥 .
• 5) 𝐷 2 − 3𝐷 + 2 𝑦 = cos 𝑒 −𝑥 .
• 6) 𝐷 2 − 3𝐷 + 2 𝑦 = sin 𝑒 −𝑥 .

Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 21

2. Short-cut method for special functions
• There are some standard mathematical functions like
exponential, trigonometric, algebraic etc. hence in this case we
can use short cut method to find particular integral of given
LDE.
• I) Exponential function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 , a is constant
• 1) Then Particular Integral is
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝜙 𝐷
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝜙 𝐷
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 , if 𝜙 𝑎 ≠ 0
𝜙 𝑎
• That means put 𝐷 = 𝑎 in polynomial 𝜙 𝐷 .
Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 22
2. Short-cut method for special functions
• 2) If 𝜙 𝑎 = 0 then Particular Integral is
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑥 ′ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝜙 𝐷
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 , if 𝜙 ′ 𝑎 ≠ 0
𝜙′ 𝑎
• That means put 𝐷 = 𝑎 in polynomial 𝜙 ′ 𝐷 .
• Remark :
• 1) If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘 is constant then
1 1 1 1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑘 = 𝑘𝑒 0𝑥 = 𝑘𝑒 0𝑥 𝑘 .
𝜙 𝐷 𝜙 𝐷 𝜙 0 𝜙 0
• 2) If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 , a = constant then
1 1 1 1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 = 𝑒 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 𝑎𝑥 .
𝜙 𝐷 𝜙 𝐷 𝜙 log 𝑎 𝜙 log 𝑎

Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 23

 Problem
• Ex.1 Solve 𝐷2 − 5𝐷 + 6 𝑦 = 𝑒 4𝑥 .
• Solution:- we have given DE is 𝐷2 − 5𝐷 + 6 𝑦 = 0
• Compare with 𝜙 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 .
• Then 𝜙 𝐷 = 𝐷2 − 5𝐷 + 6 and 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 4𝑥
• Then its Auxiliary equation 𝜙 𝐷 = 0 is ??
• 𝐷2 − 5𝐷 + 6 = 0
• Factor are ??
• 𝐷−3 𝐷−2 =0
• Roots are ??
• 𝐷 − 3 = 0 and 𝐷 − 2 = 0
• 𝐷 = 3, 2 real and distinct numbers

Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 24

 Problem
• Complementary function formula
• 𝒚𝑪𝑭 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒆𝒎𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒆𝒎𝟐 𝒙
• So Complementary function is 𝑦𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥
• The particular integral is given by
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑒 4𝑥
𝐷 2 −5𝐷+6
• By using formula, Put D = 4
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑒 4𝑥
4 2 −5∗4+6
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑒 4𝑥 since 𝜙 𝑎 ≠ 0
2
• Hence the general solution is given by 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶𝐹 + 𝑦𝑃𝐼
1
• 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 4𝑥 .
2
Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 25
 Problem
• Ex.2 Solve 𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 3 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 .
• Solution:- we have given DE is 𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 3 𝑦 = 0
• Compare with 𝜙 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 .
• Then 𝜙 𝐷 = 𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 3 and 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥
• Then its Auxiliary equation 𝜙 𝐷 = 0 is ??
• 𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 3 = 0
• Factor are ??
• 𝐷−3 𝐷−1 =0
• Roots are ??
• 𝐷 − 3 = 0 and 𝐷 − 1 = 0
• 𝐷 = 3, 1 real and distinct numbers

Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 26

 Problem
• Complementary function formula 𝒚𝑪𝑭 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒆𝒎𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒆𝒎𝟐 𝒙
• So Complementary function is 𝑦𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑥
• The particular integral is given by
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑒 3𝑥
𝐷 2 −4𝐷+3
• By using formula, Put D = 3 since 𝜙 3 = 0
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥
2𝐷−4
• By using formula, Put D = 3
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 since 𝜙′ 3 ≠ 0
2
• Hence the general solution is given by 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶𝐹 + 𝑦𝑃𝐼
𝑥
• 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒 3𝑥 .
2
Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 27
 Problem - practice
• Ex.3 Solve 𝐷2 + 6𝐷 + 8 𝑦 = 𝑒 −3𝑥 .
• Solution:- we have given DE is 𝐷2 + 6𝐷 + 8 𝑦 = 𝑒 −3𝑥
• Compare with 𝜙 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 . ??
• Then 𝜙 𝐷 = 𝐷2 + 6𝐷 + 8 and 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 −3𝑥
• Then its Auxiliary equation 𝜙 𝐷 = 0 is ??
• 𝐷2 + 6𝐷 + 8 = 0
• Factor are ??
• 𝐷+4 𝐷+2 =0
• Roots are ??
• 𝐷 + 4 = 0 and 𝐷 + 2 = 0
• 𝐷 = −4, −2 real and distinct numbers

Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 28

 Problem - practice
• Complementary function formula ??
• 𝒚𝑪𝑭 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒆𝒎𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒆𝒎𝟐 𝒙
• So Complementary function is 𝑦𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −4𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥
• The particular integral is given by ??
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝐷 2 +6𝐷+8
• By using formula, Put D = -3 ??
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑒 −3𝑥
−32 +6∗−3+8
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑒 4𝑥 since 𝜙 −3 ≠ 0
−1
• Hence the general solution is given by 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶𝐹 + 𝑦𝑃𝐼
• 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −3𝑥 .
Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 29
II) Trigonometric function 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑜𝑟 cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏

• If function 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = sin 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝜙 𝐷
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = sin 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 , 𝑖𝑓 𝜙(−𝑎2 ) ≠ 0
𝜙(−𝑎2 )
• That means Put 𝑫𝟐 = −𝒂𝟐 in polynomial 𝝓(𝑫).
1
• If = 0 ,then
𝜙(−𝑎2 )
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑥 sin 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝜙′ (𝐷)
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑥 ′ 2 sin 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 , 𝑖𝑓 𝜙 ′ (−𝑎2 ) ≠ 0
𝜙 (−𝑎 )

Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 30

II) Trigonometric function 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑜𝑟 cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏

• Similarly if function 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏

1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝜙 𝐷
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 , 𝑖𝑓 𝜙(−𝑎2 ) ≠ 0
𝜙(−𝑎2 )
• That means Put 𝑫𝟐 = −𝒂𝟐 in polynomial 𝝓(𝑫).
1
• If = 0 , then
𝜙(−𝑎2 )
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑥 cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝜙′ (𝐷)
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝑥 ′ 2 cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 , 𝑖𝑓 𝜙 ′ (−𝑎2 ) ≠ 0
𝜙 (−𝑎 )

Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 31

 Problem
• Ex.1 Solve 𝐷2 − 4 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥.
• Solution:- we have given DE is 𝐷2 − 4 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥
• Compare with 𝜙 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 .
• Then 𝜙 𝐷 = 𝐷2 − 4 and 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥
• Then its Auxiliary equation 𝜙 𝐷 = 0 is ??
• 𝐷2 − 4 = 0
• Factor are ??
• 𝐷+2 𝐷−2 =0
• Roots are ??
• 𝐷 + 2 = 0 and 𝐷 − 2 = 0
• 𝐷 = 2, − 2 real and distinct numbers

Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 32

 Problem
• Complementary function formula
• 𝒚𝑪𝑭 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒆𝒎𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒆𝒎𝟐 𝒙
• So Complementary function is 𝑦𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥
• The particular integral is given by
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = sin 2𝑥
𝐷 2 −4
• By using formula, Put D2 = −4
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = sin 2𝑥
−4−4
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = sin 2𝑥 since 𝜙 −4 ≠ 0
−8
• Hence the general solution is given by 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶𝐹 + 𝑦𝑃𝐼
1
• 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 .
8
Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 33
 Problem
• Ex.2 Solve 𝐷2 − 2𝐷 − 3 𝑦 = cos 𝑥.
• Solution:- we have given DE is 𝐷2 − 2𝐷 − 3 𝑦 = cos 𝑥
• Compare with 𝜙 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 .
• Then 𝜙 𝐷 = 𝐷2 − 2𝐷 − 3 and 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
• Then its Auxiliary equation 𝜙 𝐷 = 0 is ??
• 𝐷2 − 2𝐷 − 3 = 0
• Factor are ??
• 𝐷+1 𝐷−3 =0
• Roots are ??
• 𝐷 + 1 = 0 and 𝐷 − 3 = 0
• 𝐷 = −1, 3 real and distinct numbers

Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 34

 Problem
• Complementary function formula
• 𝒚𝑪𝑭 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒆𝒎𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒆𝒎𝟐 𝒙
• So Complementary function is 𝑦𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥
• The particular integral is given by
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = cos 𝑥
𝐷 2 −2𝐷−3
• By using formula, Put D2 = −1
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = cos 𝑥 since 𝜙 −4 ≠ 0
−1−2𝐷−3
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = cos 𝑥
−2 𝐷+2
• There is term D at denominator. So to remove D from
denominator lets use rationalization method.

Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 35

 Problem
1 𝐷−2
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = − cos 𝑥
2 𝐷−2 𝐷+2
1 𝐷−2
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = − cos 𝑥
2 𝐷2 −4
• Again Put D2 = −1 ( Rule II)
1 𝐷−2
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = − cos 𝑥
2 −1−4
• Separate terms
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = 𝐷 cos 𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥 --- D means derivative
10
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = − sin 𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥
10
• Hence the general solution is given by 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶𝐹 + 𝑦𝑃𝐼
1
• 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥 − sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 .
10
Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 36
 Problem
• Ex.3 Solve 𝐷2 + 1 𝑦 = sin 𝑥.
• Solution:- we have given DE is 𝐷2 + 1 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
• Compare with 𝜙 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 .
• Then 𝜙 𝐷 = 𝐷2 + 1 and 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
• Then its Auxiliary equation 𝜙 𝐷 = 0 is ??
• 𝐷2 + 1 = 0 Roots are ??
• 𝐷 = 𝑖, −𝑖 Complex numbers
• So Complementary function is
• 𝑦𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑥
• The particular integral is given by
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = sin 𝑥
𝐷2 +1

Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 37

 Problem
• By using formula, Put D2 = −1
• But 𝜙 −1 = 0 so diff. polynomial
1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = sin 𝑥
2𝐷
1 1
• 𝑦𝑃𝐼 = − cos 𝑥 -- since is integration
2 D
• Hence the general solution is given by 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶𝐹 + 𝑦𝑃𝐼
1
• 𝑦 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 .
2

Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 38

 Problem – for practice
Ex. 1: Solve  D2  1 y  sin x sin 2 x .

Solution: A.E. is D2  1 0  Roots are D   i

C. F.  c1 cos x  c2 sin x

1
P. I.   sin 2 x sin x 
D 1
2

1 1 
  cos x  cos3 x  use -- 2sinAsinB = cos(A-B) – cos(A+B)
D 2  1  2 

1 1 1 
  2 cos x  2 cos 3x 
2  D 1 D 1 
(use case of Failure for the Ist term and replace D2   9 in the IInd Term)

Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 39

 1 1 1 
 x cos x  cos3x 
2  2D 9  1 
1 D 1 
  x 2 cos x  cos3x  Replace D2  1
4 D 16 

1 D  cos x  1
 x  cos3x
4 1 16
1 1
 x sin x  cos3x
4 16

General Solution is
1 1
y  c1 cos x  c2 sin x  x sin x  cos3x .
4 16

Prof. Sunil Thakare, SOE MIT ADT SOE Pune 40