_ Problem Sef -2 Ganyit hot 49). la) = 2xl)-ya)-3u) AW= -2 x) d2y(y-3W 2@)= -yW +30y Tt can Be sewsitlem as xh) 2 -t -l|fa@ ri aWlebe 3 -tllya | %. PeAP 3@) ao -t t{\sw As the change in state [xu, 10, BLE) 1 omdy dapende. cnk en current totes] do, 4, SW], TP te @ cauaal gyi let & too stale yeekor b, and @b._ Bos Ab, Haak Alshabh) = sAh+BAR = Qh toh Hemee, if io ¢ Linear Feamabt 4y stem . BW AL equillibriayn foink= B= 0 % Ab eo 1 A eso: &o, eitkey p 14 Bem oF Aree Rye2RgtRa 8 2-1 -17a,=RR) 2 1 —U yeas} 2-1-7 Ps (eo. Sj | SS ° 2 -9/=]o 2-@ orl a Oo -\ 1 0 QO oO As the maby @ Por only ene ture Ton Pero Tes , ibis vamk def Retemb. Hemes there ry rutkiple golutia op auch Rob 620 . These solrbon Lies in the. null epee AA arhich 14 mongera) . & solution of Ab =O be ke Ly it vepreranti a Lins posing ieee oggiceaat This is alo tHe equi- adam fein Ams-> : a fa And if is also mat uni que. or equi li boum mnt pe kl my ee | # te ane ailea nat heolaliol as thes Aeloyos tp nm obentahlGlina os d4 a a Dy (t18 ow) 44 (i dor eque x 24 \e (et) +6lt) cos (Uy i. Hemet, AO Shetss Td 6 O aceon ov bon. Fe” ots ark none ot) ; xt) 6 a)= mW (2) 2 OW) 7 a me cgfamcatt)t 2%) ool) —® (4) x, (4) 2 — a eee = (44 e xe) From His equation ibis eviclent Po thes sy He nonbintar dewms 6M [am (oa(4)), He ® Cos(xit)) 8 nat Linear Becauat | Pht state equation w(t) XL), %W) only depends on Prosenk wales Atle + Hemec, thw Cau acl, U) Ty oBdain tRe wdlibet oink, bie: tn slab Bes te Be ghee. poy K(20 oy, x(t) 20 / ~A(sin ule) +22 (W Go(% lt) —R% ie (44 Rl) w 7 . bo TA Sin at) a) (44 Rx aS ~ | Sin () = O 7 cs 7 [ai =m] | p tho. equillibsy leas ee ae a ain ane mut uniguas aida. e al Be coin tte rund en B eqbilrs = ums also erst loom f- cn a Ws) 5 Sj usin Poisots i "yet L ALY) = ) : alt) = wr (0 6H (t-quiersy) Ulery “Obes ne Tb 1% CHE vga( Problem Set —2 Geenght Bho es) . eee . Ye. BOD xe] xO [4 yp Et Me alas aoe | Mob these owe ne Prev the. nentintn. Eh aan Be mie poy KLE), HQ) onby Legend vai . of stot, | a we Cece, Prescrta values ~) . 1D Ta obtain the equilliliem points chagye in stab hay to Be sek. 2 (A) =0 yW=o yl) Grxay) 26 xW[e 905] =0 ether glk)= Oo oF e,cithr x)= 0 x(aje-) > gl) acta ei So, the “equilibrium forts are nat umique : vs The equi Li bourn eirts are (6,0) , Gy-), Cue) a), (1 en) _ Ss, ie quumbene of equitlitbaicum points oa Brave. And alan thy are inchoate - Qe Ao / (tea) (Gah A) a Dent nA -NO WK 2t-W 2 4 or, ItArA= (a-ay Pp 7 Rech solish “This qqualsby Aelde Are sq 4 et ! Arno3. Ae fu oe f ae 08 | For eigenvelues A, dot (a-at) =0 det O4-> a i 6 o8-a (a-e4) (A-08#) -o=0 2. A122 + 032-012 20 " AEA gy 012 =0 my (a1) (a-o-2) = o eA esi A=f | eigen weeter § eee Frevus Anat). 