Lecture-27

Mathematics 1 (15B11MA111)

CO [C105.5]

Module: Differential Equations

Topic: Particular Integral

Reference for the lecture

R.K Jain and S.R.K. Iyenger, “Advanced Engineering Mathematics” fifth
edition, Narosa publishing house, 2016.

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Content
❑ Special cases for particular integral
❑ General formula for particular integral
❑ Practice questions

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Rules for Finding the Particular Integral
❑ Case 3: When 𝒓 𝑿 = 𝑿𝜶 , 𝜶 > 𝟎
The particular Integral of 𝐹 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑿𝜶 , 𝜶 > 𝟎, is given as
−𝟏
𝒚𝒑 𝐱 = 𝐅 𝐃 𝑿𝜶 ,
−𝟏
Expand 𝐅 𝐃 as an infinite series in ascending powers
of D and then operate on 𝑿𝜶 .

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Example: Find the particular Integral of the following differential equation:
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝟐 + = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒.
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Solution: Given differential equation is 𝑫𝟐 + 𝑫 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒. The

particular integral is given as
𝟏 𝟏
𝒚𝒑 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒
𝑭 𝑫 𝑫𝟐 +𝑫
𝟏
= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒
𝑫 𝑫+𝟏
𝟏 −𝟏
= 𝟏+𝑫 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒
𝑫
𝟏
= (𝟏 − 𝑫 + 𝑫𝟐 − ⋯ ) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒
𝑫
𝟏
= [ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒 - (2x+2) +2]
𝑫
𝒙𝟑
= + 𝟒𝒙
𝟑

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Rules for Finding the Particular Integral (Contd..)

❑ Case 4: When 𝒓 𝑿 = 𝒆𝜶𝑿 𝒉 𝑿 , 𝜶 > 𝟎

The particular Integral of 𝑭 𝑫 𝒚 = 𝒆𝜶𝑿𝒉 𝑿 , 𝜶 > 𝟎, is given as
−𝟏 𝜶𝑿
𝒚𝒑 𝐱 = 𝐅 𝐃 𝒆 𝒉 𝑿

= 𝒆𝜶𝑿 𝐅 𝐃 + 𝜶 −𝟏
𝒉 𝑿

𝜶𝑿 𝟏
=𝒆 𝒉 𝑿
𝐅 𝐃+𝜶

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Example: Find the general solution of the following differential
𝒙
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 −
equation: 16 +𝟖 + 𝒚 = 𝟒𝟖𝒙𝒆 𝟒
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙

Solution: Given differential equation is

𝒙
−
𝟏𝟔𝑫𝟐 + 𝟖𝑫 + 𝟏 𝒚 = 𝟒𝟖𝒙𝒆 𝟒 .
The auxiliary equation is given as
𝟏𝟔𝒎𝟐 + 𝟖𝒎 + 𝟏 = 𝟎.
𝟏 𝟏
On solving, 𝒎 = − , − .
𝟒 𝟒
𝒙
−
Hence the complimentary function is given by CF = (A + Bx) 𝒆 𝟒 .

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Now the particular integral is given as
𝟏 −
𝒙 𝟏 −
𝒙
𝒚𝒑 𝒙 = 𝟒𝟖𝒙𝒆 𝟒 = 𝟒𝟖 𝒙𝒆 𝟒
𝑭 𝑫 𝟏𝟔𝑫𝟐 + 𝟖𝑫 + 𝟏
𝒙
− 𝟏
= 𝟒𝟖𝒆 𝟒
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝒙
𝟏𝟔 𝑫 − +𝟖 𝑫− +𝟏
𝟒 𝟒

𝒙 𝒙
− 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟑
= 𝟒𝟖𝒆 𝟒 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒆 𝟒
𝟏𝟔𝑫𝟐 𝟔

The general solution is therefore,

y(x) = CF+PI
𝒙 𝒙
− − 𝒙𝟑
= (A + B x) 𝒆 𝟒 + 𝟑𝒆 𝟒
𝟔

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Rules for Finding the Particular Integral (Contd..)
❑ Case 5: When 𝒓 𝑿 = 𝑿. 𝒉 𝑿 ,
The particular Integral of 𝑭 𝑫 𝒚 = 𝑿. 𝒉 𝑿 , is given as
𝒚𝒑 𝐱 = 𝐅 𝐃 −𝟏 𝑿. 𝒉 𝑿