26 Or i ov \ [* x20 Fer A= | sed & og-) ) “OG Or 7 x20 Mw, Xe ' 9G -orr 13 i ORO? 4,0, a4 oe wecaa|* 0 Foy Vea Gh ayy Hi Jee eapay an Fi € oO bers ALLY) = at (oou(e QWs yy weie ASTAT! [A com fe writem Uke this] Ave TAT Tay! py! 4% = A ne caer cen ‘] 3 elke =A «bel hom & xodt Art] Pele Ui] -AxL cA xls] sel AE] = TAY 'xLel way x [ool = TA xT ee 2T[lee|t ‘xl te 2fo] ; : : J eee IT i all it fol a 7 My See ie te afl - Uy = req. ala: [p Aina tala bo pe] seat ele Li EF ftct yore fia] i) bt, Nena] eo at [I AG n, (as) @-3)~ B= © 2 34 m% ALWA-S =O ®, (4-5) ftv= 6 Qe-Lbe Ww SAL -145=4 PAY eI) 8 2 ‘iS trace of A = eum AP dingenal elemants GA 2 +324 delerminandt f A= 3-92 5 Ss SA: =. trae of A Ei didermtnamt df A Pome [ay tok eig (At) = 2' cet [A-a'r]J=0 “TF dee 9 0206.5 -anc % Aude “9-0 4 Gs) Gay) =6 Aza se : ee) = a) | Ale cdj (A) 3-4 1 | = hay "Set ay * 7 fe (| o4 ~- Pe % Es % ) -& Ay le) = a (Were 4 7 .A ey (a"') =" dt [A a'r] =o aw af 57 fe Xe _ toa O e-9 ' ’ ) ° re) @r4)-3 =o . % a 4 ou : wai a a, we A + oo f = 6 s ve, a (a's 8) G4) = uv t, _ i big i) = vecigooeal & 0g ket ArCcr= |" “| Moi atc | be oi Wed) = ae dat [az @nes)] 6 . 2 aberd) i 5 (ae tuajtort) “8 : x = (442¢ Kt (ee)(@+e)- Be wr ” a = Xe yo acd't ceases FE yr2et Ge) 4 (Cue) 2. (a+ &) Lf 1errece yor= yeriee 120 3! pretive = ater? ste and lt & nov~ " : oe Che REIN | oh >| qe: o : t ey {2 gp aac ©) (ee) =O ~ Bux4y2=0 pi 24P~ass¢ (P-1s) (64) = 0 Poe “ies = (a), s oy GP - [ey ON ~ 2 4 Ab. I: Fe . i 2084 | wae li | “hon 2e83 s wage? = ; ar 20 - }] =6 “ 1042 P ones y (e ee) (coe 3) L ~ 2084x1042 = G pe 21248! 3t25 = 6 Come) (Pan=9 A 71, 3128 2 Gu ail eg) = fey @ye *) te tesPit tel cig (8) :¥ det [Xr-@] = 0 jak pet tal 26 Yer ey » o, ey a) Zz ® yet EEE Wt erg (a8) = 2 . at [o'r - asl +0 a, Ate Ver calle (0 (ure) y) ¢=0 om, v- = bie to" ay, WW 5.) G43) = 0 nw 802-3 See Ball | _ ek ety (A) 7" dot [aE Ba] = 6 | 5 dor [25° y2] °8 . ; by vite “3, cal k peas, eg(ae)= 290) 3] | asb: [ s]e sie al 1 3 | eig (ax) > © eng (At (p= ° : og (A) o8) # ging? emvetters fh and Bare + cent : 4 Heo Here, ey (&I, oe De 2a (™ = TEL LL ata ut a (Dan") ~ ao wifes PADdD')~0 dt J 8-38-47 Hi =0 “2 Qe % (4-3 @t)eBz0 % xy ak 43-8 20 % as 5,-1 . ey (oan!) = ey (4) When 9 is ronaingelag F aap pik aenvalacs Crbi wis Ge | ) oe ay eae g i ron fos antl ais Zt “pret x, complex aaa othe tury oy ape i ‘ «sill he ~o- Bdamd 5 -4e BA possible 4xy veal mt omabot x Raving Roan Bjervetics coed "203 6 o ce ae) . : Go F e ‘ is © O-4q gs ng .. “gsUhom tHe referemes chpet- w(t) 210 tte ony () maf halve fo Be [gett 00 Hot af lov (O See . AD heady stock! the ees ud 2 iv-0 then ue wld=19 [as vt io ithin Ui Alb) + W(e)\= alt) ve ut) = e(L) = oS es N «x R(t) = ull) =F1O AYO, | = XE YP Vv When reference input lt) = es! 7“ (a (0,82 ¢ Lote x, he 4 : the vretiive , of- a(t) ee, o At s he 12 ws ne nse hus, of output Gem Ae Bato make elt) 20> Bub Beeaussof sofuvabey wit) < 10. When wit) =10 (mex vetus) Yl) = Blo (¢ steely ste) eb) =) — yle)e BQ-28 SF 12-10 = 2 4) = © 2eli)= ( Ye 9 x, (s) = & & =| 5e ay ia) = 47d) arseerng ult)= AOVaw~l= 4t47D) | % puibod exrzeHeaton Prwer 7 ul / (wi) Ze Shady Stak temperctuve ('e) Temperature Sp point = Te = 100°C bag Stead stoke tenporakure 27 9('e) Heater power at ea stale Feompereebusre SQ of ert, R 2275 Stendy ste enrov @ = Ta-Ts Poe © = lkw=leooW Gabel Oulput fine Raster powen Poker Kes k/% AY Steady stoke, Prk % KG-T) th = 2% % 3 (q00- Ts) tte > 275 % 2F00 — 37; +16m0 = 275 ar ST, > 3b60 ~~ T, = #40 Actual value of tesnperature at stench shack i Foe.Gere) | Od t+ *h Gs8 1) % ee a + Hy) gey-tw PayRID J Gay) (6, +Hy,) (y H (or, Gay) 46, SSH Da psu : 4H Gt Hs AGG Gey). th) Ry) Q, (& Gt th) . (" (EG Hy). a He Ke, 0 BBQ 4 Oth RY Ty Hy6G,4 H, My #0, 4, W446, Gt GM,Ferward Pah * Uy Wa B57 dy Os 467 2 = &, % &; aM, Y - Ud, - Yum 86> 47 = Gy Hy =M, Ac 1— Fo GM — Gog ty Gu G aM, W- & Hy] = UG GH FO GH TG & Gt Hy ct OM mM, 42. x9) | ub Dor. “aA © % 81% Sty ae, Te GG, Hy TGs Ht G, Ge G+ He Ut ey syury = tO 7 |yo Ay Using mbsonts Gaia Rirmals Forward Ruth ds 1-2-3-4-5-6-7 = Cate =M, Fevwend Rho! 2-6-4 = Cok Az )- |eto+ +00 +o eo (4) ~ (% b en(2e, ya }% bY eb (8, | ~ | Ses a] 7 ( =1-0 Ar =| 3a B+ Fe, BH % ? Ge ™ 4, 4M 42_ Ey 7 a - Cotf x CeF (-sh+3.07-62) L—@" nisbren)+ Gob 3eD)— Govt sep i) +t (Sb44 ed 33) — $e %% to %q Using Masons @atn For reula_ ze be as 2 See, mM to X% Foreword path t: ya2- 3B = CQ a 2 42 1- b+ 3¢, bo- %, 6 x Ce (abr by) . RATT Fons byed)+ (abe seD4) = (ws 'r2e D8) +(sbuenb?) — &Ee _ Cake oe av 7 Fe. Zl, MC lester) Ca (i-3b+38> 82) - 16. ad Y a) rot, 4 a : toss S4t ae kK, La shy Jt l+ i Teoss sett & + RAGS as. a + kk, 3 ]406S K = s/t — 3 Set) Gross) 4 Kk sti) + KK. St KK, s(stt)+ KK, $+ x Ky (s%3) (rress) t KG : K fe ee, 3 prs D POSES HS t KK, ST Key t KSA Kk, 2K = —— 2 _ Soy (ar aks) 3 + (242k Ky t 2K Ke) o> DKK }o0 4g st leo oo ony X() - eee = ven AG) Gt) Cane stt) geet cag Ahose fore of gee ae Comper" 2 peo, KE Pe oy Kg = oot Kg eee g+2k kg = to 0% QKK, = 1% es 4GW 41M, RLY UW