𝟏 𝒅 𝟏
=𝑿 𝒉 𝑿 + 𝒉 𝑿
𝐅 𝐃 𝒅𝑫 𝐅 𝐃

𝟏 𝑭′ 𝑫
=𝑿 𝒉 𝑿 − 𝒉 𝑿
𝐅 𝐃 [𝑭 𝑫 ]𝟐

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Example: Solve the differential equation 𝒚′′ − 𝒚 = 𝒙 𝐬𝐢 𝐧 𝒙
Solution: Given differential equation is
𝑫𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒚 = 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙.
The auxiliary equation is given as
𝒎𝟐 − 𝟏 = 𝟎.
On solving, 𝒎 = −𝟏, 𝟏.
Hence the complimentary function is given by
𝑪𝑭 = 𝑨𝒆𝒙 + 𝑩𝒆−𝒙 .

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Now the particular integral is given as
𝟏 𝟏
𝒚𝒑 𝒙 = 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝑭 𝑫 𝑫 −𝟏
𝟏 𝟐𝑫
=𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝐃𝟐 −𝟏 [𝑫𝟐 −𝟏]𝟐

𝟏 𝟐𝑫
=𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙− 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
−𝟐 𝟒

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
= −𝒙 −
𝟐 𝟒

The general solution is therefore, y(x)= CF+PI

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
y(x) = 𝑨𝒆𝒙 + 𝑩𝒆−𝒙 + −𝒙 −
𝟐 𝟒

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General Rule for Particular Integral

The particular Integral of the differential equation

𝑭 𝑫 𝒚 = 𝑫 − 𝜶 𝒚 = 𝒓 𝒙 is given as

𝟏
𝒚𝒑 𝐱 = 𝒓 𝒙
𝑫−𝜶

= 𝒆𝜶𝒙 ‫𝒆 ׬‬−𝜶𝒙 𝒓 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

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Example: Find the particular integral of the differential equation 𝒚′′ + 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙
Solution: Given differential equation is 𝑫𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙.
The particular integral is given as
𝟏 𝟏
𝒚𝒑 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙
𝑫 +𝟏 (𝑫 − 𝒊)(𝑫 + 𝒊)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= − 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙
𝟐𝒊 (𝑫−𝒊) (𝑫+𝒊)
𝟏
Now, 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒊𝒙 ‫𝒆 ׬‬−𝒊𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
(𝑫−𝒊)

= 𝒆𝒊𝒙 ‫ 𝒙 𝒔𝒐𝒄(׬‬− 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙) 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

= 𝒆𝒊𝒙 ‫ 𝟏(׬‬− 𝒊 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
= 𝒆𝒊𝒙 𝒙 + 𝒊 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 )
𝟏
Similarly, 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 = 𝒆−𝒊𝒙 ‫𝒆 = 𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒙𝒊𝒆 ׬‬−𝒊𝒙 𝒙 − 𝒊 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 )
(𝑫+𝒊)

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Therefore,
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒚𝒑 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 = − 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙
𝑫𝟐 +𝟏 𝟐𝒊 (𝑫−𝒊) (𝑫+𝒊)

𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒆𝒊𝒙 𝒙 + 𝒊 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 ) - 𝒆−𝒊𝒙 𝒙 − 𝒊 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 )
𝟐𝒊 𝟐𝒊

= 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙)

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 Practice Questions
1. Solve the differential equation 𝒚′′ − 𝟐𝒚′ + 𝒚 = 𝒙 𝒆𝒙 𝐬𝐢 𝐧 𝒙.
( Ans. 𝒚 x = A + Bx ex − ex x sin x + 2 cos x

2. F𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝒚′′ − 𝟑𝒚′ + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒙 𝒆𝟑𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢 𝐧 𝟐𝒙.
𝑥 3 1
1. ( Ans. P.I.= e3x − + 3 cos 2𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 )
2 4 20
3. Solve 𝑫𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒚 = 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙
1 3
1. ( Ans. y(x)= Aex + B𝑒 −𝑥 − x sin 3x + cos 3x )
10 5

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