vl) =) RCW) a vgs UW ayy) Ui). vl, @ avin “W&) Rt om SW) dvlt) $ zu ) R, Cet 0’) welt) UY _@ Me) = aw) wea (Y given cep L Soe (B+ ey) = ult) % dale) ae Ar lea —~@ Ric ae) + Eb aly sult) Md xl) Rake, Be Fee OU a Yl = vy (4) = R, ee = S on figs? mule) nate 1a)” [zi] = [% ~ ithe 2 te (Elf A we alt) = ER, 1| fae 0, ray” By a (eT )LR -1 o=d ae XO v OS = ¢ (s Me Ay"! B4D Rat 2 SI-A = a =a 6 0 ot Art - . Re “ x ) _ mee 0 RAR Ri Re - 4 - -\ St Ret Ry 2 (st-A) = 1 a 6+ Rie RRC ‘ ~ fst Ba ! OtS+ Ba ee 5) Ee = Tes Rite ~ gga A fe, Bt he Ree (eae DS + (Mag Bs - SL + Rar Pu RCS + BERS err Jeee TB) gasp mwHh Bl oF Hh Jeunsbey banelion #8 clefewmined 2. cae vale of. A ie poling of A ~ st Rat Ry tt DR RE The Bubp alt) wit Be always stable Pr - poailive RY, Ra, Ry, Ruy bc, as — wis) aw / GO — 4 @o)2 a LG) f Le wr: G, Se a, RC GG 4 Magy 1 GG, Sars w = Y CX (s) w(s) G + Ee Sea h Ge Sy ROz0 \+ 142.458 eel a) Y@)= ¥O0)+ YO) Gy Gi GRD + (4S 6 28s Gta) By) 14 GG Hoe ey S, uy,OFS 400 | oe oral yest Tt can Be see Im denne Oe Aiffenes. equation A[tat] = AL] - oorAR] 4 oRsxo-o4 Ary + 02% xo05 BLA] A}eai] = (6-49 + G-oixers) AR] 10281005 BL] A[tti]= 69925 AR] + do128 612] Bled] 2 BLI- os 6h] + ovens ole] "8075x001 ALR] Byes) = (095+ o7sx005) 61+ Or IS KOOS ART ew = Boots Aleit o987S BL] Att] oaas 00129] [ Ah] phe] “ Jooors oases a ote = ai Rd xio} = Le aa] x Cee] + ms xto] A Seaver sons “y “4 - i 8S fous? oe [a | — eae 440 0 358 i Z aSKVL of Leop 4 Vin = Rala +t Le oe bite c= Kp Om Le dha Kp Oe + Rade ® Yin pe ot © i 1 : ; _¢ Cf Tew ly A(s-18) © iy) TH+B6 = ee k (sever bY) TE = 0b ye B(¥-ve)rr k(awrOt TL b = = 8640 (ii-¥ Oe k (yrs Ke —O) ©” i : K(g-r8), p d(5-78) mM mi ny + bly (yj-v8) + k(y-78) = © MY 2 Bly v8) klar) —3) We ean oes be O )@ and @ at we MeFirst zulve it ithe a Umiter Bleek / m Oso = “yer: yl © : SAL ~ 7 eer fib Wy te SS Con 0 o2t wt) . © De a4 Ry ee ees ‘ one O32 | : (+ (0 ey : gras tOBe = 2st sr. a Soe g Horst 8% Sy 2st O32 ozs 4 Ode RC be _ 1 OhaiSet eZ ve) 5 | (Caro4) (sto'8) chin {Be oul) R225 tS & O25 aoe oo 10° tai g (sto ore \ ) soe 10) a(dpa% ant? aes) , out pn gel pate Atrahar gO) soli Ze we $e ult = 10 Goa en ove &8t JU) | stete cd 5 % y skensty 7 ‘ yi) = 10, uli | ee Etec fretoeam ye) ond ul) be the se aha / S ALAAAt ae veh my i- During Mot elt) = ayy lk) =O | Ulye OG) = 10 su Alt) = 0 mm (t) V4 Ws et : im = ASt3 2 Ul 10 “Ty 8). ony 9182, ew 2 BY) s 32} OU) 2 L284 g othe s” s i au). oe “O= (ous S64 bas) abr oe) feneutsen et 16D + ley $Y (t-a4ng - BS ae AL) = Ory Wg 2s) ) u(L-Uslers) “l= Wee (0 eu (e quits) leans) 12 Obes tiem